2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Analysis Report

Descriptive statistics

Convergence of the countries under the umbrella of the United Nations directed the countries to adopt a set of goals which were intended to fight poverty and ensure prosperity for almost all the countries in the world as a deal of new sustainable development. Targets were set for each of the participating countries to be achieved by the end of 2030 (Griggs et al., 2013). Among the objectives to achieve by the next coming years were appropriate course of action towards the climate change, affordable and clean energy, keeping forests at 30% on the earth’s surface (Sachs, 2012). The purpose of this report was to investigate the importance of 2030 United Nation Sustainable Development Goals to the participating countries. This will be fully discussed in the later section of this report as from the results. This report will give the analysis and results concerning the united nation 2030 sustainable development in the participating countries where the effects and importance will be highlighted in the analysis part. Descriptive and inferential statistics will be used to describe some of the sustainable developments and draw conclusion from the provided data. The data used in this report was secondary data and consisted of eight variable and 100 cases as in the appendices.

The data that was randomly selected for 100 countries were represented in tables and graphs as they will be discussed below;

Table 1: Summary Statistics

Summary statistics	Access to improved sanitation Save Time On Research and Writing Hire a Pro to Write You a 100% Plagiarism-Free Paper. Get My Paper	Traffic deaths	Press freedom	Greenhouse gas emission	Corruption	Women’s average years in school
Mean	63.25175	20.465	34.8698	691.1238	38.74	8.7906
Mode	100	24.1	57.89		26	13.29
Std. deviation	31.00784	9.740194	15.20993	1109.183	16.25841	4.083582
Range	89.11636	69.9	75.03	10863.47	76	14.7
Median	73.6071	20.95	30.72	519.8677	35	9.175
1st quartile	33.7561757	13.675	27.0625	333	28	5.4
3rd quartile	93.15158583	26.4	41.95	766	45	12
IQR	59.39541013	12.725	14.8875	433	17	6.9

From the used sample of 100 countries, access to improved sanitation under water and sanitation category was analyzed and had the mean of 63.25. the mode of access to improved sanitation was 100, standard deviation of 31.008 with the difference between maximum and minimum being 989.12 and the difference between the value in the 25^th position and that in 75^th position being 59.4. The number of traffic deaths from the selected 100 countries had the mean of 20.465 with highly occurring value of 24.1 and the standard deviation of 9.74. On the same, the difference between highest numbers of the traffic deaths recorded in the countries was 69.9 and the interquartile range of 12.73. Press freedom was seen to having mean of 34.87 with 57.89 times occurrence of the press freedom with the standard deviation of 15.21 and the range and interquartile range of 75.03 and 14.89 respectively. Greenhouse gas emission, corruption and women’s average years in school had the means of 691.12, 38.74 and 8.79 respectively. They as well had the standard deviation and interquartile range of 1109.18, 16.26, 4.08 and 433, 17 and 17 respectively.

Sanitation is one of the goals set by the United Nations in the sustainable development goals by 2030. Currently, the countries’ access to improved sanitation for between 10 to 20 times was 13%, 21-30 times was 9%, 31-40 was 7%, 41-50 was 9%, 51-60 was 4%, 61-70 was 7%, 71-80 was 7%, 81-90 was 15% and 91-100 was 29%. Figure 1 above shows level of access to improved sanitation in the sampled countries that are participants in the United Nations development goals that need to be improved by 2030.

Confidence interval

Greenhouse gas emission is one of the aspects that lead to climate change and global warming that needs to be dealt with in order to improve environmental quality. As in the graph above the greenhouse gas emission is still on the rise in most of the countries.

The total number of traffic deaths in African countries in the sample was between 1200-1400 individuals while that of the American countries was in the range of 200-400, Asian countries 200-400 and in European countries the number of traffic deaths was below 200 individuals. The press freedom index was the highest in the African countries in the range of 1600-1800 as compared to other continent countries which recorded (600-800, 800-1000 and 200-400) for the respective continents America, Asia and Europe. Another aspect that was under the goals of United Nations was to reduce the level of corruption across the countries in the world. From the data, the level of corruption is highest in African countries followed closely by American countries and least in the European countries

United nations have advocated for availability of the sustainable management of water, sanitation and good hygiene come 2030 from the time meeting was convened among the united nations (Hajer et al., 2015; Norheim et al., 2015) . It was ensured that come 2030 there should be universal and equitability of access to affordable and safe drinking water for all (Buse and Hawkes, 2015). This was aimed to be achieved by the United Nations through reducing the level of pollution like ensuring that the level of hazardous chemical discharged to the water sources is at the minimum achievable level or none at all (Hou and Al-Tabbaa, 2014). In response to that, this report looked at the current general mean and the range for which the countries in the United Nations have access to improved sanitation facilities. From the sampled data, the range was found to be (66.3525 – 60.151). We were 95 confident that all the United Nations level accessing the improved sanitation facilities was in the aforementioned range. The united nations sustainable goals is supposed to be working harder to make the range at higher levels if all the hazardous chemicals were reduced and not discharged to the water sources and improvise some good means of disposing them off after use.

Education is one of the key agendas that are prioritized by any given country. Heavy weight is given to education since it contribute much to the knowledge economy which is fundamental in the financial economic development of the countries (Kabir, 2016). By 2015, the United Nations ensured that there was great development of universal completion of primary education around the world. The case was identified different to the disabled which drew much attention so that they could as well have equal access to quality education (Croft, 2013). Most of the children estimated at 250 million had no basic skills after school and even those who had completed up to their fourth grades (Fägerlind and Saha, 2016). Quality of education, inclusion and equity in education is one of the key elements that could be used to measure the progress towards achieving the vision 2030 as in the goals of the untied nations. In regards to this, the women’s average years in school was used to test for the current quality education in the United Nations. As a result, the range for which the women’s average years would fall was calculated out of which there was 95% confidence level that the population average years for which women would stay in school would fall in (9.199 – 8.382). In order for the United Nations to meet the vision 2030 access to advanced education, all the aspects that could be hindering the students’ enrolment in school for both genders be eradicated. These factors could be conflicts which could lead to trauma in the children thus affecting their cognitive development and encourage learning in safe environments (Stein, Leventhal and Trabasso, 2013). All these can be achieved by ensuring care and education irrespective of sex in support of equity learning as an essential strategy.

Hypothesis 1

H₀: The level of access to education is not higher among European countries than the African countries

H₁: The level of access to education is higher among the European countries than the African countries

Most of the African countries have access to advanced education interrupted with due to some of their cultural practices, level of poverty thus unable to afford advanced education and even basic formal education. Developed countries have their citizens’ education somewhat well planned for and catered for making it easier for their citizens to have access to advanced education. Least developed countries have problems with access to advanced education which lead to knowledge gap and face the dire consequences of social and economic development (Dabla-Norris et al., 2015). It is therefore important to eliminate or reduce the barriers that could affect the development of skills, technical and vocational education and some formal training. All these skills should be driven right from secondary schools through to tertiary level of education such as the colleges and universities. This will ensure long lasting opportunities for both youths and adults in respect to knowledge and economic development towards the realization of vision 2030 (Low, 2012). Most of the European countries being developed and most of African countries falling under developing countries, it is therefore believed that the level of access to advanced education in European countries is higher compared to the African countries. This therefore led to the test of the following hypothesis;

For the test of the above stated hypotheses, t-test was used. The significance level (0.05) was used to check for whether or not to the null hypothesis should be sustained. Since the P-value (2.21E-14) was less than the significance level (0.05), we reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis and conclude that the level of access to education is higher among the European countries than the African countries.

Hypothesis 2

H₀: There is no difference of personal safety between Asian Countries and American countries

H₁: There is a difference of personal safety between Asian countries and the American countries

Manpower is one of the fundamental requirements for the economic growth. The need to develop the economy should be based honing the skills and knowledge of the available manpower and even training some more to fill the gap left by the retired ones (Craglia et al., 2012). Personal safety is therefore one of the key requirements to avoid the unnecessary loss of the available skilled manpower. In response to this from the data, the traffic death variable was used to test for the difference of personal safety between Asian countries and the American countries. To have the full picture and support of the personal safety between the two continent countries, hypothesis was tested.

In the test of the hypothesis, t-test was used to check for the difference. P-value (0.8751) which is greater than the significance level (0.05) thus we failed to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no significant difference of personal safety between Asian countries and the American countries.

Hypothesis 3

H₀: There is no difference in terms of environmental quality between European and American countries

H₁: There is a difference in terms of environmental quality between European and American countries

The quality of environment is currently a major concern to all the United Nations. Several suggestions have been brought with the idea of reducing the environmental pollution that lead to global warming. This is majorly focused in reducing the amount of carbon dioxide into the air. In regards to that, greenhouse gas emission was used in the hypothesis test for the difference between European and American countries in terms of environmental quality.

From the test result, p-value (0.2489) which was greater than the significance p-value (0.05) hence we failed to reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there was no significance difference in terms of environmental quality between European and American countries.

Existence of correlation was tested between the environmental quality (greenhouse gas emission) and the water and sanitation category (access to improved sanitation facilities. the dependent variable from the test was the access to improved sanitation and the independent variable that was resulting to effect was greenhouse gas emission. From the scatter plot, there was a relatively weak positive correlation with the scatter plot values concentrated around the line fit by 13.01%. That means that greenhouse gas emission would result to slight effect on access to improved sanitation facilities.

The proposed linear model from the relationship between the two variables was

Where y is dependent variable (access to improved sanitation facilities), a is the constant or the y-intercept, b the coefficient of the dependent variable and x is greenhouse gas emission (independent variable).

Access to improved sanitation facilities = 56.33015 + 0.010116greenhouse gas emission

From the above model, the correlation was linear.

From the scatter plot diagram, the plots lie on almost straight line with the r-squared value being 98.36% showing that the plots between the two variables were closely packed around the line of best fit. Consequently, there existed a strong positive correlation (near perfect positive correlation) between press freedom and corruption showing that corrupting was resulting to a great effect on the press freedom index.

Another model was developed to test for the correlation between access to information and communication and personal freedom and choice where the resulting variables used were press freedom index (dependent variable) and corruption (independent variable). The resulting model will be;

Press freedom index = -1.07402 + 0.927822 corruption

As a result therefore, the resulting equation was linear.

Conclusion

In can therefore be concluded from the report that the traffic deaths, press freedom index and corruption was highest in African countries closely followed by the American countries and lowest in European countries. Clean water and quality education are some of the UN sustainable development goals and the world can be made better by 2030 by eradicating corruption and other factors that could affect the realization of goals. From the hypotheses tested, no difference of personal safety was observed between Asian countries and American countries implying that the level of safety in both continents was almost at per. Further it can be concluded that environmental quality in American countries and European countries had no difference but the European countries showed to have had higher level of access to advanced education than the African countries. Additionally, corruption had greater effects on the press freedom index since they showed almost perfect positive correlation.

Some of the limitations from this report is that the follow up have not been shown by the United Nations towards the realization of the 2030 goals by the participating countries. Further, it has not been shown how the levels of education can be improved so that the developing countries can experience same quality education as the developed countries.

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