The concept of law which was written by Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hart who was a British philosopher, this book consists of the rule of recognition, to become a law this rule must follow the major three necessities. These include the demonstration of a test for the valid law in the applicable legal system, for the purpose of conferring validity of everything else in the legal system and in order to unify all laws in the legal system.
This referred to the usage of a system of three tier which recognizes what the constitute law is in the system. This follows a structure in its descending order which begins from statues towards the judicial precedents to the customs.
In the United Kingdom, the law follows all the demarcations which are created within the rule. According to the measures, this legal system incorporates with the system of three tiers. There is no codified constitution in the United Kingdom. This law of the UK is moreover a gross of the legislations which have been approved year after year. Meanwhile, such an legislation states the connection among the states and the individuals, and also operates the communication between the legislature, the judiciary and the executive. This mostly lays down what is said to be valid law according to legal system succeeding in the different legislations. Therefore, the first principle is satisfied. This constitutions’ operates as the support regarding the presence of the laws which are there in the system and therefore it brings together all the laws which are prevalent in the system. These sources which are present in the constitution are said to be common law, statutory law as well as customary law. Therefore, this system illustrates the legal system of three tires which was created by H.L.A Hart. So, In the United Kingdom the rule of recognition moves from the statutory laws towards the judicial precedents and then towards customary law.
Meanwhile, in the Australian legal system they too pursue with a similar path. The federal system which is also a two tier structure is followed by the government of Australia. These structure consisting of two tires are broken down among the federal government and the different state governments. This country follows the supreme law of the federal government of Australia which consists of a codified constitution. It is a codified document and describes the interaction among the state and the individuals and also the different parts under the state. The common law principle are also included by this country in their legal system. A binding effect is noticed when the judicial precedents portrays the principles of the common law. Australia also includes the different customs as these are the elements of the common law principles which overcomes the legal systems of Australia. Therefore, it is understood that Australia also goes after the H.L.A Hart’s rule of recognition. This is obvious according to the facts that it incorporates the constitution which characterizes what is said to be a law in the legal system in Australia, it also describes the legislative powers according to which the statutory law is said to be developed. Therefore, the H.L.A Hart’s three tier system demonstrate in Australia, through observing the laws by a constitution, integrating the principles of common law by the judicial determination and integrating the customary law as well. Such a legal system in this country is compared to that of the legal system of the United Kingdom, as the two incorporates with the three tier rule of H.L.A Hart. The clearly visible difference among these two systems is that an unwritten constitution is applied by the United Kingdom, this constitution is a bunch of legislations which can regulate as well as define the constitutional provisions, it gives much more space to the common law for clarifying the circumstances and hence there is broader opportunity for recognizing the law. Meanwhile, Australia is having a codified law and therefore they have better overview of what is recognized as law. It means that the principles of the common law acquire a limited scope of incorporation, the judicial decisions will not be having any binding effect in relation to the codified provisions. Therefore, it will also be followed that such limited scope of recognition will be having more characterized test regarding the laws, and lesser capacity for the subjective interpretations.
A contract was made between Angelo and Barry regarding the purchase of the vegetable and fruit store. This shop was said to be a extremely beneficial enterprise which had an income amounting to $20,000 monthly, and their were no such competitors present this statement was made by the owner of the shop. It was stated by Angelo, that $8000 per month was the charge of the shop. An offer was made by Barry for the store for the amount of $200,000. It was mentioned in the contract that the sale was including a loader as well as a delivery van. Later, major problems were faced by Barry as funds were much lower then what was mentioned in the contract, competitors were also seen, the loader was required to be replaced and the van was hired and hence was retaken. The issue is to identify whether or not the contract was valid.
The United Kingdom as well as Australia both follow the principles of common law in the legal system. According to the common law, the contact is only said to be valid if it consists of the elements of An Agreement, Intention to plan the lawfully binding relationships, Consideration and capacity.
An agreement means the presence of the both the offer and the acceptance. Acceptance in relation to this question is the grounds of which the sale of the contact is formed and it must not be corrupted. It means the consent which is achieved requires to be a true consent. The true consent is said to be a consent which is achieved devoid by any type of misrepresentation, coercion, under influence or fraud. If one of the above mentioned elements are verified then this contract is said to be void and hence the parties mentioned in the contract will not be bound by its terms. The court even has the right to form certain acts in a few cases.
An offer which was been made for the public could have been accepted by anyone according to the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. Meanwhile, it was said in the case of Hyde v Wrench that any order or proposal made to cancel out the previous offer would gradually lead towards the rejection of that offer, and the alternation of terms mentioned in the initial offer. Such an offer requires to be approved by the individual who made the initial offer.
The term Misrepresentation is said to be a wrong representation of the data which is been given to the party for the contract. Misrepresentation requires certain elements for making the contract void which are a wrongdoer making a dishonest statement of the described facts and such statement gathered consent considering the contract.
If any of the above mentioned elements are present, it would lead to misrepresentations and hence the contract will be said to be void. There are different types of misrepresentation such as negligent, mistake or fraudulent. In the fraudulent misrepresentation the individual is totally aware of the fact that the statement which he is going to give is a false one but still backs it for being true. These sort of representation gradually leads towards the approval of such an offer, or forces the other individual to make an offer. According to the case of Pankhania v Hackney in which the applicant was seen to buy a property after being convinced by a portrayal that the present occupants of the estate were having a contractual licence, accordingly their occupation on the property could have been canceled on giving a notice of 3 months. The High Court took the required action on the grounds of misrepresentation of the law will be suitable. The applicants action was thus successful. This was also repeated in the case of Car and Universal Finance v Caldwell.
There are different remedies in a contract, where acceptance is seen to be achieved by the fraudulent misrepresentation. There remedies include the Cancellation of the contract as laid down by Long v Lloyd (rescission) and the damages for the injury incurred as laid down by Doyle v Olby Ltd.
According to the mentioned circumstances, Angelo brought up a offer publicly which could have been accepted by any individual ensuing the judgement of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company. However, a counter offer was made by Barry and therefore the initial offer which was made, remained cancelled as laid down by Hyde v Wrench. The only phrase which was said to be diverse was sale price, therefore the moment when Angelo approved the initial terms mentioned in the offer. However, it was excluding the price.
Therefore, the terms which were declared by Angelo still completed a factor of contract. This refers to the announcement which stated that there were no present competitors and the statement which was made in regards to the fund will still be a factor in the contract. Barry got to know that the revenue per month which was stated in the initial contract was actually much lower and he also got to know that there was a shop nearby selling similar grocery products. As being committed in the sale of fruits and vegetables, it is understood that Angelo was totally aware regarding the revenue and also that a direct competitor were present in that area. Such representations persuaded Barry for composing a counter-offer. Therefore, in such circumstances his agreement must be achieved by misrepresentation.
According to the judgement made in the case of Pankhania v Hackney it is obvious that such a contract will account to be cancelled. The allegations which were made in regards to the loader and the van were also said to be fraudulent misrepresentation, and thus it will result to a void contract.
Therefore, Barry was capable for challenging the legitimacy of the contact by the faith in the promises which were made by Angelo. The contract will be void because of the fraudulent misrepresentations which were made by Angelo. This contract will be invalidated in accordance to the judicial pronouncements of the common law. Barry will be capable of getting different remedies which will be accessible to him like damages or indemnity. Therefore, Angelo is said to be violating the responsibilities as the seller under the common law.
There is a contract made between Angelo and Barry which consisted of different disagreements. The contract which was formed among them was approved as a valid contract and therefore for any actions in relation to the accused must need to create the violation of the contract. If there is a violation of contract, what remedies will be available to him.
According to the case of Car and Universal Finance v Caldwell, it is stated that if the name of the owner of the car has not be reallocated, thus the sale which is reallocated by substantial custody of a car will not be said to be a sale. According to which it is stated that even if the ownership of the property has transferred to different individual, unless and until the person who is making all the transfers has the rights of ownership on the property no effect will take place as it will not be a proper sale of property. The fraudulent misrepresentation does not necessarily require leading towards the cancellation of the contract. Therefore, in such cases the court might accolade damages for these misrepresentations as said by East v Maurer.
According to the s. 19 of the act which states that an indirect action is taken on seller in regards to the fitness and the quality of the goods. Implied condition refers to the one which is not created exceptionally for the contract but makes up a major part of the contract by the character of statutory provisions. The seller shows his commitment to make sure that the goods which are received are of high fitness as well as quality and also fit the purpose.
In such cases where the violation of the contract is seen, the buyer has different alternatives available, as mentioned in part 6 of this act it deals with the actions which cause the violation of the contract. Whereas, S. 54 defines certain actions and order them in case the contract is violated the applicant has the right to apply to the court for the order in terms of certain actions.
The delivery van was on lease and Angelo was well aware of the fact that he has no rights to sell the van. The contract contained a certain term in regards to the delivery van and loader. It was clear that the van was brought up by Barry for using it in the business, it was understood that Barry believed on the judgement made by Angelo in relation to the van and the loader and their qualities.
According to the judgement made in the case of Car and Universal finance v Caldwell it is understood that as Angelo had no ownership of the van therefore the degree of ownership will not result to the delivery of goods. Therefore, no such delivery with regards to the van was made.
The loader was useful for loading the goods in the van and therefore if the loader is seen to be damaged in such a way that it needs repair then it will also result in the violation of the contract by s. 19 of this act.
Such violations of the warranty would draw attention of the provisions under s. 56 and he will be said to be liable to claim the cost for the problems. This means that Barry will also be able to get all his money back which he paid according to s. 57. In fact, Barry will also have the right to recover the interest on the money which he paid.
Conclusion
According to the provisions mentioned in Part 6 of the act, Barry might have the countermeasures accessible. In accordance to the delivery of van, Barry has the right to go after Angelo legally as non delivery through s. 54. In regards to the violation of the guarantee made Barry will be capable of getting back the damages occurred by the provisions under s. 56. Hence, he will be capable of recovering the amount which was paid to him according to those conditions which were laid down by the consideration receipt.
References
Bix, Brian. “On the dividing line between natural law theory and legal positivism.” Law and Morality. Routledge, 2017. 49-60.
Car and Universal Finance Co Ltd v Caldwell [1965] 1 QB 525
Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company [1892] EWCA Civ 1
Cotterrell, Roger. Law, culture and society: Legal ideas in the mirror of social theory. Routledge, 2017.
Doyle v Olby (Ironmongers) Ltd [1969] 2 QB 158
East v Maurer [1990] EWCA Civ 6
Hart, Herbert LA. “The new challenge to legal positivism (1979).” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 36.3 (2016): 459-475.
Hart, Herbert Lionel Adolphus. “Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals.” Law and Morality. Routledge, 2017. 63-99.
Hyde v Wrench [1840] 49 ER 132.
Long v Lloyd [1958] 1 WLR 753
McKendrick, Ewan. Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK), 2014.
Pankhania v Hackney London Borough Council [2002] N.P.C. 123
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