The process of Memory virtualization worked with Virtual Machine, Process and Memory Address (García-Valls, Cucinotta & Lu, 2014). When multiple Virtual Memory (VM) is connected in series and a process (P) is taking place in each VM then the mapping is done in the memory inside one-page table for cache mechanism to get easy access in the Memory Address (MA). The two components to run this addresses are Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) and Memory Management Unit (MMU) that can optimize all the performance that are in the virtual memory (Gandhi et al., 2014). Mapping of actual memory with the Guest machine memory is done by the mechanism called shadow paging, which comes from the Database Management System (DBMS). This whole mechanism of Memory Virtualization works internally with hexadecimal codes, which is managed by the Operating System.
RAID means (Redundant Array of Independent Disks), RAID 0 is for the configuration used striping for data handling (Fekete & Varki 2016). It increases the performance of the systems. In RAID 0 all the data files are first broken into smaller blocks each and written to a separate disk drive to increase the I/O performance with little to no fault tolerance.
The term mirroring, parity and striping are the storage techniques of RAID:
Stripping is a process in which data files in a RAID are broken down into smaller block size each and written to a different physical disk drive.
Mirroring is a technique to store the data of identical copies on the RAID simultaneously. This affects fault tolerance and the performance.
Parity is a technique where striping and the checksum method is used for the data blocks to calculate the parity function.
Exercise 2: Storage Design (2 marks)
Storage Repository Design, the other name known is LUN (Logical Unit Number) in the industry of IT(Ume, 2015). Storage Repository Design has developed their importance for snapshot design, usage of the disk and for the cache and the performance of the usage of disk. SAN allocates cache to each individual repository containing the write cache. In a snapshot, create a storage repository, which is a delta file, of exactly the same size of the Virtual Disk within the storage repository and allow quick easy rollback. One disadvantage is, if the Virtual disk is lost, then the snapshot cannot be rolled back as delta disk. Underlying the performance can only be achieved in the matter of physical disk is
The Internet Storage System (ISS) referred as the RAID arrays that arise feature-rich for the storage arrays and are capable of providing highly optimized I/O processing (Aderholdt et al., 2015).
SAN is a block I/O disk directly connected to the server. NAS is a remote I/O file, which is redirected from a network to a device.
SAN advantages over NAS are as follows (Patil, 2016):
The two known NAS file sharing protocols are (Maciel, 2014):
NFS – Network File System Protocol, which is define as a protocol to share a file of the Traditional UNIX environment.
CIFS – The Protocol of Common Internet File System, which depends on the Server Message Block Protocol for Traditional Microsoft environment file sharing protocol
Time required for I/O depends on disk service time
Therefore, Disk service time = Average seek time + data transfer time + rotational latency
Given, Average seek time = 5 millisecond
Rotational latency = ½ time taken for the full rotation.
Since, rotational speed = 15000 rpm
1 revolution = 1/ (15000/60) sec.
Therefore, For ½ revolution time taken = 0.5/ (15000/60) = 2ms.
Data transfer rate = 40 MB/s
Therefore, 4 KB I/O transfer takes, 4 KB/40MB/s= 0.1 ms
Therefore, Time required for 1 I/O to perform = 5 ms + 2ms + 0.1ms= 7.1 msec
Now, a disk can perform maximum number of IOPS = 1/7.1 ms = 140 IOPS
Therefore, the maximum number of IOPS a disk perform at 70 % utilization = 140 * 0.7 = 98 IOPS
Now, to meet the disks number,
The performance of Application’s required = 4900/98 = 50 disks
The capacity of the Application’s required = 1 TB/100 GB = 10 disks
Finally, the disk that is required = Maximum (Capacity, Performance)
= Maximum (10, 50) = 50 disks
Storage Evolution (2 Marks)
Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) provides simplicity, scalability to the Ethernet with lossless nature, functionality, manageability and offers huge savings in reducing the number of an adapter and the switches. It allows the user to leverage with the existing investment in Information Technology, lowers the cost and improves the performance.
FCoE replaces the NIC and the HBA in the server and then uses connections of 10 GB to provide losslessness to the FCoE switch
Virtual Storage Area Network (SAN) defines the configuration system, which will be easily scaled out easily without changing the physical layout.
The protocols of IP SAN are those protocols having the storage devices with multiple servers of which has been shared block that can access pools by using storage protocol, which depends only on the Internet Protocol (IP) suite (González-Férez & Bilas, 2014). Fibre Channel over IP is a storage networking technology that is completely based on the Internet Protocol (IP), and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has developed it (Black & Koning, 2014)that enables all the transmission that are done for the Fibre Channel (FC) for tunneling the data between the SAN over the IP network.
What is an advantage of a flat address space over a hierarchical address space?
Highly scalable with minimal impact on performance
Provides access to data, based on retention policies
Provides access to block, file, and object with the same interface
Consumes less bandwidth on network while accessing data
Answer: a. Highly scalable with minimal impact on performance
What is a role of metadata service in an OSD node?
Responsible for storing data in the form of objects
Stores unique IDs generated for objects
Stores both objects and objects IDs
Controls functioning of storage devices
Answer: b. Stores unique Ids generated for objects
What is used to generate an object ID in a CAS system?
File metadata
Source and destination address
Binary representation of data
File system type and ownership
Answer: c: Binary representation of data
What accurately describes block I/O access in a unified storage?
I/O traverse NAS head and storage controller to disk
I/O traverse OSD node and storage controller to disk
I/O traverse storage controller to disk
I/O is directly sent to the disk
Answer: c: I/O traverse storage controller to disk
What accurately describes unified storage?
Provides block, file, and object-based access within one platform
Provides block and file storage access using objects
Supports block and file access using flat address space
Specialized storage device purposely built in archiving
Answer: a: Provides block, file and object-based access within one platform
Reference
Aderholdt, F., Caldwell, B. A., Hicks, S. E., Koch, S. M., Naughton III, T. J., Pogge, J. R., … & Sorrillo, L. (2015). Secure Storage Architectures (No. ORNL/TM-2015/212). Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL).
Bender, M. A., Demaine, E. D., Ebrahimi, R., Fineman, J. T., Johnson, R., Lincoln, A., … & McCauley, S. (2016, July). Cache-adaptive analysis. In Proceedings of the 28th ACM Symposium on Parallelism in Algorithms and Architectures(pp. 135-144). ACM.
Black, D., & Koning, P. (2014). Securing Block Storage Protocols over IP: RFC 3723 Requirements Update for IPsec v3 (No. RFC 7146).
Fekete, A., & Varki, E. (2016, September). RAIDX: RAID without striping. In Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems (MASCOTS), 2016 IEEE 24th International Symposium on (pp. 418-423). IEEE.
Gandhi, J., Basu, A., Hill, M. D., & Swift, M. M. (2014, December). Efficient memory virtualization: Reducing dimensionality of nested page walks. In Proceedings of the 47th Annual IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Microarchitecture (pp. 178-189). IEEE Computer Society.
García-Valls, M., Cucinotta, T., & Lu, C. (2014). Challenges in real-time virtualization and predictable cloud computing. Journal of Systems Architecture, 60(9), 726-740.
González-Férez, P., & Bilas, A. (2014, June). Tyche: An efficient Ethernet-based protocol for converged networked storage. In Mass Storage Systems and Technologies (MSST), 2014 30th Symposium on (pp. 1-11). IEEE.’
Maciel, P., Matos, R., Callou, G., Silva, B., Barreto, D., Araujo, J., … & Worth, S. (2014, October). Performance evaluation of sheepdog distributed storage system. In Systems, Man and Cybernetics (SMC), 2014 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 3370-3375). IEEE.
Patil, P. T. (2016). A Study on Evolution of Storage Infrastructure. International Journal, 6(7).
Ume, L. E. (2015). Effective Data Backup System Using Storage Area Network Solution. West African Journal of Industrial and Academic Research, 14(1), 18-27.
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