The Impact Of Socioeconomic And Psychological Factors On Domestic Violence

NRSG210 Mental Health Nursing Written Assignment

Domestic violence is a global phenomenon that has resulted in many negative health and social consequence for the victim. It is defined as a form of abuse where a person is subjected to aggressive behaviour within a domestic setting such as home by other partner (Dowst-Mayo, 2018). The WHO report states that domestic violence negatively affects physical, mental, social and reproductive health of a person. People with low education, exposure to domestic violence, alcohol use and history of child maltreatment are more likely to perpetrate violence whereas victims of domestic violence are mainly those people low education and attitude towards violence (World Health Organization, 2017). The statement indicates that socioeconomic and psychological factors in the life of a person significantly influence the incidence of domestic violence. The main purpose of this essay is to examine the impact of socioeconomic and psychological factors on domestic violence and evaluate contribution of these factors on the victim or the perpetrators.

An individual can be at risk of domestic violence because of many individual, family and society related factors. Many of the risk factors can be described by the analysis of links between socioeconomic factors and domestic violence incidence. Monetary issues are the most common cause of domestic violence followed by alcoholism (Sanjay et al., 2013).  Clarke and Wydall (2015) gave an insight into the association between poverty and increasing incidence of domestic violence. The author argued that low income in women decreases their bargaining power and increase the level of intimate partner violence.  Poverty in low-income families acts as the fuel that promotes conflict between partners and contributes to incidence of domestic violence. This is supported by Slabbert (2017) who states that abused women mostly have low income and poverty is a challenge that prevents women from taking action against domestic violence. They avoid taking actions due to fear related to loss of housing and income. The survey with women who are in a abusive relationship has revealed that they have no economic resource and they fail to leave their husbands because of responsibility towards children and the need to leave their friends and relatives.  In case of perpetrators of domestic violence, they become motivated to indulge in acts of violence anticipating that low future expected earning of her female partner would make her inclines to tolerate violence and not leave their partner (Anderberg et al., 2016).  Hence, it can be domestic violence is highest in communities characterized by social deprivation and families living on low income.

Low education is also regarded as one socioeconomic factor that increases rate of domestic violence episodes. Women with little or no education become vulnerable to domestic violence and such women also tend to accept domestic violence as part of their life (Oanh Thi Hoang et al., 2016). There are many studies which report about risk of domestic violence in women with low education.  Mohamadian et al. (2016) revealed that low education level, husband’s unemployment and being a housewife has significant relationship with domestic violence against women. Low education or literacy among women makes them economically less productive and this limitation makes them inferior in comparison to their husband. Such trend is commonly seen in countries like Asia and Africa which have rigid culture and patriarchal norms (Sabri, Simonet & Campbell, 2018). Patriarchal norms in certain sections of society are also a reason for low education among women in certain society. They are denied the right to basic education which eventually increases the likelihood of domestic violence.  However, Hayes (2013) argues that patriarchal norm does not always mean that men are perpetrators of domestic violence; anyone can become a victim irrespective of gender. The analysis of socioeconomic risk factors of domestic violence suggests that education is one factor that can prevent victims from being oppressed and many social norms can be reconciled with education.

This phenomenon of domestic violence can also be understood from many theoretical perspectives. The feminist theory signifies role of patriarchal organization of society and gender inequality as a major factor contributing to incidence of domestic violence. The perpetrators of domestic violence find violence as a social power to control and become dominant over their partners. Other social factors like cultural acceptance of violence, masculinity ideals and patriarchal arrangement of families all creates an environment for physical violence (Rajan, 2018). Hence, perpetrators use feelings of social power and control to engage in such acts of violence and victim on the other hand succumbs to the negative environment of cultural acceptance of violence and suffers silently because of the incident. Rakovec-Felser (2014) explains that fear of social stigma increase the rate of domestic violence in different forms and this eventually contributes to serious health consequences for families. Apart from physical harm, psychological harm contributes feelings of susceptibility to danger loss of power and fear among victims. Such individual are more like to experience higher level of depression and anxiety than non-abused person.

Impact of socioeconomic and psychological factors on domestic violence and evaluate contribution of these factors on the victim or the perpetrators

The continued exposure to domestic violence can also make victims predisposed to injuries because they are most likely to engage in harmful behaviour such as alcohol and drug abuse, physical inactivity and even self-harm to cope with the condition. Kavak et al. (2018) states that battered women are at high risk of committing suicide. Survey with females patients who have been treated in psychiatric services indicate that suicide risk is high when women have violent relations with their partner. Increased marriage duration also influenced development of suicide ideation among women (Kavak et al., 2018). Substance abuse is another factor that contributes to domestic violence and is also one of the consequences of domestic violence. Caetano, Schafer and Cunradi (2017) report that patient who take treatment for substance abuse problems, are often those victims who have been battered by their partner in their shelters. Alcohol use is one of the factors leading to domestic violence because heavy drinkers have an impulsive personality and they use it as an excuse to engage in violent acts. Alcohol related domestic violence episode is also influenced by ethnic variations in an individual. For example, ethnic minority groups more often experience intimate partner violence than whites (Simon?Kumar et al., 2017). This can be explained by social-structural theory as a culture of acceptance in many societies increase risk of domestic violence.

A person can be exposed to violence during early childhood or during adult phase of life. Exposure to violence from childhood has an adverse impact on children who are exposed to violence themselves or witness violence in their families. Exposure to domestic violence can make them vulnerable to developmental problems and behaviour. They are more likely to engage in crime, attempt suicide, engage in substance abuse and become abusers in their later life (Hillis, Mercy & Saul, 2017). A research regarding history of violence exposure and mental health problems revealed that early life stress in the form of violence exposure predispose children to many mental health problems. For example, they experience neuro-cognitive deficits and problems in self-regulation. Such children are referred to mental health services because of challenges in school functioning like poor cognitive processing and language development. This is followed by long term impairment in developmental trajectories as such individual tend to withdraw from society (Perkins & Graham-Bermann, 2012). Children who are exposed to violence between parents are at increased risk of developing mental health problems like depression and post traumatic stress disorder. Exposure to inter-parental conflict is associated with externalizing and internalizing problems over the first 6 years of life (Westrupp et al., 2018). Hence, to control psychological impact of domestic violence, it is necessary that early interventions be implemented for at-risk families so that screening for language and cognitive development can be done to expose those at risk of violence.

Monetary issues and alcoholism are the most common causes of domestic violence

Stress and domestic violence are linked to one another as level of stress and exposure to trauma also has an impact on frequency of domestic violence. This is understand from many research evidence that reports about the impact of domestic violence experience on mental health of women, children and even males (Ziaei et al. (2016).  Ziaei et al. (2016) conducted an interview with pregnant women who were exposed to lifetime experience of domestic violence in several forms such as physical, emotional and sexual domestic violence. Large number of women reported about experiencing emotional distress irrespective of the type of domestic violence. For the victims of violence, the main impact of domestic violence was they developed feelings of powerlessness and hopelessness. This was also seen because such women had low provisions for social support or any protective factors that could mitigate such effects. Hence, interplay between socioeconomic elements and psychological factors of an individual increase risk of domestic abuse in certain group of society. In response to negative coping style adopted by victims and acceptance of cultural norms in different sections of society, it is essential that appropriate social support be provide to individuals who are exposed to such form violence. This will empower them to cope with the problem.

The essay summarized the impact of various socioeconomic and psychological factors that influence domestic violence episodes in society. By establishing links between domestic violence and socioeconomic factors, it was found that unemployment and low education are some risk factors that increase the rate of domestic violence incidence. The perpetrators of violence becomes empowered to repeat acts of violence against their partner triggered by the patriarchal norm of society and low bargaining power of women because of low income, education and dependency on family. The review of psychological factors influencing violence incidence indicates that repeated exposure to violence, child history of exposure to parental violence and stressors in life increase risk of negative psychological consequences among women. As large number of people are presenting to psychiatric services because of the psychological problems due to domestic violence, it is essential that adequate social support interventions be provided to victims so that they become empowered to report about violence and take treatment at an early stage.

References:

Anderberg, D., Rainer, H., Wadsworth, J., & Wilson, T. (2016). Unemployment and domestic violence: Theory and evidence. The Economic Journal, 126(597), 1947-1979.

Caetano, R., Schafer, J., & Cunradi, C. B. (2017). Alcohol-related intimate partner violence among white, black, and Hispanic couples in the United States. Domestic Violence: The Five Big Questions.

Low income in women decreases their bargaining power and increase the level of intimate partner violence

Clarke, A., & Wydall, S. (2015). From ‘Rights to Action’: practitioners’ perceptions of the needs of children experiencing domestic violence. Child & Family Social Work, 20(2), 181-190. doi:10.1111/cfs.12066

Dowst-Mayo, L. (2018). Stop The Violence… Exploring Domestic Violence (2nd Edition). Rdh, 38(7), 74-82

Hayes, B. E. (2013). Women’s resistance strategies in abusive relationships: An alternative framework. Sage open, 3(3), 2158244013501154.

Hillis, S. D., Mercy, J. A., & Saul, J. R. (2017). The enduring impact of violence against children. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 22(4), 393-405. doi:10.1080/13548506.2016.1153679

Kavak, F., Aktürk, Ü., Özdemir, A., & Gültekin, A. (2018). The relationship between domestic violence against women and suicide risk. Archives Of Psychiatric Nursing, 32(4), 574-579. doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2018.03.016

Mohamadian, F., Hashemian, A., Bagheri, M., & Direkvand-Moghadam, A. (2016). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Domestic Violence against Iranian Women: A Cross-Sectional Study. Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 37(4), 253–258. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2016.37.4.253

Oanh Thi Hoang, T., Juhwan, O., Sugy, C., Kien Gia, T., & Dung Van, D. (2016). Changes and socioeconomic factors associated with attitudes towards domestic violence among Vietnamese women aged 15-49: findings from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, 2006-2011. Global Health Action, 9(1), 1-7. doi:10.3402/gha.v9.29577

Perkins, S., & Graham-Bermann, S. (2012). Violence Exposure and the Development of School-Related Functioning: Mental Health, Neurocognition, and Learning. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(1), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.10.001

Rajan, H. (2018). When Wife-Beating Is Not Necessarily Abuse: A Feminist and Cross-Cultural Analysis of the Concept of Abuse as Expressed by Tibetan Survivors of Domestic Violence. Violence Against Women, 24(1), 3-27. doi:10.1177/1077801216675742

Rakovec-Felser, Z. (2014). Domestic violence and abuse in intimate relationship from public health perspective. Health psychology research, 2(3).

Sabri, B., Simonet, M., & Campbell, J. C. (2018). Risk and protective factors of intimate partner violence among South Asian immigrant women and perceived need for services. Cultural diversity and ethnic minority psychology, 24(3), 442.

Sanjay, D., Puranik, A. K., Saroshe, S., Gupta, G., Sirohi, S., & Rohit, B. (2013). A STUDY OF THE NATURE AND CAUSES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AMONG THE ATTENDEES OF A domestic violence counselling center of a tertiary level hospital of a city of central india. International Journal Of Medical Science & Public Health, 2(3), 728-732. doi:10.5455/ijmsph.2013.070520133

Simon?Kumar, R., Kurian, P. A., Young?Silcock, F., & Narasimhan, N. (2017). Mobilising culture against domestic violence in migrant and ethnic communities: practitioner perspectives from Aotearoa/New Zealand. Health & Social Care In The Community, 25(4), 1387-1395. doi:10.1111/hsc.12439

Slabbert, I. (2017). Domestic violence and poverty: Some women’s experiences. Research on social work practice, 27(2), 223-230.

Westrupp, E. M., Brown, S., Woolhouse, H., Gartland, D., & Nicholson, J. M. (2018). Repeated early-life exposure to inter-parental conflict increases risk of preadolescent mental health problems. European Journal Of Pediatrics, 177(3), 419-427. doi:10.1007/s00431-017-3071-0

World Health Organization (2017). Violence against women. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/violence-against-women

Ziaei, S., Frith, A. L., Ekström, E. C., & Naved, R. T. (2016). Experiencing lifetime domestic violence: associations with mental health and stress among pregnant women in rural Bangladesh: the MINIMat Randomized Trial. PLoS one, 11(12), e0168103.