Security Market Line Vs Capital Market Line And The Importance Of Minimum Variance Portfolios

Differences between the Security Market Line and Capital Market Line

In relation to CML, the same is utilized to determine the return through an effective portfolio. Furthermore, such return relies upon various factors like beta, risk-free rates, etc. Therefore, CML can be used to depict a positive liner interconnection betwixt portfolio beta and returns on a whole. In addition, when any tangent is drawn from an effective portfolio, the CML (capital market line) can be seen when the expected return and risk-free return matches each other. Based on the Markowitz theory, in the prevalence of risky assets, the optimal portfolio is the one situated in the effective frontier part and it relies on the attitude of investors towards the risk (Nielsen, 2006). Besides, investors have a distinct aversion of risk and hence, they choose distinctly and they always choose a portfolio made up of a varied admixture of securities. Through the introduction of a risk-free asset that can be purchased and sold in a short tenure, it has been seen that the effective frontier is linear and the portfolio choice is independent from the attitude of individuals towards risk.

This portfolio remains along the frontier concave and possesses the higher ratio  and can be easily sought by plotting a line that can intersect the y-axis in the R_f  and is also tangent to the concave set. Nevertheless, all the investors possess the same opportunities and the same portfolio of tangent. Therefore, the CML attains from an effective part of the minimum variance frontier that is interrelated to the feasibility to purchase or sell any risk-free asset. Capital market line (CML) is therefore considered as the graph of the needed risk and return of a risk-free asset’s portfolio and a bunch of other risky assets that can provide the best trade-off of risk-return. Nevertheless, it is an important situation of allocation of capital line that is tangent to the efficient frontier and its slope depicts the Sharpe Ratio. In relation to this, the CML plays a key role in accounting for the risk-free assets and therefore, it remains in the lead when it comes to effective frontier (Banbura et. al, 2015). Moreover, all the other portfolios accommodate the exact Sharpe ratio as that in relation to the market portfolio. Besides, while purchasing or making heavy investments in any portfolio or assets, one relevant factor that must be taken into due consideration is that the Sharpe ratio must be verified and the capital market line ratio of such portfolio or asset must be verified as well (Nielsen, 2014). Further, if an asset’s Sharpe ratio remains above the ratio of CML, then the purchase mode must happen and if it remains lesser than the CML ratio, then it must be sold (CAPM, 2017).

Importance of Minimum Variance Portfolios

The SML can be regarded as a graphical reflection of the market or systematic risk when compared to the market risk return on a whole at a specific time and reflects all securities that are believed to be marketable in nature. Furthermore, the security market line can be regarded as a powerful measure in ascertaining whether a selected asset for the inclusion process in a portfolio can play a key role in offering a desired return rate.

Each portfolio that lies on the security market line has the same Treynor ratio when compared to the portfolio of market. Further, while investing or purchasing an asset that has a positive beta, there is a significant factor that must be kept in due consideration and the same is that the assets of which the Treynor ratio remains above the SML, the ratio must be purchased and the assets of which such Treynor ratio is below the SML, such ratio must be sold. It can be tracked from the effective hypothesis of market that one cannot shift ahead of the entire market (Anghel & Paschia, 2013). Therefore, the Treynor ratio of all the assets must be lesser than or equivalent to the market. Besides, when the same is utilized in the management of portfolios, the security market line highlights on the opportunity cost of the investment. Further, all the securities that are believed to be appropriate in terms of pricing are depicted on such security market line. In relation to this, the assets that are higher, the line that are undervalued in nature in relation to the beta factor project a better return. Besides, overvaluation or exaggeration of value happens when such asset is lesser the line because for the same amount of risk, the return is very lesser as well. Therefore, from the previously mentioned graph, it is very clear that the capital market line is utilized to highlight the rate of return by using the risk-free return rate and the risk level for a particular portfolio. However, in contrast to this, the security market line is utilized to highlight the market risk. Hence, when it comes to the capital market line, it plays a key role in explaining the portfolio that is effective in nature and in contrast to this, security market line played a key role in defining both non-effective as well as effective portfolio.

In association to minimum variance portfolio, the same is explained as a portfolio of securities that can combine to reduce the volatility of prices of the aggregate portfolio. Further, volatility is a significant term that is more generally used in place of a variance in the community of investments and is defined as a statistical measure of a specific price movement (downs and ups) of a security. Nevertheless, a minimum portfolio of variance signifies a well-expanded portfolio that comprises of individually risky assets that are hedged when are collectively traded, thereby resulting in the minimum feasible risk for the rate of anticipated return.

Relevance of CAPM Equation in Calculating Required Rates of Return

An investment’s portfolio can also be interchangeable in meaning with the risky market. Hence, the higher the investment’s volatility (the broader the movements ups and downs in prices), the greater is the market risk. Therefore, if an investor intends to reduce risk, he must also be willing to reduce the ups and downs. This plays a key role in leveraging the risk of every asset of an individual with an offsetting investment, thereby hedging the net risk of portfolio for the risk level acceptable in relation to the expected return of portfolio rate. Nevertheless, if every investment is simply put in a minimum variance, the portfolio is considered risky in nature if the same has been traded individually. However, when the same has been traded in the portfolio, the risk is hedged in nature. Further, the term initiates from the theory of Markowitz Portfolio that plays a vital part in suggesting that the volatility can be utilized to replace the risk and hence, lesser volatility variance interrelates with lesser risk of investment. Furthermore, a minimum portfolio of variance is defined as a model of portfolio that is made up of various investments that are highly volatile in nature individually but are observed by few as lesser risks when are put together. This model of portfolio may not be appropriate for the individual investors in some situations but, the build of a minimum portfolio of variance is not recommended.

The theory or ideology of MPT (modern portfolio theory) has become the cornerstone of the construction of portfolios for various practitioners and academics since the introduction of the same in the year 1952. Furthermore, every learner of finance must study the source of volatility of portfolio, the advantages of its expansion, and the ideology of effective frontier (CFI , 2017)r. Further, the portfolio of all assets risky in nature at the initial stage of the effective frontier is called as the modern portfolio theory (MVP). It is not crucial to offer a forecast of anticipated returns to obtain the modern portfolio theory. Instead, it only requires a forecast of risk and interrelation for each risky asset. Nevertheless, the MVP can be sought by solving the equation that utilizes the universe of all risky assets to generate a portfolio with the minimum amount of volatility. The equation is min? ½w ‘∑w (Equation 1) st: w ‘ 1 = 1, wherein w implies weights, ∑ signifies the covariance matrix of all the security returns.

For calculation of the CAPM, it must be noted that the model relies on a risk multiplier that is popularly called as beta coefficient (β). Furthermore, the same is depicted by the following equation:

Anticipated or expected return= r? + β (r? – r?)

In relation to this, CAPM plays a key role in determining what is the fair value of an investment. Furthermore, when the return rate of an asset is calculated, the same rate is used to discount the cash flows of future in relation to an investment to their respective present value so that the fair value of the same can be attained (CAPM, 2017). Besides, this method assists in playing two roles that is offering a return rate that operates as a reference for evaluating the investments, and secondly, it also facilitates in forecasting the expected return that is yet to be traded(CFI, 2017). Hence, the investment’s fair value can be compared with the market value and decisions can be made thereafter. This method is an effective way to ascertain the return as an investor can be compensated for their borne systematic risks because the same cannot be expanded (David & Mullins, 2018). Nevertheless, the investors can anticipate return from their investments based on the level of risk. Therefore, for a higher return, it is required to bear systematic risk because when more stocks are held, then one becomes vulnerable to business cycles and therefore, the aggregate returns.

CAPM also has some drawbacks but it remains a significant weapon in the segment of financial management. Further, investors are benefitted when clues are drawn from the market. Hence, low beta stocks can be accounted for. Nevertheless, CAPM is a powerful theory because it offers a measure of evaluation of risk and assists investors to determine what they need. It is also beneficial for equity purposes as it facilitates assessment and calculation of potential returns(CFI, 2017). In addition, the investors are also compensated through emphasis on ways like risk factor and time value of money. It accounts only systematic risks, thereby reflecting a reality wherein most investors have expanded portfolios from which the unsystematic risks can be significantly eradicated. This method is better than the WACC in offering discount rates for utilization appraisal. The model accounts for the accuracy of choosing a portfolio of market broker and the variance in security returns is the only source of methodical risk (Da et. al, 2012). Thereafter, the risk premium on the portfolio of securities consider as the function of such methodical risk that can be measured by the beta on the effective index of benchmark. When the CAPM was altered to four factors, the company’s tendency with positive prior profits to attain positive returns and companies with negative profits to attain negative future returns could be explained. Firstly, portfolios describe the variation in the company’s return with high in comparison to low ratio of market value. Secondly, such portfolio describes the variations in expected returns of small and large companies.  Lastly, the risk premium on the security is a main method for methodical risks and the same can be measured by the betas (Da et. al, 2012). The fourth factor was called as the price momentum factor that was later added to the model. Therefore, these are the factors that were changed in the capital asset pricing model.

Hence, from the overall discussion it can be commented that the CAPM model is of immense utility as it projects the link between the return that is expected and the risk of investment in a security. It signifies that the expected return on a security is equivalent to the risk free return with a risk premium that dwells on the beta of the security.

References

Anghel, M.G. and Paschia, L. (2013) Using the CAPM Model to Estimate the Profitability of a Financial Instrument Portfolio. Annales Universitatis Apulensis: Series Oeconomica, 15(2), 541-551. Available from: https://www.oeconomica.uab.ro/upload/lucrari/1520132/19.pdf

Banbura, M., Giannone, D. and Lenza, M. (2015) Conditional forecasts and scenario analysis with vector autoregressions for large cross-sections. International Journal of Forecasting, 31(3), pp.739-756. Available from: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp1733.pdf?34d83c4b9cc14af18001108a69abb1c3

CAPM. (2017) Using the CAPM model to price risk and allocate capital efficiently. Available from: https://www.quantilia.com/risk-premium-capm/  [Accessed 10 September 2018]

CFI. (2017) Capital Allocation Line (CAL) and Optimal Portfolio. Available from: https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/finance/capital-allocation-line-cal-and-optimal-portfolio/  [Accessed 10 September 2018]

Christensen, J. (2011) Good analytical research, European Accounting Review, 20(1), 41-51

Da, Z., Guo, R.J. and Jagannathan, R. (2012) CAPM for estimating the cost of equity capital: Interpreting the empirical evidence. Journal of Financial Economics. 103, 204–220. Available from: https://www3.nd.edu/~zda/COC.pdf

David, W., & Mullins, J. (2018) Does the Capital Asset pricing model work? Available from: https://hbr.org/1982/01/does-the-capital-asset-pricing-model-work [Accessed 10 September 2018]

Lee, M.C. (2014) Capital market line based on efficient frontier of portfolio with borrowing and lending rate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264547651_Capital_market_line_based_on_efficient_frontier_of_portfolio

_with_borrowing_and_lending_rate [Accessed 10 September 2018]

Nielsen. L.T (2006) The instantaneous capital market line. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00199-005-0638-1 [Accessed 10 September 2018]