Biodiesel: A Sustainable And Environmentally-Friendly Alternative Fuel

Efficient Techniques for Reusing Wastes and Renewing Products

Question:

Describe about the Production Of Biodiesel From Waste Vegetable Oil?

With the change in the technology and the excessive use of resources have successfully helped people in implementing some special techniques which could efficiently lead to the better environment. For the pollution and wastes which is collected can be easily reused with the help implementing (Alhassan et al., 2014) special properties of the product by itself. To renew the product, there has been an assessment which leads to usage of sulphuric acid as well as transesterfications. These process are able to compare and build in the better product leading to an acceptable consumption of food at a low cost.

The process to invest is helpful as the fuel can be used by the usage of the feedstock’s which could products oils at a lower cost, preferably. The idea of using the biodiesel product is efficient in the long run than the normal fuel. The product is environmental friendly along with saving the resources from being depleted. This product is completely able to solve the problem of energy consumption too.

The detailed business case seeks approval formally to invest $600,000 million in 2011/20 to combine all the budgeting plan which would be able to reach to a better expectation in leading out to factors which would enhance the following:

• One can get a desired collection of details of the same with the perfect testing quality.
• Comparing the data would enhance the productivity factor with the energy saving and efficient outcomes.

The decision mainly focus on the infrequent and the commitment to the resources which would lead to certainty and better designs and decisions. There is a difficulty in orgs which is there because the data is less. These biodiesel are mainly for contribution for development leading to sectors of carbon mobile which target about 10% with the time in 2020. The supply and the renewable resources are for mainly keeps the diversification in the feedstock which is able to decrement policies like transport, waste etc.

The table below clearly identify the options which are available and can lead to different approaches.

The need to maintain and increase the manufacturing which would have an incentive to lead for auto and fuel. According to the infrastructure which is focused, there is a requirement for up gradation of the services which would be owned and operated according to the different process.as per the results, on can claim:

• There is an evidence which will have an outlook to the representative and available heuristics. The biasing and confidence to suggest for looking over to the outcomes generally in the work (Pukale et al., 2014) where SME innovations related to sustainable development along with a support to all the decisions and tools.
• The overall amount which is spend maybe more in compare to the fuels, but the biodiesel products are always helpful in maintain the quality of environment as well as the aura.
• There is always an optimisation of the product which supports in transformations leading to meeting the needs, facing the options, flexible enough to build a proper case.

With the biodiesel, it is said that there are different types of chemicals. The requirement of the different product along with improving the quality at home is only possible when all the waste vegetable oil can be used in maintaining the cost and make the environment eco-friendly.

Biodiesel is one of the products which is able to maintain all the environmental quality where it is able to produce best products from the vegetable oil waste. There are sources which are able to remove all the impurities from the oil. As per the products which are developed, the main benefit comes out that this product of biodiesel is very helpful in the long run as people are able to manage the resources (Li et al., 2014) and using them wisely. The government has completely supported for this where one is able to track all the services, mainly funding to the distribution of all the products at the different levels. The stakeholders are trying to manage the services where they can efficiently resolve the issue of pollution and waste of the product. There are NREL stakeholders which try to be expertise in the form of their work of transportation where there is a development and implementation of the easy gadgets along with providing free access to the data.

Benefits of Biodiesel as an Alternative Fuel

The continuous use of excessive resources has led to the depletion of the layers. Hence to set up a better business, biodiesels are the best alternatives which can bring a change in the product quality and try to renew all the feedstock, producing all the efficient oil mainly free from the acids, developing the process which would maintain the environment. According to the analysis of Life Cycle, it indicated that the production of biodiesels and biodiesel is completely going to eradicate all the problems of depletion in the long run. The problem is ongoing but with continuous efforts is can elevate down to an immediate transition of negativity.

With the growing forecasting range, there is a continuous pressure of growing a concern of pollution which is generally from the industries. It is required to keep an approach where the vehicles have to be kept safe and the investment should be to manage all the engines which try to automatically run and detect the fuel which is being injected in the engines.

The cars are able to manage the expense which lead to the changes and the adjustments in the mirrors where the dependence is to combine all the notifications for public transportation. As an example, it is said that one should not try to burn the purest form of the biodiesel as it will cause chunks and problem leading to an additive mixture in the amount where the solvents will not be able to maintain the efficiency of the heater.

It is important to take care of the product and the changes which are likely going to affect the production. There is a need to maintain the global changes as per the effects, leading to the preferential limits depending upon the following logistics:

• There is a low impact on the harvestation which is mainly to equip and handle the infrastructure which would be able to pre-process the system.
• The labours are trained enough to store the bins and the tracks for the usage of all the waste products.
• The product is seasonal, hence it is needed to be stored at the edge of the field of farmers which is under their maintenance.
• The ethanol production will have no more impact or time for other crops as the water quality and quantity are sufficient for controlling the system.

The development is mainly on the production steps which consider that the biomass should be optimised and required to be considered according to the erosion which is there in the land.

There are many opportunities as the waste oil would help in production the biodiesel. The fact is mainly that it is more economical and renewable which is able to grow and maintain the crops which is able to feed and maintain all the balance in the environment. A lot of farmers are able to get a big support from this as most of the dependency is on the usage of renewable resources. Biodiesels are the best alternatives which are for storing the natural gases and the propane to inject into the system, trying to undergo and produce electricity for a better life.

There are many benefits of the biodiesel as it helps in reacting properly with the vegetable oil and try to extract the best product out of it. Some of them are as below:

• There is a complete acquirement of the diesel in the engine which of the most pure form. The petrol is consumed at a higher cost but it is more eco-friendly and try to be less costly in the long run for the people.
• It helps to burn and helpful for the household activities with less of pollution and more of beneficiary effects on the health as well. (Mohammadshirazi, et al., 2014).
• The presence of it reduced the existence of the particulate matter which is common, thereby, saving the quality of water from being degraded. The purest form of it comes from the soya and the oil which is rape seed, try to bring the best type of amount for the diesel and engine.

Depending upon the social, economic impact, one can say that there is a preferential rise in the amount which is being able to provide with the best alternative renewable resources of energy. The main feature that it can be reused makes it different from all the products and the organic matter is efficient enough to grow crops in it. The dependence on the crude oil will be driving apart as there is a (Ahmad et al., 2014) pull towards the rise in the gas stations as well as improvement in the fuel system. This automatically benefits in the long run as people try to opt for biodiesel products rather than any other.

Opportunities for Sustainable Production and Renewable Resources

As per the conventional supply, there are many other fuels which are made from the cow dung and other biomass products which have the potential to save the world from the combustion problems. There is a need to import the energy with less consequences of the same on the energy which is being supplied. The greenhouse gases which bring out the total output are producing extensive problem and lead to starvation to an extent. The oil which is a waste can be used in many sources mainly domestic, commercialised areas or the industrial areas which will completely bring a stream of the better disposable, helping to block the pipes, mainly when the oil has been solidified.

The use of the oil reduces the production of the biodiesel cost to about 60% which is much more than the expected. There is a need to maintain the balance for the usage of the feedstock which would be used at workable places leading to easy commercialisation. The main delivery benefit comes when the oil which is passed through the sewage system deplete the layer. The treatments of the same pollutes and cost a lot of problem. But its usage can help in bringing a better change in the expense, (Muralidharan, 2014) protecting the land and production of food. The biomass, bioenergy and the carbon cycle are the main products which add to the benefits and bring a lot of change in the environmental quality.

The main dependency is on biodiesel and it is considered to use the oil or the other animal fat to produce the renewable resources of energy through the process of transesterification. It has been made from the different products and recycled through the modernisation with the change in viscosity. The (Osawa et al., 2014) conversion is in the way which is mainly important through either dilution, emulsification through the micro products, pyrolysis, and the transesterfication method. This lead to the higher rise in the development of agricultural products which would modify and invent the renewable fuels.

To respond to the farmers, which are mainly composed in four divisions, namely, agronomy, energy, grain and the feed/livestock. The factors which are direct lead to the effect on the habitat and quality of life. The product has to be considered mainly comprising conversion of feedstock and better transportation. The balance with the use and the production of land and the different biodiesel system comes from the largest impact of harvestation.

To be devoid of the demand which mainly depend on the biofuels and the ethanol, there is a trend that the policy (Martinez-Guerra & Gude, 2014) and the subsidies are favourable enough to change the potential of demand. It mainly depends on the economy for a precise servicing. The strength and the opportunities come when ethanol is able to make the products cheaper with the better commercialised products.

The methods to produce the biodiesel from the vegetable oil is through assessment through SWOT analysis. The criteria to meet up the demands and focus on the decisions which will be able to figure how (Mahesh et al., 2014) the product has to be distilled and a by-product is formed which can grow and have better feed stocks for the production. There will be an increment in the uncertainties. Some of the determination is as follows:

Social and Economic Impact of Biodiesel

There are certain to make response which is able to highlight the certainty, thereby, targeting the market to rise and understand the basic which could lead in excel of the organisation. The analysis through the life (Maddikeri et al., 2014) cycle mainly concerns to the metric of the emissions which are mainly done through the usage of matter, energy or the water. Describe and provide evidence or reasoning as to why these interventions might have an impact.

Strategic Interventions

Intervention 1              There is a problem related to the licence of the biofuels which are registered under SARS

Intervention 2             There is a process where the petroleum products are taken off-shore

Intervention 3              High discounts lead to decrement in Fuel Price, hence use biofuels.

Intervention 4              The support is from the agriculture programmes.

Intervention 5              Capacity to build and Develop

Intervention 6              The agencies of the Government are responsible for the same.

Strategic Interventions	Option 1	Option 2	Option 3	Option 4	Option 5	Option 6
Intervention 1	For fuel levy exemption	Check the penetration level	Qualify the producers for meeting environmental impact	Environmental Impact Assessment	Crop selection, feedstock availability	Meeting environmental standards
Intervention 2	Less costs and logistics	Directly to customers	Close to biofuel plants	5% biofuel, 10% fuel ethanol	Basic fuel price rates for better quality	Petroleum product licencing.
Intervention 3	Fuel levy exemption	Refund limitations by biofuel tax	Higher production by 20%	Participation of small investors	Oil refinery and administrative procedures	Allow administrative fairness
Intervention 4	Value additive	Crop selection	Better agriculture farms	Contracts with biofuel manufacturers	infrastructure	Research and development
Intervention 5	Communities	Transformation	Sector Education & Training Authorities	Development	Sustainable job	Entrepreneurship
Intervention 6	State Owned Agencies	Development Corporation	Financial corporation	Fuel supply contract	Shareholder department benefit	Agricultural achievements.

Table X: Strategic options

	Strategic options
	Option 1	Option 2	Option 3	Option 4	Option 5	Option 6
Benefits
Percentage of full benefit to be delivered	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%	0%
Benefit 1		%	4	33	3	4	3	1
Benefit 2		%	2	2	2	2	3	1
Benefit 3		%	3	3	3	4	3	1
Cost
Estimated capital investment cost (Range)	$5 mil – $8 mil	$6 mil – $9 mil	$3 mil – $5 mil	$4 mil – $7 mil	$1 mil – $5 mil	$4 mil – $9 mil
Estimated operational costs (Range)	$3 mil – $5 mil pa	$1 mil – $5 mil pa	$3 mil – $5 mil pa	$22 mil – $23 mil pa	$5 mil – $10 mil pa	$11 mil – $15 mil pa
Time
(Range)	15-23	45-47	23-25	34-45	34-45	12-23
Risks
Risk 1(in %)	10	23	12	23	54	34
Risk 2(in %)	3	5	12	12	3	13
Dis-benefits
Dis-benefit 1	3	3	1	5	2	9
Dis-benefit 2	16	12	34	5	1	12
Ranking
1-3	1	2	2	1	3	1

Table X: Evaluation of strategic options

The strategy is to mainly highlight how the efficiency be increase with the usage of different resources. There are many different products which can be used to improve the overall usage of the product. The production (Haigh et al., 2014) of biodiesel helps in primarily brining out a change which could evaluate and mark changes on the SWOT analysis of a product.

The project has been defined under the best way to reduce the losses due to wastage of resources. The project has been analysed, keeping in mind that it is important to keep an adequate usage of the resources which will help in bringing a stabilisation to the emissions. The vegetable oil which (Martinez et al., 2014) is used can be processed further to bring out the best renewable source of energy. People should come forward and use biofuels like biomass etc., which would bring a change in the quality of the environment with less pollution. The particulate matter which comes from it is mainly for reducing the emissions and bringing a change in the products.

The marginal outcome which is able to maintain the property of nitrogen fixation is possible, thereby, the pieces of the petroleum products are feasible to bring a development in the technology. (Alptekin et al., 2014). The conditions, mainly depending upon the technology are for accepting the modulations which are modified and converted into a better performance of the system.

The stakeholder need to emphasise mainly on the adaptability of the policies which are able to apply and bring in the practicality for the better (Cirriminna et al., 2014) quality of the product. There are customers who have to meet the designing of the policies and the factor for the analysis.

The farms are mainly to reduce their dependence on mainly crude oil which is the most depleting layer. The step towards the good engine as well as lubricant to a large experience leading to less pollution quality, fleets into the existence.

The process to invest is helpful as the fuel can be used by the usage of the feedstock’s which could products oils at a lower cost, preferably. The idea of using the biodiesel product is efficient in the long (Lai, 2014) run than the normal fuel. The product is environmental friendly along with saving the resources from being depleted. This product is completely able to solve the problem of energy consumption too.

There is a difficulty in orgs which is there because the data is less. These biodiesel are mainly for contribution for development leading to sectors of carbon mobile which target about 10% with the time in 2020. The supply (Hassani et al., 2014) and the renewable resources are for mainly keeps the diversification in the feedstock which is able to decrement policies like transport, waste etc.

Environmental Benefits of Using Biodiesel

The need to keep up associate degreed increase the producing which might have an incentive to steer for car and fuel. Consistent with the infrastructure that is targeted, there’s a demand for up gradation of the services which might be in hand and operated consistent with the various method.as per the results, on will claim that there is associate degree proof which is able to have associate (Talkit & Mahajan, 2014) degree outlook to the representative and obtainable heuristics. The biasing and confidence to counsel for wanting over to the outcomes usually within the work wherever SME innovations associated with property development at the side of a support to any or all the selections and tools.

The cost depends on the source which is able to maintain the cost of the oil as well as producing the best products which can be used in different places. The conversion of cost to biodiesel has been the most expensive in the short run but it is very good in the long run as it is conventional to meet the demands and the nature of the process which is depending upon the biodiesel production.

In distinction to monetary analysis, social analysis reveals that biodiesel production from rosid dicot genus. This points out that monetary analysis results might not give a sound basis for public policy, (Escobar et al., 2014) notably once there are distortions within the market. Biodiesel additionally has the potential to get important rural employment and to scale back gas emissions. If biodiesel production to satisfy the 2 hundredth mixing target is restricted to wild, food production in Asian country won’t be affected.

Table xx: Presenting the results of the options analysis

	Project option 1: Do Nothing	Project option 2:	Project option 3:	Project option 4:	Project option 5:
Analysis Period (years)	3	2	6	2	7
Capital Costs ($m)	23	45	12	56	33
Output Costs ($m)	43	62	75	13	16
Cost-Benefit Analysis (of monetary costs and benefits discounted at the appropriate Discount Rate)
Present Value of Benefits ($m)	25	12	58	55	88
Present Value of Costs ($m)	45	26	16	37	36
Benefit Cost Ratio	45	23	12	67	23
Net Present Value ($m)	45	233	34	23	12
Other important considerations (see the examples provided)
Intangible costs / benefits (e.g. small, med., large)	Small	Large	medium	large	medium
Distributional impacts (e.g. small, med., large)	medium	Small	small	medium	Small
…
Preferred option

The above details depicts that the usage of biodiesel can be made in many ways with the help of using the waste vegetable oil. People can be able to live freely in a pollution free environment where they have the best resources and supply. There is a need to maintain the resources for the upcoming generations so that the depletion does not end the life and the environmental quality.

The best advantages are as below:

• The restoration of the biofuels will have the credits at the federal and the state level.
• There is an assurance of the availability of the support on the basis of finance and the guarantee to loan. The process for scaling up and better plantation can lead to a more robust agreement.
• There is a captive flee for the vehicles which are run on the fossil fuels and the subsidies are less that the carbon material.

If an automotive has been left standing for a protracted time with crude fuel within the tank which could have rusted (water content may be a common drawback with petro-diesel fuel). Biodiesel can unencumber the rust, and it may clog the particle filter within the tank. At the worst, the car merely stops, starved of fuel.

A common warning is that biodiesel, particularly 100% biodiesel, can rot any natural or radical rubber components within the equipment, whether or not fuel lines or widget pump seals, and people they need to first get replaced with resistant components fabricated from Vinton. However rubber components in internal-combustion engine fuel systems are rare or non-existent since the first Eighties — it rarely happens, and when it will happen it is not ruinous, you have got lots of warning and it’s simply fastened.

Element	Estimate	Table reference
Base cost estimate	$241m	(Table 2)
Base risk allocation	$243m	(Table 3)
Project cost estimate	$345m
Contingency	$23m	(Table 3)
Project budget	$851m

Table 1: Headline project cost element summary

BASE COST ESTIMATE Effective date of BCE: dd/mm/yy Estimated date of commencement of construction: dd/mm/yy
1	Direct Costs
	1.1	Materials		43
	1.2	Labour		45
	1.3	Plant Hire		23
	Sub total			$111
2	Indirect Costs
	2.1	Recurrent overheads
		2.1.1	Site facilities	34
		2.1.2	Plant & Equipment – site maintenance	56
		2.1.3	Project management costs	78
		2.1.4	Commercial	23
		2.1.5	QA and Safety	12
	2.2	Non-recurrent overheads
		2.2.1	Establishment and mobilisation	45
		2.2.2	Disestablishment and demobilisation	56
		2.2.3	Project insurances	23
		2.2.4	Professional fees  – design, legal, financial, etc	78
	Subtotal			$405
3	Owner’s Cost
	3.1	Contracted professional staff	67
	3.2	Investigations		89
	3.3	Land costs & resumptions		34
	3.4	Authority fees		78
	3.5	Owner supplied plant and equipment	33
	Subtotal			$301
4	Contractor’s Fee
	4.1	Profit margin		34
	4.2	Corporate Overheads		67
	Subtotal			23
5	Provisional Sums		78
	5.1			34
	Subtotal			$236
TOTAL OF BASE COST ESTIMATE	$1053

Challenges and Possible Solutions for Implementing Biodiesel

Table 2: Base cost estimate

BASE RISK ALLOCATION AND CONTINGENCY
6	Base Risk Allocation
	6.1	Escalation	(period between BCE and construction)	344
	6.2	Project Risk A		465
	6.3	Project Risk B etc		234
	Sub total			$1043
7	Contingency
	7.1			45
	Subtotal			$45
TOTAL OF PROJECT RISKS	$1083

Table 3: Project risks

The check results area unit shown within the information table within the previous chapter. in line with the info from the tests, it is proved that the standard of my biodiesel is medium not therefore prime quality. (Melero et al., 2014).

For checking the standard of made biodiesel I did differing types of quality check in line with international rule. I did wash check and fermentation alcohol check in my space. And performed consistency check within the fluid laboratory of our mechanical department.

Growing America’s Fuel – a replacement U.S. Government strategy for meeting or beating the country’s biofuel targets. The report is concentrated on short term solid government solutions supporting the prevailing biofuels business, moreover as fast the industrial institution of advanced biofuels and a viable long market by remodelling however the U.S. Government will business across Departments and victimization strategic public-private partnerships.

The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) mandates inflated production of biofuels (fuels derived from renewable biological materials). Recognizing the potential impacts of this variation, Congress needs the U.S.EPA, underneath EISA Section 204, to assess and report each 3 years on the present and potential future environmental and resource conservation impacts related to inflated use of biofuels.

Environmental Protection Agency is currently developing its 1st triennial report back to Congress on this issue. The strategy is to remove all the pollution replacing it with renewable resources of energy.

Mass Biofuel delivers premium BIOHEAT to your home or business. Whether or not our biodiesel is mixed with ancient fuel or immoderate low sulphur diesel, grasp that you simply square measure burning a cleaner fuel by substitution a little with a regionally created, non-toxic, and perishable fuel.

The agricultural sector is mostly against the assembly of biofuels as a result of it detracts from food production, and customarily the conductor. Biofuels are politically enticing as a result of the renewable then a ‘green’ different, and since they are a ‘cleaner’ different to, say, burning coal.

Milestone	Date
Initiated	02/22/2013
Sent for Regulatory Review	09/03/2013
Received after reviewing	09/03/2013
Regulatory Review Concluded	11/15/2013
Notice: Published	11/20/2013
Comment Period Open	11/29/2013
Published	11/29/2013
Public Meeting	12/05/2013
Comment Period Closed	01/28/2014
Final Rule: Sent to Regulatory Review	08/21/2014
Final Rule: Received	08/22/2014
Notice2: Published	12/09/2014
Final Rule: Published	00/0000 (projected)

Output name: Performance Measures	Unit of measure	Change in target if proposal is endorsed 2012-13      2013-14      2014-15      2015-16      2016-17
Quantity	139	2%                  4%              3 %                 7%                      1%
Quality	346	5%                  6%                 7%                  8%                      2%
Timeliness	123	1%                  8%                 3 %                 6   %                   7%

The product formed from the waste oil is the freshest form which can be used carefully. There is a way to titrate the product and neutralise it to bring it to the top quality. As per the study, there is a rich improvement in the country under this project and the product biodiesel which is formed is an environmental friendly product.

Reference

Melero, J. A., Bautista, L. F., Iglesias, J., Morales, G., & Sánchez-Vazquez, R. (2014). Production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil in a continuous packed bed reactor with an agglomerated Zr-SBA-15/bentonite catalyst. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 145, 197-204.

Alptekin, E., Canakci, M., & Sanli, H. (2014). Biodiesel production from vegetable oil and waste animal fats in a pilot plant. Waste Management, 34(11), 2146-2154.

Escobar-Niño, A., Luna, C., Luna, D., Marcos, A. T., Cánovas, D., & Mellado, E. (2014). Selection and Characterization of Biofuel-Producing Environmental Bacteria Isolated from Vegetable Oil-Rich Wastes. PloS one, 9(8), e104063.

Lai, E. P. C. (2014). Biodiesel: Environmental Friendly Alternative to Petrodiesel. J Pet Environ Biotechnol, 5, e122.

Martínez, G., Sánchez, N., Encinar, J. M., & González, J. F. (2014). Fuel properties of biodiesel from vegetable oils and oil mixtures. Influence of methyl esters distribution. Biomass and Bioenergy, 63, 22-32.

Martinez-Guerra, E., & Gude, V. G. (2014). Transesterification of waste vegetable oil under pulse sonication using ethanol, methanol and ethanol–methanol mixtures. Waste Management, 34(12), 2611-2620.

Maddikeri, G. L., Gogate, P. R., & Pandit, A. B. (2014). Intensified synthesis of biodiesel using hydrodynamic cavitation reactors based on the interesterification of waste cooking oil. Fuel, 137, 285-292.

Muralidharan, K. (2014). Theoretical and experimental investigation on a variable compression ratio engine using waste cooking oil biodiesel.

Mahesh, S. E., Ramanathan, A., Begum, K. M. S., & Narayanan, A. (2015). Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using KBr impregnated CaO as catalyst. Energy Conversion and Management, 91, 442-450.

Ciriminna, R., Pina, C. D., Rossi, M., & Pagliaro, M. (2014). Understanding the glycerol market. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 116(10), 1432-1439.

Haigh, K. F., Vladisavljević, G. T., Reynolds, J. C., Nagy, Z., & Saha, B. (2014). Kinetics of the pre-treatment of used cooking oil using Novozyme 435 for biodiesel production. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 92(4), 713-719.

Mohammadshirazi, A., Akram, A., Rafiee, S., & Bagheri Kalhor, E. (2014). Energy and cost analyses of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 33, 44-49.

Osawa, W. O., Onyari, J. M., Sahoo, P. K., & Mulaa, F. J. (2014). Process optimization for production of biodiesel from croton oil using two-stage process.IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology,8(11), 49-54.

Talkit, K. M., & Mahajan, D. T. (2014). Experimental Investigation on the Fuel Properties of Soybean Oil and Groundnut Oil Biodiesels and its Blends with Acetone.

Hassani, M., Najafpour, G. D., Mohammadi, M., & Rabiee, M. (2014). Preparation, Characterization and Application of Zeolite-based Catalyst for Production of Biodiesel from Waste Cooking Oil. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, 73(2), 129-133.

Ahmad, A. L., Yasin, N. M., Derek, C. J. C., & Lim, J. K. (2014). Kinetic studies and thermodynamics of oil extraction and transesterification of Chlorella sp. for biodiesel production. Environmental technology, 35(7), 891-897.

Alhassan, F. H., Rashid, U., & Taufiq-Yap, Y. H. (2015). Synthesis of waste cooking oil-based biodiesel via effectual recyclable bi-functional Fe 2 O 3 MnO SO 4 2−/ZrO 2 nanoparticle solid catalyst. Fuel, 142, 38-45.

Pukale, D. D., Maddikeri, G. L., Gogate, P. R., Pandit, A. B., & Pratap, A. P. (2014). Ultrasound assisted transesterification of waste cooking oil using heterogeneous solid catalyst. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry.

Li, M., Zheng, Y., Chen, Y., & Zhu, X. (2014). Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using a heterogeneous catalyst from pyrolyzed rice husk.Bioresource technology, 154, 345-348.