The research aims to investigate the effective use of supplementary cementitious materials through adding or replacing of cement or make aggregation of concentration in order to strength as well as physical properties. The utilization of waste materials like such as coconut shell is one of the by-products of coconut. On the other hand, fibres are very small as well as made from iron ore. Hence, it is required to test and get the result. The research also aims to compare the outcomes with different materials suits to replacing cement as well as provides effective results compare to others.
Almahmoud and Doloi (2015) stated that supplementary cementing materials have a role to concrete properties. The instances are fly ashes and slag cement as well as silica fume. It is used individually with Portland or mixed cement or distinctive combinations. The cementing materials are generally focus in making mixtures more economical and minimize permeability and increase strength and different focused properties. The utilization of silica rich SCMS can influence specific amount of hydrates formed as well as volume, porosity as well as durability of the materials (Zhang et al. 2014). On the other hand, supplementary cementitious materials are generally used in concentrating mixtures as replacing portion of clinker in a cement or replacement of the portion of cement in focused. Hence, practice is favourable in the industry. On contrary, higher long-term strength as well as enhanced with lower cost and lower environmental effect. Higher long-term strength and enhanced long-term durability are the major advantages of it. In addition, the materials are used in Portland cement concentrate for several years and there are many benefits received.
Hardin and McCool (2015) mentioned that it becomes important to replace cement of fly ash as well as ground blast furnace slag. (Hardin and McCool 2015). (Kankhva et al. 2016). Hence, it is important to research on the effective use of supplementary cementitious materials in order to strength and physical properties.
The research has following objectives.
The creation of research plan regarding the effective use of supplementary cementitious materials includes several phase. In this perspective, creating Gantt chart is useful for making plans as well as scheduling of the projects. It can enable to identity the shortest completion time for the project (Marcelino-Sádaba et al. 2015). It is important to choose developing some contingency time for the project. For instances, allowing ethical approval or collection of date taking longer compared to plan or considering new information that is thrown up with the help of data analysis. The factors are subject of risk evaluation.
There are several planning tools like diagrams of network, critical path analysis as well as program assessment and review technique charts. Everything can assist in defining particular sequence as well as timings of the project (Almahmoud and Doloi 2015). Corresponding the measures of success for the project could be the process of interview and gathering data for range as well as quality of suggestions to enhance reading lists and uptake of annotated lists and effect on grades of student as well as quality of the suggestions to enhance lists of reading. In order to utilize in concrete, supplementary cementitious materials are referred to as mineral admixtures. It requires encountering the demands of established standards. In addition, supplementary cementitious materials can be utilized to minimize generation of heat related to cement hydration and minimize potential for thermal cracking in the structural components. The materials can modify micro-structure of concrete as well as minimize permeability and minimizing penetration of water as well as water-borne salts into the concrete. Most of the supplementary cementitious materials minimize internal expansion of concrete for chemical attack. Hence, resisting the process of freezing and as thawing cycles needs the utilization of air-entrained concrete. Moreover, the optimum combination of several materials varies for different performance system. Thus, it is important to research on the topic selected in the present study.
Significance of pulverise fuel ash cannot be neglected. In this perspective, it is important to carry out a research in order to evaluate several fresh of the concretes by addition of supplementary cementitious materials in ternary as well as binary system. At present days, concrete industry in under pressure in order to reduce energy usage as well as emissions of greenhouse gas. In this perspective, it is important to couple with the interest in order to seek low-energy and low CO2 binders is considered as an interest in searching reuse of the waste material that is used as supplementary cementing materials. Thus, it becomes an important topic for the researchers to analyze the effectiveness of supplementary cementitious materials.
In the one-year research plan, it is required to divide the tasks in multiples phases. One of the phases of doing research is selection of topic for the research. According to the selection, relevant literatures are required to search. After finding the previous study, it is important to set research aims and objectives for research (Russell-Smith and Lepech 2015). It would be helpful for the researcher to conduct in proper way. Setting of research rationale, problem statement and background of the study are useful to be interested in the area of the research.
Supplementary cementious materials are generally utilised in the concrete mixtures replacing the portion of clinker or replacing the portion of cement in concrete. It is favourable to the industry and usually resulting in concrete with comparatively lower cost as well as lower environmental impact. The materials are used in Portland cement concrete for several years as well as many of the effects are understood. The test variables consisted of the supplementary cementious variables.
Walker (2015) stated that the second phase of the research includes gathering of secondary sources like books, journals and websites. In this phase, it is important to understand the physical, chemical as well as mechanical properties of the building by adding the materials. According to present knowledge in the construction industry, agro waste from specific plants as well as trees like rice husk ash and hazel nutshell along with straw ash and sugarcane bagasse ash (Zhang et al. 2014). On the other hand, secondary data from particular sources stated that, industrial slag are not being utilized for full extent of liable and utilised so that slags have pozzolanic properties.
Several researchers have done investigation on how of supplementary cementitious materials can give an impact on fundamental properties of concrete products. In the research, meeting can be organized in one-year plan. It is circulated to the respondents. Data collection and analysis phase is an important phase of the research. It consists of collecting data from secondary sources or primary sources. In the present research, primary data are collected by organizing survey and interview with professionals involved in the industry. There are several issues discussed in interview.
In the present study, test variables are consisted as the type as well as the amount of supplementary materials like those that PFA as well as GGBS are considered. The materials can enhance strength as well as durability properties of concrete. Supplementary cementious materials like PFA as well as GGBS are included in this. Large amount of waste materials as well as by-products are produced from manufacturing procedure, service industry as well as municipal solid wastes. It results solid waste management as one of the major environmental issues across the world. Increasing awareness regarding environment and scarcity of land-fill space along with ever increasing cost are considered in this aspect.
In addition, the research requires including a literature survey focusing on specific materials that are selected for the particular project. The current literature consists of contacting particular states for field experience with the chosen materials. Moreover, life cycle economies are related to the literature study (Jonas et al. 2017). The concentration of the project needs to include field trails as well as less laboratory work. The researchers need to attempt the process of documenting chemical mixture chosen for the project.
On the other hand, research methodology is one of the most important phases in research. The phase consists of selection of methodological tools that would be helpful to conduct the research in right way (Murray 2017). Methodological tools like research philosophy, research design and research approach are selected. Proper and suitable methodological tools are considered in the research. Along with these, collecting data from reliable sources is considered as significant for the research. On the other hand, it is important to select the right form of data analysis. In the present study, quantitative data analysis will be selected for the research (Ary et al. 2018). It helps to get results for the research and giving conclusion and recommendation for the project.
The bleeding rate test requires to be added to experimental plan. However, it is important to focus on experimental plan requires to be balanced including cold as well as hot conditions of the research. Hydration reactions are included in ternary mixtures. Creswell and Creswell (2017) commented that supplementary cementitious materials can represent broad class of predominately. It is also important to find the opportunities of the project. The mixtures are generally known as ternary mixtures when additional cementitious materials that are combined with Portland cement (Diaz-Loya et al. 2017). However, performance is broadly described in terms of expanded durability compared to increased compressive strength. For the purpose of the report, it is important to generally inset chemically listed compared to effort.
Research on supplementary cementing materials is an important topic as several types of materials and its usage are related to it. Geopolymer can be poised to redefine cement in construction industry. It is a synthesized inorganic material used for various applications like waste encapsulation, construction products and heat-resistant ceramics. Hence, for the current research geopolymer is chosen to be the most effective one (Li et al. 2018). The collection of data to be conducted must be done from secondary sources. This must include studying of various books and journals using real life hard copies and searching online.
Since the infrastructure has been developing throughout the world, demand for ordinary Portland cement rises exponentially. Various researches has shown that production of every tone cement have been releasing about one ton of carbon-dioxide towards the atmosphere (Lv et al. 2017). This is because of calcinations of the limestone along with combustion of fossil fuel. Production of cement has been largely energy intensive and has consumed substantial quantity of natural resources. It is seen that geopolymer has the ability to create hard chemical bonding with aggregates based on rocks (Amin and Bassuoni 2017). The fiber reinforced geopolymer concrete has been a latest composite material. Here fibers are introduced within the matrix. This is as a micro reinforcement for developing properties of strength. Thus, a literature review must be conducted on different research works. These research works must be done from the topic of geopolymer concrete and impact of fiber on mechanical properties.
Regarding research methodology the study must start with investigating material properties, primary study of strength property of mortars and concrete mix design. It must be mainly studied for selecting optimum mix for meeting economy and performance criteria. Every ingredient for manufacturing concrete is to be gathered from the local market instead of major constituent. Regarding high strength concrete and slight adjustment for proportioning ingredients the activity must be done to gain target strength.
In the next stage few geopolymer concrete mixtures must be used and tested for assessing the strength properties like split tensile strength, compressive strength, bond strength and flexural strength (González-Taboada et al. 2017). Further, they can be tested for examining the behavior while exposed for water and fire. Moreover, the “Young’s Modulus” can also be determined for those mixes.
The next stage comprises of testing applicability of optimized mixture to the primary structural reinforced columns and elements. Investigation of capacity of lead bearing of slender and short column must be done with square and circular shapes, morality, various sectional properties and concrete comprehensive strengths as different test parameters.
Lastly, in the final stage of the research methodology adaptability and feasibility of the concrete as a commercial product for making that more viable is construction industry is to be researched. This must be done by assessing cost of manufacturing of one cubic meter of concrete and compared with cost of OPC concrete. This can be leading to elimination of usage of Portland cement in the phased way for ultimately having sustainable scenario for many generations waiting in the future.
Next, conclusions are to be drawn, showing, geopolymer falling with a wide group of ceramic materials serves as an alternative approach for conventional cements. However, construction problems, cost of production, mix design complexity and many more have been various causes that can never be welcomed in this kind of concretes. Hence, recommendations are to be made at last, regarding the various methods in which geopolymer is useful and trusted enough to be usable in construction industry.
References
Almahmoud, E. and Doloi, H.K., 2015. Assessment of social sustainability in construction projects using social network analysis. Facilities, 33(3/4), pp.152-176.
Amin, M. and Bassuoni, M.T., 2017. Response of concrete with blended binders and nanoparticles to sulfuric acid attack. Magazine of Concrete Research, pp.1-16.
Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C., Irvine, C.K.S. and Walker, D., 2018. Introduction to research in education. Cengage Learning.
Creswell, J.W. and Creswell, J.D., 2017. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
Diaz-Loya, I., Juenger, M., Seraj, S. and Minkara, R., 2017. Extending supplementary cementitious material resources: Reclaimed and remediated fly ash and natural pozzolans. Cement and Concrete Composites.
González-Taboada, I., González-Fonteboa, B., Pérez-Ordóñez, J.L. and Eiras-López, J., 2017. Prediction of self-compacting recycled concrete mechanical properties using vibrated recycled concrete experience. Construction and Building Materials, 131, pp.641-654.
Hardin, B. and McCool, D., 2015. BIM and construction management: proven tools, methods, and workflows. John Wiley & Sons.
Jonas, S., Murtagh, W. and Bonadonna, M., 2017. Released for Public Comment: Space Weather Benchmarks and Operations?to?Research Plan. Space Weather, 15(2), pp.282-282.
Kankhva, V., Uvarova, S. and Belyaeva, S., 2016. Development of the scientific and methodological assessment tools of sustainability of the investment and construction complex in Russia and its structural elements in terms of organizational and economic changes. Procedia engineering, 165, pp.1046-1051.
Li, Y.C., Min, X.B., Ke, Y., Chai, L.Y., Shi, M.Q., Tang, C.J., Wang, Q.W., Liang, Y.J., Lei, J. and Liu, D.G., 2018. Utilization of red mud and Pb/Zn smelter waste for the synthesis of a red mud-based cementitious material. Journal of hazardous materials, 344, pp.343-349.
Lv, S., Hu, H., Zhang, J., Luo, X., Lei, Y. and Sun, L., 2017. Fabrication of GO/Cement Composites by Incorporation of Few-Layered GO Nanosheets and Characterization of Their Crystal/Chemical Structure and Properties. Nanomaterials, 7(12), p.457.
Marcelino-Sádaba, S., González-Jaen, L.F. and Pérez-Ezcurdia, A., 2015. Using project management as a way to sustainability. From a comprehensive review to a framework definition. Journal of cleaner production, 99, pp.1-16.
Molina-Moreno, V., Leyva-Díaz, J.C., Sánchez-Molina, J. and Peña-García, A., 2017. Proposal to Foster Sustainability through Circular Economy-Based Engineering: A Profitable Chain from Waste Management to Tunnel Lighting. Sustainability, 9(12), p.2229.
Murray, R., 2017, February. Ocean Research in the Coming Decade: Plan Structure and Content Overview. In 2017 AAAS Annual Meeting (February 16-20, 2017). aaas.
Russell-Smith, S.V. and Lepech, M.D., 2015. Cradle-to-gate sustainable target value design: integrating life cycle assessment and construction management for buildings. Journal of Cleaner Production, 100, pp.107-115.
Walker, A., 2015. Project management in construction. John Wiley & Sons.
Zhang, X., Wu, Y., Shen, L. and Skitmore, M., 2014. A prototype system dynamic model for assessing the sustainability of construction projects. International Journal of Project Management, 32(1), pp.66-76.
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