The research study will showcase the safety regulations that Nigeria Government must adopt for the ensuring safety of the employees in the refining sector. The safety regulations issues have aroused due to the unethical refining, adverse effects of subsidies, general operational failure, and the poor maintenance. The research study will detect the event triggers that will help in furnishing the growth of the refining sector in Nigeria. The first event trigger that needs to be considered is the regulations (Adedosu, Adedosu and Olajire 2017). The Nigerian oil refining sector is well regulated, the industry contains several regulators which involves the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), Ministry of Petroleum Resources (MPR) and Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). According to the Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (NEITI) have claimed Nigeria lost at an around $15 billion annually for all the uncertainty is regulations (Etim, Moses and Inam 2015). Safety, the other trigger event needs to be considered. The industrial sabotage, pipeline vandalism, illegal refining activities can be a challenge for the industry. Again, the Government and the major oil and gas refining sectors over the Niger Delta region fails to provide the desired results (Musa, Popescu and Mynett 2016). The damaged pipelines, the absence of an efficient logistics and shallow channels are all the infrastructural obstruction, which can diminish the growth of the refining sector and can threaten the safety regulations.
Another event trigger that needs to be assessed is the feedstock access. The greatest challenge that local refineries can face is the source supply of the feedstock. The inadequate infrastructure, the unstable production, insecurity can be challenging for Nigeria (Gijo, Hart and Seiyaboh 2016). Nigeria’ oil refining must be conducted ethically so that a safety in the refining sector can be maintained. The oil extraction in the Refining sector has caused several degradations, has seriously affected the local surroundings and the local marine lives (Oluduro and Oluduor 2015). The air pollution as a result of gas flaring leave the cities of Nigeria concealed in smog. Nigeria is trying to progress and they are trying to achieve the zero flare (Ezejiofor et al. 2014). The research study will propose safety regulation Act for the government so that they can implement those safety regulations in the refining sector of Nigeria.
Aim of research study is to focus on implementation of safety regulations for the employees in the refining sector in Nigeria.
Objectives of this research study-
The problem statement of the study focuses on the safety regulations that must be adopted for effective oil refining in Nigeria The oil refining sector is culminated due to unethical oil refining practice, this is affecting the nearby regions of Nigeria (Verla et al. 2014). The safety regulation issues in the refining sector will be showcased. The corruption and the incompetence are making safety concerns in the oil refining sectors in Nigeria. Bunkering, inefficiencies with regards to NNPC approval, awarding contracts are some of the main issues that have been highlighted in the study (Popoola et al. 2015). The safety legislation must be implemented so that the safety of the employees working in the oil refining sector in Nigeria can be ensured (Dong, Kouvelis and Wu 2014). The study will showcase the Occupational health and safety regulations (OSH), the OPEC regulations, and other regulations like the mineral oil regulations safety regulations 1962, Petroleum Regulations, 1969, Mineral Oil (Safety) Regulations 1997 (Akinwande et al. 2014). All these safety legislations are capable to secure the safety of the employees working in the oil refining sectors in Nigeria.
The research is hoped to cater a ready guide to the policymakers and other similar stakeholders in Nigeria. The research study will focus on the safety regulations, implementing which the government can ensure the safety of the oil refining sector in Nigeria (Marais et al. 2014). The safety regulations issues in Nigeria has basically due to the various kinds of issues erupting in the oil refining sector. The oil refining sectors’ unethical oil refining practice leads to the safety issues and the employees working there are facing difficulty (Ajayi and Malachi 2016). There are many instances where the safety of the employees has been threatened. Funia No. 5 has blown out and about 200,000 barrels of oil were split out, again offshore supply vessel flared up in Abuloma Jetty during the welding works (Mohammed, Nwankwo and Olugbade 2016). Both the incidents took many lives. the residents, as well as the employees of the refining sectors, were burnt alive due to these incidents. The oil spillage is also causing adverse effects on the marine life and for this reason, it is also considered as unsafe and hazardous.
The safety issues are rising mainly due to the corruption and the incompetence and the unethical practice over there in oil refining sectors in Nigeria. The employees’ life is at stake due to the awarding contracts, bunkering, exportation of crude oil (Nduka, Okafor and Odiba 2016). Lastly, the inefficiencies are the reason for the safety concern of the employees at oil refining sector in Nigeria. The Nigeria Government entrusted the oil refining sectors with several responsibilities without considering whether the refining sectors are capable to handle those tasks or not. They fail miserably (Ezejiofor et al. 2014). The new contractors are utilizing the fake consulting firms and are creating channels to pay revenues to the Nigeria Government. They are manipulating the Government and taking advantage. On the other hand, the Government is taking bribes and is proving to be threatening for the oil refining sectors as well. The Government takes the bribes and give them what they want.
The unethical practices of the oil refining sectors and Nigeria Government are threatening the safety of the oil refining sector (Liou and Musgrave 2014). The other safety issue is the bunkering. Bunkering means the theft of the crude oil that has been exporting facilities and the pipeline (Sola and Joachim 2016). The oil refining sectors, as well as the Nigeria Government, are involved in the bunkering and for this reason, the Nigeria oil refining sector has faced heavy loss. Nigeria’ economy is also suffering; they have produced only 4,38,000 bpd that is half of their capacity due to the mismanagement. The oil refining sectors in Nigeria is not technically advanced, due to which the management team fails to manage all the administrative works (Demirbas and Bamufleh 2017). Also, they are facing difficulties in working fast and effective means that is why they are losing the competitive edge. They have not followed the OPEC regulations; they have not followed the OSH regulatory framework that is why the safety issues have erupted in the oil refining sector.
The research study has tried to focus on the methodologies and the regulations following which the safety of the employees can be ensured. A legal framework can help to regulate the activities in the oil refining sector in Nigeria (Ambituuni, Amezaga and Emeseh 2014). The primary legislation is Petroleum Act, Deep Offshore and Inland Basin Production Sharing Contracts Act, Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act 2010, Petroleum Profits Tax Act and others. This Petroleum Act regulates the oil refining sectors and the oil refining sectors, and it contains several legislations associated that can help the oil refining sectors to work in an effective manner (Nriagu et al. 2016). The Deep Offshore and Inland Basin Production Act is capable to solve the revenue problem. The Nigeria Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act 2010 caters them with the actual content of material resources, human resources and shareholding that is required for the oil refining sectors based in Nigeria (Raphael and Gabriel 2015). Again, the adoption of the OPEC regulations can help the oil refining sectors to maintain stability in oil markets.
The oil refining sectors in Nigeria must adopt the Occupational health and safety regulations that in term and other safety regulations to mitigate the safety risks like the mineral oil regulations safety regulations 1962, Petroleum Regulations, 1969, Mineral Oil (Safety) Regulations 1997 (Dada, Akinola and Haruna 2018). the Occupational health and safety regulations (OSH) is helpful as it limits the employment of all the employees working in the oil refining sector (Singh et al. 2017). The OSH basically limits the use of materials and resources. The OSH assists inappropriate implementation of the safety regulations so that the employees can work safely with full proficiency (Siddig et al. 2014). The research study showcases the safety issues and how those issues can be mitigated have been elaborated in details.
The research study will focus on the implementation of safety regulations in Nigeria refining sector.
The research study will contain nine chapters.
Chapter one will contain the framework of the study. The aim of the study, the methodological approaches, the rationale of the study and at last the summary of the study will be discussed in the study.
Chapter two will focus on the literature review. The literature review provides a detailed analysis of maintaining sustainability at the time of oil and gas extraction. The literature review has been written based on the relevant journals, books, and newspaper. The entire chapter two will focus on the research questions, research aim as well as objective. The review also provides evidence on what has been investigated so far.
Chapter three demonstrates the research method and methodology. The detailed analysis of the qualitative, as well as quantitative research methodology, has been done in the research study. The research method will answer the research questions and objectives. The questionnaire layout, procedures of data collection will be highlighted in the study.
Chapter four will focus on the research findings. The research finding will be presented based on the research participants, all the research questions will be answered in this chapter.
Chapter five will discuss the findings, contributions, recommendations, and limitation of the study. The chapter will discuss the research questions and their relevance to the research topic and existing knowledge. This chapter will address the issues and the recommendations along with it. The limitations of the study will be highlighted. A number of implications and recommendations will be presented along with that.
The chapter initiates the foundation for the research, it gives an overview of aims of the entire research study. Rest of the chapters will analyze the research questions and will try to answer those questions. The structure of the entire research study has been elaborated. The second chapter will highlight the secondary data elaboratel
The study is concentrated on numerous factors-safety policies, governance, maintenance in oil refining sectors in Nigeria. The oil refining sectors must ensure the safety of the employees and must prepare healthy and safety policy statement. All the procedures of the oil refining sectors must be taken into consideration the at the time of writing policy (Demirbas and Bamufleh 2017). The document will help to know the safety regulations that can be implemented to ensure safety and security of the employees in the oil refining sector in Nigeria. The safety policy must be pertinent to the safety of the employees over there in the oil refining sector in Nigeria. A policy can be useful for protecting the employees of the oil refining sector from the risk erupted.
The study will focus on the occupational health and safety techniques by which safety of the employees working in the oil refining sector in Nigeria can be ensured (Dong, Kouvelis and Wu 2014). The occupational health and safety policies can assist in regulating the safety of the employees. The research study will also focus on the risks management as well. In the context of oil and gas refining sector, the safety management is important and must be considered and for this reason, the occupational health and safety policies have been considered to ensure the safety of the employees or staffs of the oil refining sectors based in Nigeria.
The safety regulation in Nigeria oil refining sector is at stake due to various kinds of issues occurring in the refining sector (Ezekwe and Edoghotu 2015). The safety regulation issues have aroused because of the unethical oil refining practice in Nigeria oil refining sector. Many accidents have occurred in the refining region and only some of them are covered in the media. In 1980, the Funiwa No. 5 which is situated 5 miles away from the Niger Delta blew out. About 200,000 barrels of oil were spilt and caused havoc; it took lives of the local residents (Groysman 2017). Recently, in July 2013, the offshore supply vessel flared up in the Abuloma Jetty at the time of welding works and it took dozens of lives (Adedosu, Adedosu and Olajire 2017). The dozens of people were burnt alive in that incident. The unethical oil refining is affecting the marine life. It has been reported that the unethical oil refining has caused the safety hazards; it is killing fishes and crabs (Udonne, Efeovbokhan and Sanni, 2016). The vessel that carries crude oil often gets sunk in the Oil Rivers and leads to water pollution. Recently, it has been reported that a vessel filled with crude oil got sunk in on the fringes of the Atlantic Ocean in Bayelsa State. Red Adair Corporation tried to cap the well; however, they stopped due to danger to personnel (Ojo et al. 2015). Two rigs were brought on scene to dig relief wells, however, the Funiwa bridged before they were completed. About eight hundred thirty six acres of mangroves were destroyed as a result of oil spillage, including the killing of crabs, and mangrove tree seedlings. These types of incidents are occurring regularly and they are hardly reported. All these accidents are proving fatal and so safety regulations must be implemented in Nigeria oil refining sector.
Considering the accidents occurred in the Nigeria oil refining sector, safety regulatory frameworks must be implemented in the offshore platform for ensuring the safety of the workers as well as the local dwellers and the marine lives (Emodi et al. 2017). The safety act and regulations are-
Mineral Oil Regulations Safety Regulations, 1962
This is the safety regulation act that provides us with the assistance of the conducting work operations in the Nigeria oil refining sector (Eweje 2006). The regulations consist of the five parts, the part three deals with the responsibilities of the managers, and the part four showcases the responsibilities of employees (Osin, Yu and Lin 2017).
Petroleum Regulations, 1969
This is the Regulation that leads to the crude oil mining in the oil refining sector in Nigeria (Kuenzer et al. 2014). The law that is associated with the safety can be found in the Regulation 45; the safety regulations must be followed and maintained and the instructions contained in it must be followed every time. A report or document must be prepared on the basis that the safety regulations are being followed properly in the oil refining sector and that report must be sent to the Director of Petroleum Resources (Ramson, Oluchi and John 2016).
Mineral Oils (Safety) Regulations 1997
This oil minerals safety regulation Act 1997 amends the oil safety regulations 1963. Under the regulation 7, all the refining operations must confirm the ‘good oilfield practice’ (Oladimeji et al. 2015). The operations must abide the safety regulations of the current Institute of Petroleum safety codes.
According to the regulations Act, the safety gadgets like the hats, boots and the belts will be provided and that should be accepted by the Director of Petroleum Resources (Musa, Popescu and Mynett 2016). The workers must ensure that they should perform the refining activities nearby in close proximity to any building which is explosion proof and flameproof. The employees must comply with the safety regulations and must work upon safety regulations.
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) activities are associated with the health and safety of the employees in the working environment (Ogundari et al. 2016). The OHS is related to the worker’s health, it is also related to the worker’s ability whether they are capable to carry out their tasks or not. The OHS’ initiative is preventive and not curative.
Benefits of OHS
iii. OSH helps to improve the employees’ health in the workplace, thus it enhances the productivity in the workplace.
The occupational safety and health regulations can ensure safety and security of the employees working in the oil refining sector in Nigeria. This can bring immense benefits to them as well. It consists of the following characteristics-
iii. The safety regulation can be modified according to the refining sector policies, any provisions of the Act regarding the safety of employees in refining sector in Nigeria (Uzoh et al. 2014).
OSH Regulatory Frameworks in the UK
In the UK, the Health and Safety at Work Act of 1974 is an important policy that is adopted by the Nigeria oil refining sector (Adunbi 2015). The safety regulation Act implements the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). The authority regulates safety in Wales, Scotland and England.
OSH Regulatory Frameworks in Nigeria
OSH Management works according to Factories Act (1958, 1987 & CAP.126 L.F.N.1990, CAP. F1 L.F.N.2004). The OSH regulation is not up to the mark in terms of currency, coverage, empowerment and the independence. The safety regulations are not followed efficiently (Oluduro and Oluduor 2015). The Inspectorate Division of Ministry of Labour and Productivity (ID – FMLP) must imply the OSH regulations, however, they fail. The regulations must be followed in Nigeria as this can mitigate all the accidents or issues occurring in Nigeria oil refining sector.
The research study will focus on OSH regulatory framework and will show light how the safety regulations must be implemented for the safety of employees in refining sector in Nigeria.
Corruption means misuse of power for own benefits. The private benefits are involved with unethical retrievable of money or retrievable of valuable assets by unethical means. The corruption leads to all kinds of misuse of power. The public power is associated with public procurement, granting of permits (Kadafa, Zakaria and Othman 2012). The Nigeria government advertised numerous blocks as well as selection criteria. They initiated various upstream licenses for the oil refining sectors and have entrusted refining sectors with certain tasks; however, the oil refining sectors lacked the ability to achieve those tasks.
Awarding contracts
The oil sectors involve the award of various large-scale contracts to the oil refining sectors. In general, the oil service refining sectors award those contracts, however, in this case, the Nigerian Government themselves take the responsibility to control those transactions. The government has involved themselves in case of contract decision-making (Andeobu, Hettihewa and Wright 2015). Case documents state that in JV operations, NNPC accepts all contracts or similar kinds of expenses over US$ 1 million. It has also been documented that the new aspiring contractors are now using fake consultancy firms to create channels to pay to the government (Boris 2015). The oil refining sectors are manipulating government for their personal benefits. The government takes bribes and provides them with the required benefits.
Bunkering
Bunkering involves the theft of crude oil from the export facilities, as well as from pipelines. It has been estimated that around 100,000 bpd has been lost due to the bunkering in Nigeria. The Nigerian government, as well as the oil company representatives, is involved in the bunkering (Nnedinma 2016). The bunkering is responsible for the rise in cost. For the bunkering, the amount of crude has got lowered down.
Exporting crude and importing refined products
Nigeria’s four oil refineries have been able to produce only half of their capacity that is 438,000 bpd due to all kinds of mismanagement issues.
Inefficiencies
The oil refineries refining sectors must have to get approval as well as a visa for each and every expatriate worker they hire. For this approval, the transaction got delayed leading to all kinds of discrepancies. The oil refining sectors pay bribes to carry out the transaction procedures fast and agile way. At last, the contractors, as well as the other expenditures above the low threshold, needs NNPC approval (Attwood 2017). These NNPC officials act as the gatekeepers of the industry. These are the inefficiencies that creep up during the transaction.
The oil refining sectors in Nigeria has planned to adopt the digitalization to facilitate their business activities. The digitization will help to use data and manage data and to control the business activities of the oil refining sectors (Ramberg et al. 2017). The digitization can be helpful to make their operations automatic. The oil refining infrastructure prevalent in oil refining sector can get upgraded to digital automation. Thus it can be stated that Nigeria’s current oil refineries can be optimized with the aid of digitalization (Olaniyan, Bakare and Morenikeji 2017). The oil refining sector of Nigeria can get immense success due to the impact of digitalization. It has been analyzed that the oil refining sector is suffering from pipeline insecurity, and the whole of Nigeria is suffering from vandalism. The integration of digital technologies has the capacity to lessen the expenses of oil and gas sector up to 20 percent. Nigeria should take the initiative to integrate technical knowledge and skills to supply automation and digital technologies (Ikpeze and Ikpeze 2015). The digitalization has led to socio-economic advancement and it has the ability to open new opportunities for the employment and jobs in Nigeria oil sector region. It is believed that with the adaptation of digitalization, African economy will raise up to $300bn by the year 2026.
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent, intergovernmental Organization, established in the year 1960 at the Baghdad Conference, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela (Ismail et al. 2017). The aim and vision of OPEC are to unify the petroleum regulations of the Member countries and in this way, the regulations assure sustainability in the oil markets so that the consumers can get regular as well as economic supply of petroleum (Udonne, Efeovbokhan and Sanni 2016). The OPEC oil price brand structure has assisted in strengthening and stabilizing the crude prices. Besides that, their motto is to maintain safety and of workers working in the oil refining sector (Agbalagba, Avwiri and Ononugbo 2013). They have always prioritized the Labour Movement. Nigeria oil refining sector must review and update their OPEC safety policies for good.
The legal framework which regulates the oil refining sector in Nigeria is on the basis of several policies. The policy that governs the oil refining sector in Nigeria and that consists of-
Petroleum Act (Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN)) 2004 (as amended)- The act regulates the oil refining industry and there are numerous legislation and policies associated with it.
Deep Offshore and Inland Basin Production Sharing Contracts Act- This act has fixed tax revenue for the oil refining sectors that operate in the inland basins as well as the offshore areas of Nigeria (Mafimisebi and Ogbonna 2016).
Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry Content Development Act 2010- The Act has fixed the actual measure of material resources, shareholding and human resources needed for the oil refining sectors in Nigeria (Uzoh et al. 2014).
Petroleum Profits Tax Act- The Act will impose a tax on profits of the oil refining sectors which deals with upstream oil activities (Verla et al. 2014).
It can be concluded from the above discourse that the oil refining sector in Nigeria has been suffering from regards to the safety issues. All the associated safety issues have been highlighted in the study. The global safety regulations like occupational health and safety regulations that can benefit Nigeria have been showcased in the research study as well. The corruption and all the incompetence prevailing in the oil refining sector has been showcased in the report. The oil refining sectors adopting the digitization technologies can optimize their business activities. The digitalization can lead to the advancement of the oil refining sector in Nigeria. The technical advancement that can benefit the oil refining sector has been showcased in the report as well. The safety regulations like the OSH and OPEC regulations have been focused well in the report. The OSH and OPEC safety regulations can ensure the safety and security of the employees working there in Nigeria oil refining sector. OPEC regulations have always given priority to the Labour Movement. Therefore, this chapter reviews the safety policies in details that must be implemented in the oil refining sector in Nigeria.
The research methodology assists in illustrating the most accurate approach following the research study must be conducted. Research methodology is used to get the detail results of the procedures (Mathias 2015). The author defined the theories as well as the concepts that are required to deeply analyse the research topic. The research methodology is helpful to detect the best procedure by which the safety regulations in Nigeria oil refining sector can be analysed (Ameh, Ukoha and Eddy 2015). The author pointed out the procedures the research methodology procedures in details. The researcher has pointed out various aspects of research methodology that can lead to common errors and can create limits in the research procedure. The researcher has also pointed out each detail procedures of the research methodology that can prove to be useful in implementing the safety regulations for the employees in oil refining sector in Nigeria. Secondary analysis is done in the present research.
Saunders et al. 2009 has developed a research onion and has incorporated the research methodologies in the onion. The outline of the research give assistance to the researcher so that he can get an idea about the time dimension of the project, the researcher even can get to know about the project requirements well.
The researcher with the help of the research onion develops a research framework and customizes the methodologies in accordance to the oil refining sector in Nigeria. The onion layers help to provide an overview of the research phases. The data collection and data analysis is the final layer of the research study (Wilson 2014). There are other layers or phases in the research onion; however, the outcome of the final layer depends on the other layers of the research onion. The quantum is one of the main aspect of the research onion. The dimension of time is other aspect of the research onion. The researcher gets benefitted through research onion application. The customization of the phases helps to successfully accomplishing the project.
The positivist suggests how the complicated operations can be carried out without any hassle or any kind of issues on the basis of objectivity, repeatability and measurement. Therefore, a positivist approach enables the researcher to carry out the research in an unbiased manner (Okoroma et al. 2015). Positivism has been implied in this study, it will help in analyzing the hidden facts and the data associated with the employees’ safety in oil refining sector in Nigeria. The positivism philosophy minimizes the data errors so it is useful for the researchers to evaluate the data without any hassle.
The interpretive position put emphasis on the universal truth deals with the realism of the context and it is considered critical to implement a scientific model to social study. In this philosophy, the researchers’ value, as well as the beliefs, acts as the driving force for the research findings (Braide et al. 2016).
The positivist approach is the qualitative approach whereas the interpretative approach is the quantitative approach and they have been discussed in the later part of this chapter.
The positivist, as well as the interpretive approach, is considered as the epistemological considerations whereas the realist and the relativist approach is considered as the ontological considerations.
At the ontological level, this research study has focused on to the realist position as the ways the Nigerian project managers of oil and gas refining sector work on the safety regulations varied significantly (Flinn 2016). Also, it must be considered as the project must be accomplished in a practical way and abstract way.
At the epistemological level, the research study is based on the research problem statement and it is focused on determining the extent to which the knowledge management strategies contribute to adding value in case of safety regulations in Nigeria oil refining sector (Anthony and Pratt 2015). The interpretive approach is applicable for detecting problems regarding safety regulations as it can detect the differing viewpoints of the employees of the oil refining sectors in Nigeria oil refining sector.
The interpretivism approach adopted by the researchers helps in examining the differences in opinions among the employees regarding the safety regulations, this approach analyse the opinions in a great level of depth. The opinions are given priorities and they are considered honest as well as trustworthy.
A studied approach is needed to acknowledge that the format via which the study can be carried out effectively. A definite research topic is performed basically in two ways, inductive and deductive (Mmom and Igbuku 2015). Inductive approach is basically the study which involves research of particular data. That starting phase of the inductive approach involves observation, this observation assists in acquiring relevant data about the chosen topic and thus it builds a suitable pathway for the ongoing research. The inductive method also indicates a building of new theory for the research topic, whereas the deductive approach showcases the detailed application of the theories so that the contents of the research paper can be accessed and studied. After examining the nature of the study as well as the topic of research, the approach for this study is selected that can provide elaborate analysis of the research.
Justification for selection of the chosen approach
In this study, the topic will assess various aspects related to the safety of the employees of Nigeria oil refining sector. For implementing safety regulations and to ensure safety for the employees of the employees working in the oil refining sector in Nigeria, an approach must be selected. The research approach will assist to know the safety regulation implementation in clear and efficient manner (Lekwot et al. 2014). The inductive approach has not been able to interpret the present topic as a result of which new theories or concepts will be implemented by the researcher.
The author illustrates that the research design assists in the elaborating the framework of the topic of research, the resign design helps to select the most appropriate pattern for conducting the research or analysis. A distinct approach has been taken during data collection (Mamudu, Igwe and Okonkwo 2016). There is numerous research design has been selected for the study, they are either descriptive or exploratory or explanatory.
Exploratory design assists a researcher in knowing the ideas needed to finish the research study. On the other hand, the explanatory research deals with the occurrence of various kinds of incidents and its consequent effect (Marcus and Ekpete 2014). The descriptive research’s primary objective is to acquire details of the occurrence of events with a detailed description of the research topic.
Justification of selection of the chosen design
The exploratory research basically supports the longitudinal study concepts that are why it is not suitable to use this research study for this particular topic. On the other hand, the descriptive research is capable of illustrating the detailed procedures associated with the safety regulations in oil refining sector in Nigeria (Joy and Okonkwo 2017). The extent of influence of the safety regulations will be examined in details with the aid of descriptive design and the descriptive design has been selected for this research design.
In the present research, secondary data has been collected from several secondary sources like books, journals and websites. By going through the content of the articles, themes have been formed. It helps to get finding of the research.
Sampling methods help us to know the details about the safety regulations that can be carried out successfully in Nigeria oil refining sector; it is conducted by utilising a list of regulations and standards. The safety regulations have been planned to be undertaken in the oil refining sector in Nigeria following the rules of OSHA or ANSI (Dada, Akinola and Haruna, 2018). The research study considers knowledge management based systems across Nigeria’s oil refining sector. The research study addresses these considerations and has presented the potential complexity. Wilson (2014) stated that the research study will analyze those data and then based on that a set of safety regulations or principles will be provided which Nigeria government, the oil refining sectors and the employees must follow.
Accessibility issues
In the present research, secondary data are collected from various secondary sources such as books, journals and websites. Authentic data have been obtained for the research. However, there is some accessibility issues in the project. Some books are not accessible as those require high amount of money for accessing. In addition, some of the books and journals are not written in English language and some others are under copyright act. On the other hand, few journals are published before 2013. Those articles have been rejected.
Qualitative data analysis
In case of qualitative data analysis, the researcher should find ways to study and analyze a large amount of data. In the present study, thematic analysis is done that portrays the results of the analysis carrying out in the research. The researcher is expected to incorporate his own expressions into the data (Giwa-Osagie and Ehigiato 2015). The computer system has the capacity to manage complicated data. Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet is the software that will be used for the data analysis. The Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet computer program is capable to detect the accident rate as well as the safety culture awareness level in oil refining sector in Nigeria. The questions will be designed in such a way that it meets the compliance of safety standard and process for different categories of participants (Yusup and Wai 2016). The data analysis will progress and through that further details of the research can be obtained.
The researchers accumulate data at the time of uncertainty in the Nigeria oil refining sector. This uncertainty can put a negative impact on the responses of the participants (Musa, Oyedeji and Mada 2017). Therefore, it is limiting the impact of the outcome of the research study. As there are secondary sources for the research, some of the articles are not accessible and not written in English languages. In addition, some of the articles require money for access.
In the present research, ethical issues are properly followed. However, there is a concern that data archiving specific exposes to the personal views of the subject. On the other hand, best practice requires planning anonymisation at initial transcription (Wokem, Odokuma and Ariole 2017). Data have not been obtained from the secondary research sources that are under copyright act. On the other hand, obtained data are not published for business purpose. Data in the form of soft copies are stored under password protected as well as encrypted. Obtained data from hardcopies are kept in safe locked cabinet. However, there is a provision for analyzing secondary data in original consent secondary study approved by the ethics review committee.
Reliability of the study findings needs researchers to make judgments regarding soundness of the research related to the application as well as appropriateness of the methods that are undertaken as well as integrity of making final conclusions (Yusup and Wai 2016). Although the tests as well as measures utilized for developing validity as well as reliability of quantitative research, it cannot be applied in qualitative research. Some of the strategies are adopted in order to improve credibility of the research.
The present summary illustrates the numerous tools used for carrying out the research. The tools will help in analysing the research topic well. The researcher with the aid of this chapter has tried to align the research study along with the research tools by which the best research framework can be attained. The research tools will be appropriate to examine concepts related to safety regulations of the oil refining sectors based in Nigeria.
In this chapter of research, information gathered by organizing secondary research. In the research, secondary sources like books, journals and websites related to the refining sector in Nigeria have been selected. In this regards, raw data has been gathered that requires an analysis. In this chapter, qualitative analysis has been taken place. It helps to get findings from the secondary selected for the research. It leads to getting results for the analysis regarding the safety regulations in refining sector of Nigeria. In the present study, gathering information from secondary sources leads to develop theme for the research. Analysis of the themes would be helpful to get findings for the research.
Health and safety are continued to be priority issues in refining sector of Nigeria. There are several multinational oil companies operating business in Nigeria. However, the businesses are criticized by local as well as international pressure groups in order to engage in unhygienic health, safety as and resulting in generating wide ecological issues. It consists of pollution from pipe-line leaks, refinery effluents and blowouts. In addition, disruption of natural terrain during operations of oil and gas are included in it. Ajayi and Malachi (2016) stated that protests from the host communities escalated into every threat in several forms on the refining companies as well as their staffs. It is exemplified by raids on offshore as well as onshore oil facilities along with infrastructure. It shuts down of oil wells as well as recurrent cases like kidnapping of the staffs with the help of rebel groups.
On the other side, pollution in the refining sector have engendered atmosphere of making insecurity in the particular sector as well as brought to the forefront the problems regarding health and safety are helpful for managing operations in the organization. Focused on the specific issues of health, safety and atmosphere in oil and gas industry of the county, refining organizations arranges workshop for stakeholders in refining sector of Nigeria. Agbalagba, Avwiri and Ononugbo (2013) argued that the Nigerian economy is dependent on refining industry for producing revenue and fuel for driving its development. However, the refining sector of the country includes major problems like accidents and disasters that are contributed to safety as well as environmental issues. It is true for every sector consisting downstream.
Theme 2: Workplace safety regulation issues in Nigeria refining sector
The significance of occupational health in refining sector bears an immense value. However, refining sector appears as complicated places. Agbalagba, Avwiri and Ononugbo (2013) stated that safety and health professionals are working with specific process and instrumentation. The measures include hard hats, goggles and glasses. In addition, processes need to be developed for assuring compliance with applicable regulations.
Petroleum refining sector involved enormously to the changing demands of customer for gaining better as well as distinctive products. However, the original demands go through a number of steps. Distillation process, catalytic procedure, thermal cracking procedure and treatment processes are considered as most important in refining sector. Workplace health hazards usually differ from general environment. In addition, workers are generally confined spaces and level of exposure to the workplace hazards that are higher than general environment. In under developed countries like Nigeria are exposed simultaneously to the workplace hazards. Occupational health hazards can be divided into physical, chemical, behavioral as well as biological and psychological issues.
Theme 3: Environmental policies and strategies in Nigerian refining sector
Development of occupational health in Nigeria follows effective pattern in developing countries. The staffs working in the sector are exposed to several types of health hazards. Modern occupational health has started as an outcome of colonization as well as industrialization by Britain (Ajayi and Malachi 2016). On contrary, the International Labor Organization has made a standard regarding the workplace safety and regulations. It is important for the organizations involved in refining sector needs to analyze the problems caused occupational health issues. Structured open-ended as well as self administrated questionnaire is utilized for collecting data. On the other side, socio-demographic characteristics of the particular respondents have several types of health hazards and require controlling the risk posed by health hazards on the staffs.
Oil and gas well drilling services engage several distinctive types of equipment along with materials. Reorganization as well as controlling hazards is very complicated. However, it is important to prevent injuries and deaths. There are various types of hazards that cause injury in the organizations. In this perspective, it is required to take necessary steps for minimizing the hazards in the organization. In oil refining sector, it is mainly seen that chemical hazards cause several injuries in the workplace as the process is involved with the use of several types of chemicals. Thus, it is important to minimize chemical hazards in the organizations. Hence, it is important for the organization to focus on fire warning system in terms of providing safety for the organization.
Environmental strategies and policies on Nigerian refining sector:
Environmental strategies and policies of Nigerian refining sector has been developing. Extent of evolution and environmental consciousness level has been achieved in various subsectors. In the last quarter of 2012, the nation was yet to make notable development in gaining zero flare. Thus, clearly prior information comprised of indirect reference towards outright failure and inadequacies of environmental strategies and policies under refining industry of this nation. Refining industry of this nation has largely regulated and comprised of various regulators. This has included Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) and Ministry of Petroleum Resources (MPR). As per as security is concerned safety and security has needed a multi-faced method to involve use of different pragmatic measures. Implementing of annestry program, development of Ministry of Niger-Delta Affairs along with establishing of Niger-Delta Development Commission (NDDC) is an effective strategy. In spite of this, institutional arrangements have never delivered intended outcomes. Thus strategies have been further fine-tuned and reconsidered.
Every stakeholder has been poising to cooperate to move the needed process further. Various other strategies considered favorable in these prospects are Local Content Act and bill of Petroleum industry. This has been presently in works. The worldwide heightened awareness of the effect of the reverse environmental problems has been a primary prospect. Development of related manpower is different environmental studies by establishing of specialized studies for current times under Higher Institutions of learning at Nigeria have been a beneficial strategy. It has helped to create indigenous manpower and opportunities of knowledge. This has been driving environmental strategies and policies that is highly home grown and successful.
Modular refinery of off-the shelf solution has been cost efficient supply option regarding investors particularly when refining is a lightest yield. Further, relatively lower capital cost, short payback period and flexibility has made the environmental strategies and policies on Nigerian refining sector distinctly attractive. For independent producer, to participate in modular refining project has improved cashflow assuring refining gets sufficiently optimized. It has been providing value beyond conventional refining business model. Regarding downstream marketers finding hedge against different exposure of foreign exchange, domesticating fuel supplies and creating local capacity and modular refinery has been a winning strategy.
Theme 4: Role of the government for managing safety regulation in refining sector of Nigeria
The Nigeria Government has certain responsibility to ensure safety of the employees in Nigeria refining sector. The employers must be responsible to take up the safety concerns in the workplace. According to the society, the employees working under the Government get the maximum facility and perform excellent health performance. Government should support the employees, should encourage them at the time of need, must provide incentives and recognition and must ensure safety of the employees. The voluntary employer programs can help in excelling in assuring safety in the workplace (Ajayi and Malachi 2016). Government should set standards for the employees, the employees should carry out the business activities with efficiency, should maximize the use of the public input, that can assist in establishing safety regulations in the workplace. On the other hand, the Government should consult with the employees and should make sure that all the employees get the facilities. The consultation must be carried out in without any inspections it must be without threat.
There are 15% domestic consumption of refining industry is encountered by the production of local refineries. The federal government owns oil and gas reserved in Nigeria. On the other hand, licenses are granted to the oil companies for exploration as well as production. It takes form of production that shares contract between private companies as well as federal government by Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation. The government of Nigeria has created several initiatives, which are directed trough addressing shortfall in the oil production with the help of local refineries (Akinwande et al. 2014). The initiatives consist of deregulating downstream of petroleum sector and liberalizing pricing strategy as well as importing of refined petroleum products. Licensing of generating private refineries is included in it. The government tries addressing demands of particular communities in oil rich Niger Delta by making specific initiatives as well as policies. The target of government has limitation in unrest in Niger Delta as well as stopping destruction of pipeline infrastructure.
There is an important decrease in proceeding from refining sector as well as exports from Nigeria since the price of crude oil has dropped before two years. Low price of oil has led to an important. On the other hand, production in Nigeria has increased in the month of February 2017. The positive outlook is generally expected for entry o Iran into oil market. There is negative impact on demand of crude from Nigeria. The most of the plans are designed for developing pipelines. It is intended to run through Sahara desert as well as connecting the medium. The research is evaluated regarding the role of the government for economic regulations on refining sector of petroleum supply chain management through an analysis of oil marketing companies in Nigeria. Energy market has a number of features prompted by intervention of the government. Ajayi and Malachi (2016) stated that adopting supply chain management by the organizations seeks for serving customers efficiently. Effectiveness business philosophy and supply chain management have obtained a great amount of attention from academics as well as practitioners in current years. Measurement of supply chain comprises upstream and middle stream along with downstream sectors. It is concerned for exploration and midstream deals with storage and marketing. The significance of natural gas distribution facilitates for transportation of commodities such as crude oil and natural gas as well as sulphur. The sector engages oil refineries considered as part of downstream sectors.
A key observation for a number of policies addressed the issues in order to support quality of service that is offered by team of regulation (Aigbadon et al. 2017). On the other hand, there are consequences and suffocating effort of the policies and public installations are generated in the mainstream of the foundation in Nigeria. There are several consequences and reviewing of gasoline regulation. On the other hand, the regulation of government introduces a particular measurement.
The Government of Nigeria must appoint safety professionals in administrating and maintaining the OSH Act, they must ensure that these professionals have the expertise to assure safety in the workplace and they can train the employees so that the oil refining sector can get skilled employees. The Government must maintain safety working conditions as workplace accidents can destroy any business. The oil refining sector is no exception; the employees are not satisfied with the performance of the workplace. It is the basic desire of the humans to avoid any pain and suffering. Many accidents have occurred in the oil refining sector thus the safety concerns have raised (Aigbadon et al. 2017). The government must provide monetary support for the employees. Government must pay wages to the sick and the disabled workers must pay to the substitute employees. Government must pay for repairing the damaged equipment.
As the sector is considered is full of risks, there is always the possibility of moving to different organization or sector for gaining better security. In this perspective, it is important for management of the organization to gain security measures that can be helpful for the organization to implement security policies and plans for safety and security of the organization. Thus, it can be summarized that refining sector of the organization takes necessary steps for providing satisfactory safety regulation in the workplace.
Conclusion
From the above discussion, it can be easily concluded that this report is all about an analysis of the effectiveness of safety features in the oil organization of Nigeria. The above pages of this research study mainly discuss various kinds of safety regulation which must be followed in order to ensure that government, various organization and workers or employees of this organization to check the safety of various workers in the sector of Nigeria oil and refining. The unethical refining practice resulted in various kinds of health hazards to various employees and local people or resident of Nigeria. A brief background of oil refining sectors in Nigeria has been provided in the above pages of the research study. The aim of the research and objectives of this research study has been provided in the above pages of this research study. The objective of this research study comprises of following various parts like research question, problem statement, the rationale of the research study, structure of study and summary of the chapter has been discussed in the above pages. After that a literature review has been done which consist of important sector like introduction, safety regulation problems in Nigeria refining sector, various Acts which are generally involved in the Nigeria refining sector, global safety regulation which can provided a lot of benefits to Nigeria sector has been discussed in the above pages of the research study. After that corruption, technical advancement, regulation of OPEC, Legislation and summary has been discussed in the above pages. Research design and methodology also consist of various point like an introduction, philosophy, research design and approach, methods of data collection, data sampling method, issues of accessibility, ethical issues, and plan of data analysis, limitation and summary has been also provided in the above pages of the report. In the end result and finding has been done which comprises of points like preface and the qualitative question which has been discussed in details in the above pages of the research study. The objective of this research study is monitoring of various kinds of challenges or issues which is being encountered by refining sector of Nigeria, analysis of accidents which are generally associated with the various kinds of activities which are related to refining in Nigeria. After that, an evaluation needs to be done on the various kinds of safety regulation which generally govern the refining sector of Nigeria. The main problem that has been addressed in this case study is the various kinds of safety regulation which must be adopted so that there can be effective oil refining in Nigeria. Various kinds of petroleum regulation act of Nigeria have been discussed in the above pages of the research study. A graph has been provided regarding the various kinds of hazards which generally exist in Oil Corporation of Nigeria has been discussed in the above pages of the research study. In the end of the research study, a list of recommendation has been provided for the improvisation of this oil refining sector in Nigeria.
There are many recommendations for improvisation of safety regulation in Oil refining sectors in Nigeria.
Various workers of oil refining sectors tend to be the highest risk of injuries in the various oil refining sectors of Nigeria. There is a lot of pressure which mainly results from the high value of drilling projects because of the fact of drilling projects. Development of local emergency response may result in the establishment of the flow of communication which generally results in providing a higher value of safety for various organization. Safety training and dedicated time will help the works of this oil organization to easily get an idea regarding other workers of the oil corporation in Nigeria. Before the beginning of any kind of work in the oil corporation of Nigeria, it is the duty to analyze the fact that who will analyze the role in the work and kinds of hazards which generally exist in that particular organization of oil and refining. With the help of the 5S system, there can be an easy improvisation of workflow and reduction of waste which are generated. It is the duty of various organization to eliminate any communication or confusion among the various kinds of employees of oil corporation in Nigeria.
References
Adedosu, T.A., Adedosu, H.O. and Olajire, A.A., 2017. Petroleum source-rock potential and thermal maturity of Zarama 10 and Zarama 11 oil wells in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 39(1), pp.1-8.
Adekola, O., Mitchell, G. and Grainger, A., 2015. Inequality and ecosystem services: the value and social distribution of Niger Delta wetland services. Ecosystem Services, 12, pp.42-54.
Adunbi, O., 2015. Oil wealth and insurgency in Nigeria. Indiana University Press.
Agbalagba, E.O., Avwiri, G.O. and Ononugbo, C.P., 2013. Activity concentration and radiological impact assessment of 226 Ra, 228 Ra and 40 K in drinking waters from (OML) 30, 58 and 61 oil fields and host communities in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Journal of environmental radioactivity, 116, pp.197-200.
Aigbadon, G., Okoro, A.U., Una, C. and Azuka, O., 2017. Depositional facies model and reservoir characterization of USANI field 1, Niger delta basin, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Geosciences, 5(2), pp.57-68.
Ajayi, O.B. and Malachi, O.I., 2016. Comparative Study of Phytosterols and Vitamins A and E Composition of Vegetable Oil Brands Consumed in Nigeria. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 11(4).
Akinwande, B.A., Salawudeen, T.O., Arinkoola, A.O. and Jimoh, M.O., 2014. A suitability assessment of alkali activated clay for application in vegetable oil refining. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology Studies, 2(1), pp.1-12.
Ambituuni, A., Amezaga, J. and Emeseh, E., 2014. Analysis of safety and environmental regulations for downstream petroleum industry operations in Nigeria: Problems and prospects. Environmental Development, 9, pp.43-60.
Ameh, P.O., Ukoha, P. and Eddy, N.O., 2015. Experimental and quantum chemical studies on the corrosion inhibition potential of phthalic acid for mild steel in 0.1 M H2SO4. Chem. Sci. J, 6, pp.1-8.
Andeobu, L., Hettihewa, S. and Wright, C.S., 2015. Risk Management in the Extractive Industry: An Empirical Investigation of the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry. The Journal of Applied Business and Economics, 17(1), p.86.
Andrews, P., Playfoot, J. and Augustus, S., 2015. Education and Training for the Oil and Gas Industry: The Evolution of Four Energy Nations: Mexico, Nigeria, Brazil, and Iraq. Elsevier.
Anthony, A. and Pratt, O.O., 2015. Oil, Children and Adolescents in the Contemporary Niger Delta, Nigeria. J Child Adolesc Behav, 3(201), p.2.
Attwood, D., 2017. Chapter Six-Regulation of Chemical Process Safety: Current Approaches and Their Effectiveness. Methods in Chemical Process Safety, 1, pp.255-325.
Balogun, T.F., 2015. Mapping Impacts of Crude Oil theft and Illegal Refineries on Mangrove of the Niger Delta of Nigeria with Remote Sensing Technology. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(3), p.150.
Bilal, S., Mohammed, D.I., Dewu, B.B.M., Momoh, O.R. and Abubakar, S., 2015. Refining and Characterisation of Gum Arabic Using Vacuum Filtration Method for Application in Oil and Gas Drilling Fluid Formulation.
Boris, O.H., 2015. The Upsurge of Oil Theft and Illegal Bunkering in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Is There a Way Out?. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(3 S2), p.563.
Braide, O., Remoue, C., Rat, G., Anozie, I., Vandeville, P., Ahiamadu, N., Okoroafor, U., Brown, W. and Ganga, D., 2016, April. Gas flaring reduction initiative Ofon phase 2 project. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Security, Environment, and Social Responsibility. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Dada, E., Akinola, M. and Haruna, R., 2018. Physico-Chemical and Genotoxicity Assessments of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Generated by a Corporate Refinery In Nigeria. Pollution, 4(1), pp.83-92.
Demirbas, A. and Bamufleh, H.S., 2017. Optimization of crude oil refining products to valuable fuel blends. Petroleum Science and Technology, 35(4), pp.406-412.
Dong, L., Kouvelis, P. and Wu, X., 2014. The value of operational flexibility in the presence of input and output price uncertainties with oil refining applications. Management Science, 60(12), pp.2908-2926.
Egbuna, S.O., Mbah, C.N. and Chime, T.O., 2015. Determination of the Optimal Process Conditions for the Acid Activation of Ngwo Clay in the Bleaching Of Palm Oil. Int. J. Comput. Eng. Res., 5, pp.17-29.
Emodi, N.V., Emodi, C.C., Murthy, G.P. and Emodi, A.S.A., 2017. Energy policy for low carbon development in Nigeria: A LEAP model application. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68, pp.247-261.
Etim, V.G., Moses, E.A. and Inam, E.J., 2015. Eco-phytochemical Studies in Selected Food Crops Cultivated in a Small-scale Oil-refining Area of Ikot Oborenyin, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Plant and Soil Sciences, 8(3), pp.1-14.
Eweje, G., 2006. Environmental costs and responsibilities resulting from oil exploitation in developing countries: The case of the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Journal of Business Ethics, 69(1), pp.27-56.
Ezejiofor, T.I.N., 2015. Risk Assessment: Re-appraisals for Potential Hazards in the Operational Environment and Facilities of Petroleum Refining and Distribution Industry in Nigeria-Research and Review. Occupational Medicine & Health Affairs, 2014.
Ezejiofor, T.I.N., Ezejiofor, A.N., Orisakwe, O.E., Nwigwe, H.C., Osuala, F.O. and Iwuala, M.O., 2014. Anicteric hepatoxicity: a potential health risk of occupational exposures in Nigerian petroleum oil refining and distribution industry. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 9(1), p.3.
Ezejiofor, T.I.N., Nwigwe, H.C., Osuala, F.O.U. and Iwuala, M.O.E., 2014. Appraisals for potential hazards in the operational environment and facilities of petroleum refining and distribution industry in Nigeria. Journal of Medical Investigations and Practice, 9(1), p.39.
Ezekwe, C.I. and Edoghotu, M.I., 2015. Water quality and environmental health indicators in the Andoni River estuary, Eastern Niger Delta of Nigeria. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74(7), pp.6123-6136.
Ezekwe, C.I. and Utong, I.C., 2017. Hydrocarbon Pollution and Potential Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals in the Sediments of the Oturuba Creek, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Geography, 10(1-2), pp.1-10.
Fagbeja, M.A., Hill, J.L., Chatterton, T.J., Longhurst, J.W., Akpokodje, J.E., Agbaje, G.I. and Halilu, S.A., 2017. Challenges and opportunities in the design and construction of a GIS-based emission inventory infrastructure for the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(8), pp.7788-7808.
Flinn, C.M., 2016. Black gold in the black market: Tackling the issue of international oil smuggling through technology, public policy, and internal corporate controls. Tex. Int’l LJ, 51, p.119.
Gijo, A.H., Hart, A.I. and Seiyaboh, E.I., 2016. The Impact of Makeshift Oil Refining Activities on the Physico-Chemical Parameters of the Interstitial Water of the Nun River Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Biotechnological Research, 2(4), pp.193-203.
Giwa-Osagie, O. and Ehigiato, E., 2015. Financing options in the oil and gas sector in Nigeria. Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law, 33(3), pp.218-240.
Groysman, A., 2017. Corrosion Problems and Solutions in Oil Refining and Petrochemical Industry. Springer.
Howard, I.C., Azuatola, O.D. and Abiodun, I.K., 2017. Investigation on impacts of artisanal refining of crude oil on river bed sediments. Our Nature, 15(1-2), pp.34-43.
Ibeh, N.C., Aneke, J.C., Okocha, C.E. and Ogenyi, S.I., 2016. Study of haematological parameters of lubricating engine oil factory workers and controls in Nnewi, South-East Nigeria. Tropical Journal of Medical Research, 19(2), p.124.
Ibrahim, S.M., Bills, P.J., Allport, J. and Racasan, R., 2017. the impediments to Nigeria understanding oil production volumes, losses and potential solutions. International Journal of African and Asian Studies, 36, pp.36-44.
Ikpeze, O.V. and Ikpeze, N.G., 2015. Examination of some Legislations Referencing Acquisition of Rights for Oil Exploration, Prospection and Mining in Nigeria. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy, 5(9), pp.1-12.
Ismail, W.A., Van Hamme, J.D., Kilbane, J.J. and Gu, J.D., 2017. Petroleum Microbial Biotechnology: Challenges and Prospects. Frontiers in microbiology, 8.
Joy, O.C. and Okonkwo, C., 2017. Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some selected tubers grown in farmlands in Alakahia and Eleme communities, Rivers, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific World, 5(1), pp.58-61.
Kadafa, A.A., Zakaria, M.P. and Othman, F., 2012. Oil spillage and pollution in Nigeria: organizational management and institutional framework. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 2(4), pp.22-30.
Kantudu, A.S. and Samaila, I.A., 2015. Board characteristics, independent audit committee and financial reporting quality of oil marketing firms: evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Finance, Accounting and Management, 6(2), p.34.
Kilian, L., 2016. The impact of the shale oil revolution on US oil and gasoline prices. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 10(2), pp.185-205.
Kuenzer, C., van Beijma, S., Gessner, U. and Dech, S., 2014. Land surface dynamics and environmental challenges of the Niger Delta, Africa: Remote sensing-based analyses spanning three decades (1986–2013). Applied Geography, 53, pp.354-368.
Lekwot, V.E., Tukur, Y.M., Balasom, M.K., Hussaini, Y.U., Musa, I. and Makarau, S.B., 2014. Effects of emissions from Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) on soil fertility in Rido area of Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 2(2), pp.117-122.
Liou, Y.M. and Musgrave, P., 2014. Refining the oil curse: Country-level evidence from exogenous variations in resource income. Comparative Political Studies, 47(11), pp.1584-1610.
Mafimisebi, O.P. and Ogbonna, O.C., 2016. Environmental Risk of Gas Flaring in Nigeria: Lessons from Chevron Nigeria and Ilaje Crisis. Journal of Environmental and earth Science, 6(3).
Mamudu, O.A., Igwe, G.J. and Okonkwo, E., 2016, August. Process Design Evaluation of an Optimum Modular Topping Refinery for Nigeria Crude Oil Using HYSYS Software. In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Marais, E.A., Jacob, D.J., Wecht, K., Lerot, C., Zhang, L., Yu, K., Kurosu, T.P., Chance, K. and Sauvage, B., 2014. Anthropogenic emissions in Nigeria and implications for atmospheric ozone pollution: A view from space. Atmospheric environment, 99, pp.32-40.
Marcus, A.C. and Ekpete, O.A., 2014. Impact of discharged process wastewater from an oil refinery on the physicochemical quality of a receiving waterbody in Rivers State, Nigeria. J Appl Chem, 7, pp.01-08.
Mathias, N.O., 2015. Evaluating the suitability of clays from Abakaliki Area, Southeastern Nigeria for oil industrial application using geotechnical and rheological properties. Science, 3(2), pp.22-31.
Mmom, P. and Igbuku, A., 2015. Challenges and Prospect of Environmental Remediation/Restoration in Niger Delta of Nigeria: The Case of Ogoniland. J. Energy Techs. & Pol’y, 5, pp.5-5.
Mohammed, T.I., Nwankwo, I.C. and Olugbade, T.O., 2016. Determination of the effect of oil exploration on galvanized steel in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Scientific Research & Reports, 10(1), pp.1-9.
Musa, A.M., Oyedeji, D.E. and Mada, S.B., 2017. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some tissues of croaker fish from oil spilled rivers of Niger Delta region, Nigeria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.
Musa, Z.N., Popescu, I. and Mynett, A., 2016. Assessing the sustainability of local resilience practices against sea level rise impacts on the lower Niger delta. Ocean & Coastal Management, 130, pp.221-228.
Nduka, J.K., Okafor, V.N. and Odiba, I.O., 2016. Impact of Oil and Gas Activities on Acidity of Rain and Surface Water of Niger Delta, Nigeria: An Environmental and Public Health Review. Journal of Environmental Protection, 7(04), p.566.
Nnedinma, U., 2016. Approaches, drivers and motivators of health and safety self-regulation in the Nigerian construction industry: a scoping study. Architectural Engineering and Design Management, 12(6), pp.460-475.
Nriagu, J., Udofia, E.A., Ekong, I. and Ebuk, G., 2016. Health risks associated with oil pollution in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. International journal of environmental research and public health, 13(3), p.346.
Ogundari, I.O., Akinwale, Y.O., Adepoju, A.O. and Akarakiri, J.B., 2016. The Modular Petroleum Refinery Alternative as an Energy Security and Environmental Sustainability Strategy in Nigeria: A Technology Policy Assessment.
Ogundari, I.O., Momodu, A.S., Akarakiri, J.B., Siyanbola, W.O. and Jesuleye, O.A., 2016. Kerosene Subsidy and Oil Deregulation Policy Development in Nigeria. Journal of Resources, Energy & Development, 13.
Ojo, A.O., Jaja, S.I., Olubayode, B., Babatunde, L.D. and Femmymale, T.F., 2015. Effects of Nigeria Ekete light crude oil on plasma electrolytes, packed cell volume (PCV) and lipids profile in wistar (Rattus norvegicus) rats. African Journal of Biotechnology, 14(24), pp.2047-2051.
Okoroma, J.U., Kumar, M., Rad, A., Al-Salman, M.S.S., Shields, D. and Andrea, B.G., 2015. Technical and Economic Overview on a Hydrocarbon (Oil/Gas) Producing Country.
Oladimeji, T.E., Sonibare, J., Odunfa, K.M. and Oresegun, O.R., 2015. Environmental Impact Analysis of the Emission from Petroleum Refineries in Nigeria. Energy and Environment Research;, 5(1), pp.33-41.
Olaniyan, S.A., Bakare, A.A. and Morenikeji, O.A., 2017. Genetically modified foods in Nigeria: a long-lasting solution to hunger?. Estudos de Biologia, 29(67).
Oluduro, O.F. and Oluduor, O., 2015. Oil Exploitation and Compliance with International Environmental Standards: The Case of Double Standards in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. JL Pol’y & Globalization, 37, p.67.
Osin, O.A., Yu, T. and Lin, S., 2017. Oil refinery wastewater treatment in the Niger Delta, Nigeria: current practices, challenges, and recommendations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(28), pp.22730-22740.
Popoola, L., Susu, A., Lateef, A. and GREMA, A., 2015. Application of Linear Programming in Profit Optimization of Crude Oil Distillation Column of Port Harcourt Refinery, Nigeria. IJASM, 2(3), pp.59-64.
Ramberg, D.J., Chen, Y.H., Paltsev, S. and Parsons, J.E., 2017. The economic viability of gas-to-liquids technology and the crude oil–natural gas price relationship. Energy Economics, 63, pp.13-21.
Ramson, E., Oluchi, N.E. and John, U., 2016, August. Multivariate Analysis of Air Quality in Selected Oil Operating Areas in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers.
Raphael, A.I. and Gabriel, A.A., 2015. Effect of financial sector development on manufacturing output growth in Nigeria (1986-2012): A vector auto regression approach. Journal of Applied Economics & Business Research, 5(1), pp.38-53.
Sa’ad, S. and Isah, S.I., 2016. Empirical analysis of transportation demand for oil products in Nigeria: Using error correction approach. Energy Strategy Reviews, 10, pp.53-61.
Siddig, K., Aguiar, A., Grethe, H., Minor, P. and Walmsley, T., 2014. Impacts of removing fuel import subsidies in Nigeria on poverty. Energy Policy, 69, pp.165-178.
Singh, H.K.G., Yusup, S., Abdullah, B., Cheah, K.W., Azmee, F.N. and Lam, H.L., 2017. Refining of crude rubber seed oil as a feedstock for biofuel production. Journal of Environmental Management.
Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A., 2009. Research Onion. Research methods for business students, pp.136-162.
Sola, A.K. and Joachim, A.A., 2016. Development of the non-oil sector in Nigeria: Challenges & lessons for less developed countries. Covenant Journal of Business and Social Sciences, 5(1).
Udonne, J.D., Efeovbokhan, V.E. and Sanni, S.E., 2016. An Assessment of Refining of Crude Palm Oil Using Local Clay. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 11(6), pp.1402-1407.
Uzoh, C.F., Onukwuli, O.D., Nwabanne, J.T. and Igbokwe, P.P., 2014. Experimental process design for sorption capacity of Kogi and Ibusa clay activated with HNO3 and H2SO4 acids in palm oil bleaching. International Journal of Experimental Design and Process Optimisation, 4(1), pp.71-89.
Verla, A.W., Verla, E.N., Adowei, P., Briggs, A. and Horsfall Jnr, M., 2014. Quality assessment of vegetable oil industry effluents in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, 14, pp.179-189.
Wilson, G., 2014. The Nigerian state and oil theft in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 16(1), pp.69-81.
Wokem, V.C., Odokuma, L.O. and Ariole, C.N., 2017. Isolation and Characterization of Hydrocarbon-utilizing Bacteria from Petroleum Sludge Samples obtained from Crude Oil Processing Facility in Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 21(2), pp.355-369.
Yusup, S. and Wai, C.K., 2016. Physicochemical Properties of Crude Rubber Seed Oil for Biogasoline Production. Procedia Engineering, 148, pp.426-431.
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download