The aspect of environmental protection and sustainability has become an integral part of every industry. Sustainable development is aimed at meeting the needs of the current generation without compromising the right of the future generation to meet their needs with the same resource. According to Cooper et al. (2016), there are three essential aspects of sustainable development. These include the social development, environmental protection, and economic development. Over the years, owing to the considerable changes in the climatic conditions in the global framework, which has been becoming more apparent with time, the preservation of climate and prevention of environmental degradation have become as issue immense concern, among the politicians, economists, environmentalists as well as the population as a whole across the world (Young, 2012).
In this context, the different industries across the globe have been trying to cut down their share of contribution to the pollution and environmental degradation, which primarily includes the global construction industry. The global construction industry is counted as one of the highest consumer of global energy, thereby contributing majorly to the carbon dioxide emissions. It has been empirically observed that the global construction industry consumers nearly 40% of the total energy and contributes to the emission of nearly one third of the total amount of green gas in the international scenario (Kibert, 2016). Keeping this into consideration, over the last few decades, the concept of “green building” has been gaining popularity in the construction industry across the world. The concept of green building has been considered as the forth component of the environment development in the current period (Tam et al., 2017). Green building (GB) is the process of adopting structures by the use of processes that consider resource-efficient and environmental responsibility as the primary goal throughout the life-cycle of the building process (Ciora, Maier & Anghel, 2016). It covers the construction and design all through to maintenance, operation, deconstruction, and renovation processes. The notion of green building refers to the result which is derived by implementation of sustainable approaches of construction, with the primary benefits of the same. These are the production of enhanced health conditions of humans, higher protection and sustainability of environment, efficiency in usage of resources and energy as an overall increase in the profitability and environmental sustainability of the industry into consideration (Zuo & Zhao, 2014). In the construction industry, green building is gaining an increased acceptance as a viable solution to achieving the growing demand for a healthy and environmental friendly building with considerable focus on the sustainability issues. Also known as the high performance or sustainable buildings, green buildings consider the comfort, durability, utility element, and economy of a building.
In the current global construction industry, the concept of green building is being adopted in the global wake of environmental stewardship. With the rise in demand of healthy lifestyles as well as with the increase in the global concern regarding the environmental preservation and prevention of greenhouse emissions, the concept of green building is taking a stole whether it is the design of an office or a house. The concept and the practice has also begun to be implemented in the construction industries across the world abruptly. However, there is still limited knowledge on sustainable or green building in the global construction industry. According to Tam et al. (2017), the adoption of green housing requires various rating systems for sustainable buildings as they have to meet certain standards to qualify as green building. There also remains considerable debates regarding the feasibility and cost effectiveness of such initiatives. The implementation of green building also needs incorporation of the same and its provision in the policy frameworks of the different countries across the globe. This procedure is not expected to be smooth and easy provided the fact that implementation of such initiatives and building procedures are expected to bring a disruption in the existing frameworks of construction industry across the world and in the activities and profitability of the different stakeholders of this industry (Eichholtz, Kok & Quigley, 2013). As a result, there is a need to take into consideration the initiative and concern of green building policy adoptions as well as the aspects of the different hurdles which are expected to be cropping up in the implementation of policy frameworks targeted to enhance the scopes of green building in the construction industry, while planning for the process within the industry.
Cooper et al. (2011) denote that the uptake of GB technology is not as apparent as is expected in the international construction environment. With the growing interest, there still exist many barriers that persist in adopting green building policies. The examination of these barriers is essential is it creates lack of efficiency in the potentiality of the economic and environmental benefits on the green building policies in the construction industry. Just as important is the evaluation of issues affecting the adoption of green building policies to effectively foster the implementation of sustainable building. The main aim of this study is thus to identify common challenges or barriers to effective policy adoption of initiatives in green building. The paper evaluates these aspects from the stakeholder perspectives with the aim of proposing effective recommendations that can be adopted as solutions to the policy challenges identified.
Keeping the fact that green building has been developing as one of the primary components in the construction industry, the concerned research aims to study the different hurdles and issues which are found in the aspects of implementation of policies regarding green building initiatives in the construction industry. The research also aims to view the issues regarding the same from the perspectives of the different stakeholders in the construction industry and their perceptions regarding the viability and need of implementation of green building policies, in the economy of Australia.
To study the probable issues hampering the smooth and abrupt adaptation of the Green Building technologies in the construction, the following research questions have been taken into consideration in the concerned research.
The primary research question in this aspect is as follows:
What are the main issues or hurdles faced in the policy adoption and implementation of Green Building Technologies in the construction industry of Australia?
Thus, as can be seen from the above discussion, in the contemporary period, Green Building has been developing as a new component in the construction industry and shows the potential to be an alternative in the construction sector in the global framework, much of which can be attributed to the increase in the awareness regarding the prevention of pollution and degradation of the environment. Green Building technologies are expected to be incorporated in the policy frameworks of the different countries. However, there remains different hurdles and issues in the aspect of development of policy frameworks in this aspect. The concerned research aims to study these hurdles which are present in the aspect of policy framing for implementation of green building technologies in the construction industries, especially in Australia.
In this section, we will go through the literature relating to understanding green buildings and issues regarding adoption of green building policies. As a whole, the issue of adopting the construction of green buildings comes with a fair share of challenges as they occur in any green management initiative. According to Visscher, Laubscher, and Chan (2016), barriers that affect affecting environmental management systems are information scarcity, inadequate information, inappropriate knowledge, ineffective financial resource management, improper implementation techniques and harsh organizational culture. The paper is thus focused on pointing out the gaps that exist in barriers conjoint in the adoption of green building policies. In detail, this chapter covers the barriers to adoption of green building policies.
For a building to be termed green, then it would be appropriate for the construction project to allow the preservation of the natural environment that surrounds it. Putting up the building will enhance a healthy environment that will not interrupt the land, water, and resources within and outside the building. The green building should be in a position to promote the development of environment, health, and economy.
Information is critical to be able to have adequate information or understanding, and it also entails creating acceptance and public awareness of the Australian’s. It is important to note that green building technology is usually sophisticated than the conventional building technology. Therefore, the availability of knowledge is significant in green building arena. McAuley (2018) points out that, the carrying out of green technology research is a matter that is tedious to developers, contractors, and clients. In Australia, some researchers point this challenge to the scarceness of green building information, familiarity, technical expertise, research, and education according to Miller, Spivey, and Florance (2008). With these paucities, it is crucial to point out that these hindrances are correlated and in turn affect implementation of green building policies in Australia.
Without proper research, it is a challenging task to come up with a business idea for a green building that is considerable. With information and reliable research being inadequate, for stakeholders to improve their awareness and understanding they will not be in a position to act in a manner that suggests that they support the matter. Lack of information is the critical barrier for stakeholders to adopt green policies (Nath, 2014). Together with the lack of research, these impact the stakeholders negatively to be able to be aware of the importance of green building technologies in Australia. Even if investors or the government understand green technologies, several populations do not understand green technologies making implementing the programs trying (Hwang, Zhu, Wang, & Cheong, 2017). Improper or lack of understanding may result in the inappropriate definition of green building and this, in turn, hinders green development in Australia. Implementing green building guidelines will be a daunting task because stakeholders will desist from green building adoption reason being, they are not familiar with the green designs, products, materials and related technologies.
Economic or financial concerns are a major hindrance to the adoption of green building policies leaves alone other policies worldwide. During construction of green building projects, the cost is one of the critical economic factors. When a general comparison is carried out, it costs more to start and finish green building projects due to its expensive materials compared to the conventional buildings and such factor translates to their policy adoption. Third party costs thwart embracing of green building policies (Visscher, 2016). Such third part costs in Australia include high consultant costs and green building costs. McAuley (2018) denotes that, financial barriers to green building guidelines include inaccurate perceptions that green building has the possibility of inviting high initial investments. Economic issues occur in the form that in Australia, new conventional buildings are increasing at skyrocketing rate, energy prices aren’t low, and the use of resourceful technologies such as green technologies and renewable technologies are not efficiently exhilarated.
Necessary calculations have been carried out by investors, and the results are that they discover that the costs of green building are high and this makes the buildings have an extended payback period. It, in turn, discourages their participation in the coming up or implementation of green building policies. Green building specialists put an approximation that the cost of green building is 3 to 4% higher than the conventional structures (McAuley, 2018). In China, the high additional costs that are related to green building technologies are considered as one of the primary barriers to their policy implementation. In developed counties such as Canada, the situation is of no difference. In Australia stakeholders are forced to import the green technology from other countries, this raises the costs in most cases and turns to affect policy execution. Policy implementation becomes an uphill task when financial institutions and individuals are not willing to fund green building projects.
According to Love et al., (2012), governments play a vital role in the elevation and relegation of green technologies. The Australian government is in a position of creating rules and systems that favour environment conservation and these results into the Australians obligations to green technologies applications. With this being taken to effect, contrary to the outcome can be realized when green technologies are not given the serious attention they deserve. Such government barriers represent a hindrance to the adoption of green building policies in Australia. Enforcing regulations by the government are critical for the accomplishment of government strategies, and the nonexistence of enforcement bodies can creep up rules related to green buildings like in China (Koski & Lee, 2014). Legal systems with penalties exist in Australia, but sometimes, the weak judicial system makes it challenging to enforce such laws. In a country like China, the management and monitoring systems are vulnerable in green building systems. Australian government push will be significant in accelerating green building development. Thus, they should have the capacity to provide incentives (both financial and non-financial), act as a green building supporter, form and regulate standards.
It is important to note that there is a significant role played by stakeholder’s attitude and this cannot be wished away in the green building market. The attitude in this point also entails behaviour and lifestyle. Stakeholder’s such as the government, investors, and clients approach significantly influence the adoption of green technologies (Love et al., 2012). The Australian citizens being the users and the ones with funds put them in the stakeholder’s category in the development of green building policies. Hence, they are in the in the top level of decision making. If the Australian citizens have less or no interest in matters green technologies, then it is not practicable for other project teams to adopt green building policies. The clients form an integral part of the green building policy implementation and if they show eagerness, then there is a source of stimulus for other players in the policy adoption.
Koski and Lee (2014). Note that stakeholder’s attitude being negative affect green building market and when they are resilient to change from using the conventional building technologies and practices then it negatively affects policy adoption. Due to the lack of information concerning green technologies and the stakeholder’s unchangeable traditional ideas, many Australians become uncertain of the quality and performance of the green buildings. The suspicion impedes espousal of the green building policies.
Australia faces numerous challenges in green building policy adoption. Economic or financial barrier being a vital issue, then there are high chances that lack of incentives will also cripple the policy execution. This makes it demoralizing for those who participate in green technology to contribute to the policymaking. Green designs are not approved quickly in several countries due to inappropriate knowledge to its benefits, and this discourages the stakeholders to participate in green technology policy enactment (Joachim et al., 2017). Many Australians who occupy the green buildings raise concerns about the green buildings. Different issues come into play with topics ranging from querying how comfortable the buildings are and if they are worthy of the cash they pay. The occupant’s problems are influenced by the same barriers of green building technologies discussed in this literature review. The green building occupants raise numerous concerns making it uncomfortable for stakeholders to engage in the green building policy implementation.
There have been severe barriers to green building technology development in Australia. The restrictions make it challenging for green technology defenders to be available. Nath (2014) asserts that in many countries it’s difficult to find green technology development defenders since the citizens in most cases usually are resistant to change from the conventional to green buildings. The resistance to change and inefficient knowledge causes lack of green building champions who can be part of the stakeholders to drive implementation of the policies.
Conclusion
Australia faces the task of developing its economy and protecting its ecological environment is on top of its priorities. Green buildings have the capabilities to diminish the negative impact of constructing buildings on the natural environment. The adoption of green building policies is affected by many barriers. Australia faces numerous obstacles to adoption of green building policies. This literature review aimed at analysing the problems in adoption of green building policies in Australia. With the comparison of different experts and journals, most of the barriers explained in this review are found to be critical. The barriers that are most critical include non-existence of knowledge, financial issues, government barriers, attitude, and marke
This section evaluates and expresses the methodological designs which have been adopted in the concerned study. It presents the hypothesis and research questions that guides the research towards finding objectives related to the research. It also focuses on the instrumentation as well as related factors that directly or indirectly affect the study process.
Keeping into consideration the purposes and the objectives of the research, the following hypotheses have been formed, which have been studied in the light of the empirical evidences collected and analysed. Based on the results of the analysis these following hypotheses have been accepted or rejected and the implications and interpretation of the same have been discussed in the result section of the research.
H1: There exists higher economic costs and market prices in the aspects of adoption of Green Building Technology as compared to the conventional technologies used in the construction industry
H2: Unwillingness to change or replace the conventional methods by new green building techniques have been one of the primary reason behind its slow adaptation
H3: There exists a lack of financial schemes and supports (like that of bank loans) in the aspect of implementation of Green Building technologies
H4: There exists high degree of scepticism about the implementation of the GB technologies
H5: There exists a lack of sufficient and productive databases regarding the adoption and implementation of GB technologies
H6: There exist lack of inadequate incentives on part of the government to promote and encourage the implementation of Green Building technologies in the construction industries
H7: High conflicts of interests among the different stakeholders in the industry stalls the growth of the Green Building Technology in the contemporary construction scenarios
The research design shows the type of construct in which the concerned studies are constructed and data are collected and interpreted. There remain three general types of research designs which are as follows:
Figure 1: Types of research design
(Source: As created by the author)
The explanatory research design helps in identification of the different types of occurrences in the domain of research while the exploratory research design helps in collecting and exploring the different aspects related to the concerned research topic, thereby helping in the development of new insights about the topics. On the other hand, the descriptive research design enables the collection and expansion of the domain of knowledge based on the collection and analysis of data (Meyers, Gamst & Guarino, 2016).
Keeping this into consideration, the concerned research takes a descriptive research design in order to examine and analyse the issues and their impacts regarding the design and implementation of policy frameworks for encouraging adaptation of the Green Building Technologies in the construction sector of Australia.
There exist three philosophical approaches in the general global research framework, which are as follows:
Figure 2: Types of research philosophies
(Source: As created by the author)
The Positivism research philosophical approach facilitates the testing of different hypotheses and assertions on the basis of the empirical data collected and based on the acceptance or rejection of such hypotheses, helps the research to reach its conclusion. On the other hand, realism can be used for both quantitative as well as qualitative researches due to the absence of highly structured research frameworks like that of the positivism framework (Hughes & Sharrock, 2016). On the other hand, interpretivism philosophy deals with in-depth analysis of small and generally qualitative research samples.
The concerned research taking into account both quantitative as well as qualitative research methods for analysing a small but detailed sample, both the positivism and realism philosophical frameworks are taken into account.
There are two broad types of approaches which are incorporated in the research frameworks usually, which are as follows:
Figure 3: Types of research approaches
(Source: As created by the author)
The inductive approach facilitates the formation of research aims and questions and executing the research on the basis of the same. Conversely, in the deductive research approach the hypotheses are first formulated and then their viability is tested on the basis of the information or evidences collected. Keeping this into consideration, the concerned research takes a deductive approach, thereby forming the relevant hypotheses and testing the same in the light of the data collected.
For the purpose of analysis of concerned research topics quantitative and qualitative data can be collected. The quantitative data collection helps in analysing and observing the numerical and cardinal aspects of the concerned research topics and also helps in making the results more comprehensive and easy to apprehend (Mertens, 2014). However, there are different aspects, especially the ordinal and abstract ones which are crucial but cannot be taken into account by the quantitative methods, for which qualitative data are required to be collected. Keeping this into consideration, both qualitative and quantitative data are collected to provide the opportunity for varied comparisons of the data. Chan et al. (2017), observe that a viable research must be supported by reliable and accurate data.
Data can be primary or secondary in nature. While primary data sources collected by the researcher directly, helps in enhancing the data quality and authenticity, however, the same is a time taking and costly process. However, the secondary data collection method, in spite of being cost efficient, easy and time saving, often face the problem of biasness or faults in the data, thereby distorting the analysis as a whole. Keeping this into consideration, primary data is collected and analysed in the concerned research (Hewson & Stewart, 2016). The main instruments for the collection of primary quantitative and qualitative data are by the methods of interviews and research surveys in the sample population.
For the purpose of the concerned research, primary data has been collected in the form of interviews and surveys from a sample size of 60 respondents consisting of Green Building experts from different fields, with the relevance of the construction industry of Australia. Primary quantitative data has been collected in the form of quantitative surveys from these 60 chosen respondents, focussing on the primary issues which are present in the aspects of policy development and implementation of GB technologies. The research also takes into account the need for in depth and qualitative analysis of the individual perceptions of the relevant respondents. For the purpose of the same, 10 out of the chosen 60 respondents are re-selected on the basis of random sampling and in depth and open-ended interviews have been conducted with them in order to take into account their perceptions in these aspects.
The quantitative data collected has been analysed statistically with the help of software platform SPSS and correlation and factor analysis have been done to analyse the viability of the hypotheses formed previously. On the other hand, thematic analysis is done on the qualitative data collected to make the research findings robust and with proper insight (Auberlet et al., 2014).
The value of correlation coefficient 0 to 1 indicates a positive correlation and the value of correlation coefficient from (-1) to 0 refers a negative correlation. On the other hand, the value of correlation coefficient between (±1) to (±0.7) means strong correlation between two scale variables. The value of correlation coefficient between (±0.7) to (±0.4) refers the moderate correlation between two scale variables. The value of correlation coefficient in the interval form (±0.4) to (±0.1) interprets a weak correlation. Finally, the correlation coefficient in the interval (±0.1) to 0 refers that the two variables are uncorrelated to each other (Hall, 2015). The correlation coefficient helps to find the direct one-to-one link between two variables. The table also displays the significance of the correlation coefficients. The significances of the correlation coefficients are tested with respect to 5% level of significance. The researcher can find whether the association is positive or negative. Also, it could be interpreted whether the link is one of the three cases that are weak, medium and strong. On the other hand, factor analysis is a technique that is used to decrease a large number of variables into lesser number of factors. This method extracts maximum common variance (MCV) from all the variables and combine them into a common score. Actually, factor analysis is a part of Generalised Linear Model (GLM). This method ignores multicollinearity and accepts correlation between variables. Factor analysis is accomplished by principle component analysis and used for hypothesis testing.
In the qualitative data analysis thematic analysis is incorporated. Thematic analysis is a broadly used qualitative data analysis method or the cluster of methods that focus on detecting patterned meaning across a data set. There are many ways of thematic analysis could be found for data analysis. These are inductive approach, deductive approach, sematic way, constructionist approach, realistic or essentialist approach and latent way. In this thesis, the researcher takes into account constructionist approach. It focuses on looking at how certain reality is generated by the data.
According to Nix and Hall (2016), ethical consideration means that respondents should not suffer physical pain, loss of privacy, discomfort, or embarrassment. Ethical consideration also stipulates that dignity of the research respondents should be upheld. Ethical consideration also underscores importance of assuring confidentiality and anonymity of the respondents (Chan, Darko, Ameyaw, and Owusu-Manu, 2017). Besides, any deception or misleading information regarding research objectives should be avoided. Based on these criteria, adequate measures will be taken to ensure that respondents do not suffer in any way by participating in this research. The identities of the respondents will be adequately secured. Throughout the survey and interview, high level of objectivity has been observed. The interviews have been conducted with the consent of the respondents and to preserve their dignity, anonymity has been maintained in the concerned research (Resnik, 2015).
Whereas deliberate steps will be taken underscore the validity of the research, some limitations may be inevitable. For instance, the study is limited to a sample of population. Due to time and cost, the questionnaire will rely on small sample of those who were issued with survey questions. Also, the research specifically concentrates on the respondents in Australia, thereby making the findings the recommendations based on the research findings subjective and applicable to the country itself as the scenarios may or may not be the same in the other parts of the world, which is also another primary limitation of the concerned research.
This chapter has discussed the research data collection methods that will be adopted during the study. The chapter has illustrated how interview and survey instruments have been chosen according to their best fit and how the same have been employed to collect relevant data with the aim of addressing research questions and hypotheses formed for the concerned research. The chapter has also examined the design of the interviews and the questionnaire in accordance with the feedback and methods of analysis.
As discussed above, the concerned research takes a mixed method of analysis of data collected, involving both quantitative as well as qualitative data analysis techniques. In the quantitative analysis, with the usage of SPSS statistical software platform, correlation and factor analysis tests have been conducted on the quantitative data collected. On the other hand, a thematic qualitative analysis has been done on the qualitative data collected, the primary themes being technical, financial and governmental facts. The results of the analysis, both quantitative and qualitative are arranged and interpreted in the following sections of this chapter of the research.
|
Frequency |
Percent |
||
|
Valid |
Strongly Disagree |
2 |
3.3 |
|
Disagree |
9 |
15.0 |
|
|
Neutral |
17 |
28.3 |
|
|
Agree |
26 |
43.3 |
|
|
Strongly Agree |
6 |
10.0 |
|
|
Total |
60 |
100.0 |
Table 1: Higher economic costs and market prices adopt Green Building Technology as compared to the conventional technologies
Out of 60 respondents only 11 (18.3%) employees either strongly disagree or disagree with the fact that there exists higher economic costs and market prices in the aspects of adoption of Green Building Technology as compared to the conventional technologies used in the construction industry (Field, 2013). 32 people either agree or strongly agree with that fact.
The heights of bars are proportional to the frequencies of each level of a variable.
Figure 1: Higher economic costs and market prices adopt Green Building Technology as compared to the conventional technologies
|
Frequency |
Percent |
||
|
Valid |
Strongly Disagree |
4 |
6.7 |
|
Disagree |
8 |
13.3 |
|
|
Neutral |
17 |
28.3 |
|
|
Agree |
26 |
43.3 |
|
|
Strongly Agree |
5 |
8.3 |
|
|
Total |
60 |
100.0 |
Table 2: Lack of financial schemes and supports to implement in Green Building technologies
Among 60 responders a significant number of 26 (43.3%) responders regard that there exists a lack of financial schemes and supports in the aspect of implementation of Green Building technologies. Only 12 (20%) responders denied the proposition.
Figure 2: Lack of financial schemes and supports to implement in Green Building technologies
|
Frequency |
Percent |
||
|
Valid |
Strongly Disagree |
3 |
5.0 |
|
Disagree |
5 |
8.3 |
|
|
Neutral |
9 |
15.0 |
|
|
Agree |
35 |
58.3 |
|
|
Strongly Agree |
8 |
13.3 |
|
|
Total |
60 |
100.0 |
Table 3: Unwillingness to replace the conventional methods by new green building techniques is the reason of slow adaptation
Here, a very high proportion of responders agreed (58.3%) that there remains unwillingness to change or replace the conventional methods by new green building techniques that have been one of the primary reason behind the slow adaption of green building technologies. Only 11.3% responders disregarded the consideration.
Only 9 responders are neutral about this fact.
Figure 3: Unwillingness to replace the conventional methods by new green building techniques is the reason of slow adaptation
|
Frequency |
Percent |
||
|
Valid |
Strongly Disagree |
2 |
3.3 |
|
Disagree |
6 |
10.0 |
|
|
Neutral |
16 |
26.7 |
|
|
Agree |
30 |
50.0 |
|
|
Strongly Agree |
6 |
10.0 |
|
|
Total |
60 |
100.0 |
Table 4: High degree of scepticism about the implementation of the GB technologies
Only 13.3% people denied the fact that there exists high degree of scepticism about the implementation of the green building technologies. A large percentage of 36 people (60%) responders supported and strongly supported the fact that there exists high degree of scepticism about the implementation of the green building technologies. The significant number of 16 people had no idea about that fact.
Figure 4: High degree of scepticism about the implementation of the GB technologies
|
Frequency |
Percent |
||
|
Valid |
Strongly Disagree |
6 |
10.0 |
|
Disagree |
9 |
15.0 |
|
|
Neutral |
16 |
26.7 |
|
|
Agree |
24 |
40.0 |
|
|
Strongly Agree |
5 |
8.3 |
|
|
Total |
60 |
100.0 |
Table 5: High conflicts among the different stakeholders stall the growth of the GB Technology in the contemporary construction
Out of 60 samples 29 people accepts and 15 people denies the that high conflicts among the various stakeholders in the industry stalls the growth of the green building technology in the contemporary construction scenarios. Therefore, the number of responders for the acceptance of the proposed consideration are greater in number than the number of people who disregard the presence of high conflicts of interest.
Figure 5: High conflicts among the different stakeholders stall the growth of the GB Technology in the contemporary construction
|
Frequency |
Percent |
||
|
Valid |
Strongly Disagree |
4 |
6.7 |
|
Disagree |
9 |
15.0 |
|
|
Neutral |
13 |
21.7 |
|
|
Agree |
31 |
51.7 |
|
|
Strongly Agree |
3 |
5.0 |
|
|
Total |
60 |
100.0 |
Table 6: Lack of sufficient and productive databases regarding the adoption and implementation of GB technologies
Out of 60 responders 31 (51.7%) respondents proposed that they agree with the fact that there exists a lack of sufficient and productive databases regarding the adoption and implementation of the green building technologies. 21.7% people either strongly disagreed or disagreed with the fact. Similarly, 21.7% people kept their equal types of consideration about the proposition.
Figure 6: Lack of sufficient and productive databases regarding the adoption and implementation of GB technologies
|
Frequency |
Percent |
||
|
Valid |
Strongly Disagree |
3 |
5.0 |
|
Disagree |
9 |
15.0 |
|
|
Neutral |
24 |
40.0 |
|
|
Agree |
19 |
31.7 |
|
|
Strongly Agree |
5 |
8.3 |
|
|
Total |
60 |
100.0 |
Table 7: Lack of inadequate incentives of government to promote and encourage the implementation of GB technologies
Out of 60 responders, a huge percentage of 40% people are neural about the fact that there exists the lack of inadequate incentives on the part of the government for promoting and encouraging the implementation of the green building technologies in the construction industries. Similarly, 40% people agree or strongly agree with the fact. Only 20% people disregarded the consideration
Figure 7: Lack of inadequate incentives of government to promote and encourage the implementation of GB technologies
Table 8: Table of Pearson’s correlation coefficients between the variables
|
Correlations |
||||||||
|
There exists higher economic costs and market prices in the aspects of adoption of Green Building Technology as compared to the conventional technologies used in the construction industry |
There exists a lack of financial schemes and supports (like that of bank loans) in the aspect of implementation of Green Building technologies |
Unwillingness to change or replace the conventional methods by new green building techniques have been one of the primary reason behind its slow adaptation |
There exists high degree of scepticism about the implementation of the GB technologies |
High conflicts of interests among the different stakeholders in the industry stalls the growth of the Green Building Technology in the contemporary construction scenarios |
There exists a lack of sufficient and productive databases regarding the adoption and implementation of GB technologies |
There exists lack of inadequate incentives on part of the government to promote and encourage the implementation of Green Building technologies in the construction industries |
||
|
There exists higher economic costs and market prices in the aspects of adoption of Green Building Technology as compared to the conventional technologies used in the construction industry |
Pearson Correlation |
1 |
.562** |
.497** |
.627** |
.472** |
.588** |
.462** |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
||
|
N |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
|
|
There exists a lack of financial schemes and supports (like that of bank loans) in the aspect of implementation of Green Building technologies |
Pearson Correlation |
.562** |
1 |
.625** |
.622** |
.477** |
.631** |
.589** |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
||
|
N |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
|
|
Unwillingness to change or replace the conventional methods by new green building techniques have been one of the primary reason behind its slow adaptation |
Pearson Correlation |
.497** |
.625** |
1 |
.549** |
.496** |
.534** |
.468** |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
||
|
N |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
|
|
There exists high degree of scepticism about the implementation of the GB technologies |
Pearson Correlation |
.627** |
.622** |
.549** |
1 |
.668** |
.614** |
.605** |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
||
|
N |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
|
|
High conflicts of interests among the different stakeholders in the industry stalls the growth of the Green Building Technology in the contemporary construction scenarios |
Pearson Correlation |
.472** |
.477** |
.496** |
.668** |
1 |
.647** |
.539** |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
||
|
N |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
|
|
There exists a lack of sufficient and productive databases regarding the adoption and implementation of GB technologies |
Pearson Correlation |
.588** |
.631** |
.534** |
.614** |
.647** |
1 |
.548** |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
||
|
N |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
|
|
There exists lack of inadequate incentives on part of the government to promote and encourage the implementation of Green Building technologies in the construction industries |
Pearson Correlation |
.462** |
.589** |
.468** |
.605** |
.539** |
.548** |
1 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
.000 |
||
|
N |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
|
|
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). |
The value of correlation coefficient 0 to 1 indicates a positive correlation and the value of correlation coefficient from (-1) to 0 refers a negative correlation. On the other hand, the value of correlation coefficient between (±1) to (±0.7) means strong correlation between two scale variables. The value of correlation coefficient between (±0.7) to (±0.4) refers the moderate correlation between two scale variables. The value of correlation coefficient in the interval form (±0.4) to (±0.1) interprets a weak correlation. Finally, the correlation coefficient in the interval (±0.1) to 0 refers that the two variables are uncorrelated to each other (Hall, 2015).
The correlation coefficient helps to find the direct one-to-one link between two variables. The table also displays the significance of the correlation coefficients. The significances of the correlation coefficients are tested with respect to 5% level of significance. The researcher can find whether the association is positive or negative. Also, it could be interpreted whether the link is one of the three cases that are weak, medium and strong.
The calculated table showed that all the correlation coefficients lie in the interval of 0.4 to 0.7. Therefore, all the correlations are positive and moderately strong in nature. Hence, one variable has moderate and positive effect on other variables.
For example, the variables “There exists high degree of scepticism about the implementation of the GB technologies” and “There exists a lack of sufficient and productive databases regarding the adoption and implementation of GB technologies” have correlation coefficient 0.614. It refers that these with the increment of one variable, the other variable also gets increased with moderate strength.
Factor analysis is a technique that is used to decrease a large number of variables into lesser number of factors. This method extracts maximum common variance (MCV) from all the variables and combine them into a common score. Actually, factor analysis is a part of Generalised Linear Model (GLM). This method ignores multicollinearity and accepts correlation between variables. Factor analysis is accomplished by principle component analysis and used for hypothesis testing.
To accomplish the factor analysis, the following assumptions are considered that are-
|
KMO and Bartlett’s Test |
||
|
Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. |
.890 |
|
|
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity |
Approx. Chi-Square |
212.847 |
|
df |
21 |
|
|
Sig. |
.000 |
Table 9: Testing the sphericity of the variables
Sphericity is a crucial assumption of factor and repeated-measure ANOVA analysis. It indicates the condition where the variances of the differences between all possible pairs within-subject conditions are equal. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) and Bartlett’s test calculated the sphericity of the data set.
The calculated value of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy is 0.89 that is near to 1. It reflects a good measurement of the sampling variables.
Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity examines the null hypothesis that the correlation matrix is an identity matrix (Garson, 2012). The significant p-value of the null hypothesis is 0.0. It is less than 0.05. Hence, with 95% probability, it could be said that the null hypothesis of sphericity of the variables are accepted.
|
Total Variance Explained |
||||||
|
Component |
Initial Eigenvalues |
Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings |
||||
|
Total |
% of Variance |
Cumulative % |
Total |
% of Variance |
Cumulative % |
|
|
1 |
4.387 |
62.666 |
62.666 |
4.387 |
62.666 |
62.666 |
|
2 |
.612 |
8.745 |
71.411 |
|||
|
3 |
.543 |
7.750 |
79.161 |
|||
|
4 |
.500 |
7.139 |
86.300 |
|||
|
5 |
.404 |
5.765 |
92.065 |
|||
|
6 |
.321 |
4.590 |
96.656 |
|||
|
7 |
.234 |
3.344 |
100.000 |
|||
|
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. |
Table 10: Principal Component Analysis in Extraction Method
The initial number of factors was 7 which was equal as the number of variables used in the factor analysis. Only one factor could be retained in this factor analysis. Note that, eigen values are nothing but the variances of the factors executed with the help of principle component analysis. The “Total” column contains the eigen values of the variables. The first factor always obtains most variance and the preceding factor accounts as much of the left-over variance as it can be. Therefore, all the successive factor would account for lesser variance. Here, the first factor obtains 62.66% variance of the cumulative variances of the all factors. The columns of extracted sum of square loadings is lower than initial eigen-values due to the fact that common variance is always smaller than the total variance (Comrey & Lee, 2013).
Figure 8: The Scree Plot of Factor Analysis
The scree plot measures the eigenvalue with respect to the component of factor number. Eigen values are capable of generating the loadings of the factors in principal component method. The importance of any variable in the data set is measured as per the eigen value. It displays that after first component, the following factors provide a flat trend. The successive factors are accounted for smaller and smaller amounts of the total variance. The factor that has significant size of eigen value takes part in the variability of the data set most significantly. The factors having small size of eigen values could be neglected to be considered as important factors of the data.
|
Component Matrixa |
|
|
Component |
|
|
1 |
|
|
There exists high degree of scepticism about the implementation of the GB technologies |
.850 |
|
There exists a lack of sufficient and productive databases regarding the adoption and implementation of GB technologies |
.827 |
|
There exists a lack of financial schemes and supports (like that of bank loans) in the aspect of implementation of Green Building technologies |
.816 |
|
High conflicts of interests among the different stakeholders in the industry stalls the growth of the Green Building Technology in the contemporary construction scenarios |
.777 |
|
There exists higher economic costs and market prices in the aspects of adoption of Green Building Technology as compared to the conventional technologies used in the construction industry |
.758 |
|
There exists lack of inadequate incentives on part of the government to promote and encourage the implementation of Green Building technologies in the construction industries |
.758 |
|
Unwillingness to change or replace the conventional methods by new green building techniques have been one of the primary reason behind its slow adaptation |
.749 |
|
Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. |
|
|
a. 1 components extracted. |
Table 11: Factor or Component Matrix
The table includes the unrotated factor loadings that are the correlations between the variable and the factor. The components or the factors are found to be highly correlated with each other.
|
Reliability Statistics |
|
|
Cronbach’s Alpha |
N of Items |
|
.899 |
7 |
The value of Cronbach’s Alpha is found to be 0.899. Therefore, the data set having 7 variables are found to be highly reliable and valid (Larsson, 2015). These establish the fact that the data set is authentic, practical and realistic.
Table 12: The value of reliability statistic
|
Item-Total Statistics |
||||
|
Scale Mean if Item Deleted |
Scale Variance if Item Deleted |
Corrected Item-Total Correlation |
Cronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted |
|
|
There exists higher economic costs and market prices in the aspects of adoption of Green Building Technology as compared to the conventional technologies used in the construction industry |
20.3167 |
23.779 |
.664 |
.889 |
|
There exists a lack of financial schemes and supports (like that of bank loans) in the aspect of implementation of Green Building technologies |
20.4000 |
22.753 |
.734 |
.881 |
|
Unwillingness to change or replace the conventional methods by new green building techniques have been one of the primary reason behind its slow adaptation |
20.0667 |
23.792 |
.657 |
.890 |
|
There exists high degree of scepticism about the implementation of the GB technologies |
20.2000 |
23.214 |
.782 |
.876 |
|
High conflicts of interests among the different stakeholders in the industry stalls the growth of the Green Building Technology in the contemporary construction scenarios |
20.5167 |
22.525 |
.686 |
.887 |
|
There exists a lack of sufficient and productive databases regarding the adoption and implementation of GB technologies |
20.4000 |
22.719 |
.753 |
.879 |
|
There exists lack of inadequate incentives on part of the government to promote and encourage the implementation of Green Building technologies in the construction industries |
20.5000 |
23.746 |
.667 |
.888 |
Table 13: Validity levels of each variables of the data set
All the variables have the value of Cronbach’s Alpha in the range 0.8 to 0.9. Hence, no variables could be deleted from the dataset.
Thematic analysis is a broadly used qualitative data analysis method or the cluster of methods that focus on detecting patterned meaning across a data set. There are many ways of thematic analysis could be found for data analysis. These are inductive approach, deductive approach, sematic way, constructionist approach, realistic or essentialist approach and latent way. In this thesis, the researcher takes into account constructionist approach. It focuses on looking at how certain reality is generated by the data.
Financial facts:
All the people agreed to the fact that there is not enough funding for the green buildings. The probable reasons as per responders are lack of support, lack of interest and lack of government funds. While finding the causes regarding financial behaviour, it was mostly found that lack of required capital is the reason behind it. Besides the issues of debt crisis, low returns, implementation techniques, political issues and lack of foreign information has come under the light of consideration. Only one responder incurred the financial barrier.
Governmental facts:
Only but the last respondent answered that enough incentives are available from the government. Two of them mentioned about scope and huge tax rate of government. The response about Green Building policies of the government are mixed. Five of them informed that government has already taken proper policies in case of funding, trading and taxation that would improving the current status. One responder told that although government has taken policies but the policies are not clear. Rest of the four responders said that government did not take appropriate measures and policies. Therefore, the policies required to be improved especially in control of pollution.
Technical facts:
Except Ninth responder, all the responders conveyed that people has lack of knowledge in the technical field to have green building policies. They expressed their views on lack of knowledge of the builders, lack of resources in the market and the indifference to adopt modern technology.
The whole scenario according to the qualitative analysis of the interviews refer that the scarcity of green building policies, funding, support of government and technical knowledge to have green buildings are available. However, it is a fact of hope that people are not completely against the green buildings perhaps because of its sustainability and nature friendly outlook. High economic costs and lack of willingness to change are found to be present along with the lack of the presence of database about the same. Significant lack has been found to be present in the technical and financial aspects and there are hopes for improvement in the hands of the government of the countries in the aspect of development and greater implementation of Green Technologies.
Conclusion:
Green constructions are designed to impact the hygiene and natural behaviour. Green constructions are designed efficiently with energy-efficient heating, cooling, lighting and water systems. These buildings include high-performance insulation, adequate appliances and sustainable construction materials. The technology itself is allowing the new trend for controlling the pollution in the environment. Concrete buildings consume more electricity than green buildings. This indicates that the investment in green buildings might be a strategy implemented by Australian government and private organisations to adapt the rising prices or regulation in future. Increase in standards and encourage in private development are essential for
This thesis represents an overview of economics and policies through the evidences retrieved from quantitative and qualitative survey concerning green building policies. Green building policies entirely influence the durability of buildings, designs and construction to operation and destruction. In the report, the policy instruments and market failures are also discussed. With the brief review of global green building programs, it could be interpreted that by describing challenges for the implementation of green building policies and priorities for future research.
The trend of green building sustainability offered fertile ground for both research and new policies globally. Green building economics and policies have generated numerous policies that has emerged to promote eco-friendly and sustainable buildings for overcoming market failures associated to the buildings. These policies mostly depend on mandates. Governmental taxes and subsidies have the capability to be cost-effective and comprehend the command-and-control approaches in the typical construction market to build construction and operation. Proper designing of tax and subsidiary system characteristics build context-specific costs and benefits related with building construction and operation. The policymakers of government or non-governmental organisations must be aware to follow the consequences of encouraging environment friendly buildings rather than retrofitting the existing buildings.
The data analysis part highlights the conception of ground situation surveyed from a target population. The findings discovered that higher economic cost and market price is one of the greatest obstacle to adopt green building technology as compared to conventional construction technology. The other significant cause is the lack of financial schemes and supports from bank or other governmental institutions. The unwillingness and indifference of people to replace the conventional buildings with other green buildings, high degree of scepticism about the implementation of the GB technologies, high conflicts of interest among the various stakeholders of the Green Building Technology in the contemporary construction scenarios and the lack of sufficient and productive databases regarding the adoption and implementation of GB technologies are the other discovered reasons. It was also found that there exists the lack of inadequate incentives on the governmental promotional part to implement green building technologies in the construction industries. It intends an approach towards incomplete community sustainability for green building conception.
Some obstacles that found in evaluation of green building policies and programs are discovered in literature review and data analysis segment. The drastic amount of heterogeneity of individual green-certified buildings has made it critical to evaluate the non-market and market facilities of green constructions. This makes it problematic to compare “greenness” across buildings. Many formal measures and policies make it mandatory only for the buildings to build the certification standards. It could be inferred that as per the discussion of the challenges of implementing policies and seeking to understand the issues regarding green buildings, some priorities for future research and policies are to be undertaken.
Firstly, the flexibility inherent in green building programs and recommendations results in a scarcity of consensus on the follow ups to be measured. Many factors directly or indirectly put the impact on policy recommendation based up on resource efficiency, productivity of the employees & workers, development density and stable financial performance on construction. The impact of green building policies approaches to the sustainable eco-level and corporate social responsibility. The policies of green construction might be affected by the scarcity of systematic evidence in case of green building enhancement cost. As a result of benefits of the improvements and varieties of adopted green building practices, the overall green building practices are penetrated.
The environment protection agencies and governmental associates should have a clean planning to provide an opportunity for cleaning the negative externalities. The green building policies focuses to information asymmetry and split incentives. Other kinds of policy and technological changes may facilitate or inhibit green buildings. The investment of Australian government and other foreign governments may enhance or inhibit the mind sets towards green building. The investments in dynamic water supply system, smart-grid technology and real-time electricity permit the policymakers to reconstruct the potential towards building operation. Green buildings may be clustered alongside the overall clustering of new constructions indicating high-performance constructions or sustainable preferences. Environmental policies and policy preferences are linked with the help of urban growth patterns for green consumers, investors, stakeholders or donors
More of it, policy reformers may change price levels as well as volatility. This certifies the construction of green buildings for evolving over time. Green builders facilitate the demand-side management for encouraging the more sustainable and responsive buildings. In this context, the government should grant “Green Action Plan” and implement the green building ordinances in green-city building movement. Government should approach to build the green constructions with the help of local green building organisations for growing the green building practice of the country. It would reduce the energy usage and create suitability of climate protection policies. Through energy rating and disclosure as well as building codes in smart financing, the advanced greening in the Australian cities could be accomplished.
An eco-friendly and energy-saving program should be built for the environmental conservation. Therefore, consciousness among people and builders is necessary. The early actions of Australian government can involve non-financial incentives to improve green building. As a result, all citizens of Australia would have an access to healthier and more efficient places to live and work.
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