Cohort studies , Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and systematic reviews were used in this study for identifying risk factors associated with the CVAD and the prevention strategy of bloodstream infection and prevention and managing strategy of occlusion and improve patient outcome (Lopez-Briz et al. 2014 and by Ullman et al. 2015) . Different key words such as “risk factors CVAD infection” “ prevention of blood infection “ and “managing strategy of occlusion” were in electronic data based such as CINHAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE. For this paper, filters were used in electronic data bases for obtaining high piece of evidence and developed a care plan for Joseph accordingly who was admitted to the hospital for CVAD blood stream infection.
Central Venous Access Device (CVAD) is a useful device which installed in a patient for supplying adequate amount of the intravenous fluid in intensive care unit under observation (Blot et al. 2014). The device also installed for administrating hyperosmolar medicines such as Noradrenalin (Marschall et al. 2014). Accumulated evidence highlighted that Central Venous Access Device (CVAD) acts as a potential risk factor for central line-associated bloodstream infection is one of the severe infection (Souweine et al. 2015). The case study represents severe physical issue of Joseph who was admitted to the hospital while he was unconscious. As observed in the case study, due to unconsciousness, nurses inserted a three-lumen central venous catheter into the right subclavian vein with the assistance of surgical techniques and immediately, Inotropes was administered to the patient. After certain time, his CVC become occluded. The aim of the study is to develop a care plan for the patient. This paper will illustrate the risk factors associated with CVAD and preventive method of the CLABSI and occlusion in following paragraphs.
In the clinical practice, this device acts as a life-saving procedure for curing patient who was admitted to the intensive care unit. However, it was usually observed that CVAD often causes a bloodstream infection due to aseptic handling of the device. A study by Broadhurst, Moureau and Ullman (2017) argued that sometimes, nurses do not follow accurate protocol in intensive care and CVAD give rise to potential nosocomial infection. The infection can cause either insertion state or during usage stage. A study by Habara et al. (2016), suggested that there are specific microorganisms that are potential risk factors of bloodstream infection such as Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus sp, Candida sp., Klebsiella pneumonia. These microbes, especially S. aureus colonize in the tip of the catheter and during insertion, it invades cutaneous layer extraluminally (Nicolotti et al. 2016). A study by Lee et al. (2016), suggested that these microbes are present in nasal mucosa and subcutaneous layer and transmitted to the bloodstream during the catheter insertion. In this context, Josephs developed central line blood stream infection due to the aseptic insertion of CVAD that become occluded. Hence, for preventing the infection and management of it, accurate evidence-based interventions are crucial.
For caring patient and preventing infections related to CVAD individual interventions are crucial (Kamulegeya et al. 2015). For obtaining an evidence-based intervention, an article was chosen for the systematic review in order to identify the potential gap of CVAD complications and identify best practice to prevent the infection. In the article, Ullman et al. (2015), where researchers have undertaken 24 prospective and 50 retrospective cohort studies of North America. The review article is identified as the potential source of an evidence-based intervention for curing CVAD complication of Joseph. Previously, health professions perform hand hygiene and proper sin antiseptic for preventing the infection. However, these interventions were not effective enough to reduce the prevalence of CLABSI. Ullman et al. (2015), highlighted that the needleless access device is proved to be effective for reduction of bloodstream infection caused by catheter insertion. The researchers also suggested that in many cases flushing procedures, as well as CVAD securement, were able to reduce the infection during catheter insertion. In addition, pressure measuring technique can be useful for detecting puncture in arteries. In the context of the case study, for preventing bloodstream infection of Joseph, needleless device and a combination of other techniques will be effective with the assistance of health professionals. In order to obtain an authentic result, registered nurse should monitor any changes in the integrity of the skin or presence of any exudates in the skin. The local skin injury is the common phenomenon that observed after infections. If any skin irritation observed as observed in this case study, tea tree oil can be used to reduce the redness.
The strength of the study is that the study provided a concise idea of the prevention of the infection caused by CVAD insertion in patients of intensive care unit. However, the study failed to provide the dwelling time of catheter insertion in an ICU patient. Moreover, since researchers undertaken the vast majority of the study for identifying best practice, the result obtained might not free from bias.
Conclusion:
In the clinical setting, where patient was suffering from the bloodstream infection due to the insertion of CVAD, Thrombotic occlusion is a common phenomenon (Hanif et al. 2018). Khosroshahi et al. (2015), showed that the blockage of the catheter due to the catheter infection is a common phenomenon where it cannot be flushed further. Therefore, aseptic flushing techniques should be implemented in the nursing practice for minimizing the risk of occlusion (Souweine et al. 2015). A study by Campochiaro et al. (2015), suggested that generally three strategies such as the dismissal of thrombi, removal of catheter and administration of thrombolytic agents are used for minimizing the risk of occlusion from catheter insertion. A study by Pancholy et al. (2016), suggested that catheter tips, age, and previous infection are identified as the potential risk factors for developing the occlusion. Bradford et al. (2014) also argued that deep insertion of catheter tip also causes blockage of blood in a patient of intensive care. Therefore, appropriate nursing care should be given for resolving the issue. Litwinowicz et al. ( 2018), showed that the occlusion can be thrombotic occlusion and obstructive occlusion. Therefore, in order to identify best practice, it is critical to analyze an article which had undertaken both of the occlusion in studies. In the current context, Joseph developed a blood stream infection due to the catheter insertion which became occluded. Therefore, for prevention and management of occlusion, nurses required to identify whether the occlusion is thrombotic or obstructive.
In order to identify the best practice of the occlusion prevention, an article was chosen, written by Lopez-Briz et al. (2014) where authors conducted a randomized control trial for analyses of the specific interventions for blocked central venous catheter lumen. The researchers included the articles from 2013 from the electronic databases such MEDLINE, CINHAL. In the study, researchers concluded that, before inserting the catheter tip for the administration of Intravenous fluid, the catheter should be assessed properly by health professionals such as nurses. The study argued that previously in the nursing practice, loosely fitted clothes, compressive shocks were used for managing the occlusion and saline water was used for the prevention purpose of the infection. Few studies also underpin the use of particular blood thinner in initiating the process of fibrinolysis for prevention of occlusion. In the current context, authors concluded that best preventive measure for occlusion is the use of heparin bound catheter or administration of antithrombotic agents which will act as a blood thinner for removing blood blockage. Authors also highlighted the effectiveness of the chemical interventions such as 70% of ethanol and 0.2% of sodium bicarbonate in cleaning the blockage so that it cannot be blocked further. The study also mentioned the effectiveness of urokinase. Therefore, for preventing the occlusion of Joseph an effective care plan should include urokinase and 0.2% of sodium bicarbonate in the practice. In the current context, the study showed that heparin flushing is effective nursing intervention because it acts as a potential blood thinner for removing blockage of blood. For designing an effective care plan for management of occlusion, it should be incorporated in the care plan. However, it was also observed that in many cases, other organs of the patient might be affected due to the use of blood thinner. Therefore, safer alternatives can be applied to the patient who may experience side effects. In the current context, for the Joseph, nurses should consult with the physician before administrating the heparin flushing for removal of blockage and blood thinner can be given accordingly to the patient. Moreover, the leafy vegetable can be incorporated in the diet for faster healing of Joseph (Mermel 2017). Furthermore, in order to evaluate whether the interventions are effective or not, nurses should monitor the health condition of Joseph for better outcome.
The strength of the study is that study undertaken a randomized control trial for analysis of the specific intervention of prevention or management of the occlusion. However, the study failed to conduct an interview for obtaining the point of view the patient for best practice.
Conclusion:
Thus, it can be concluded that the use of CVAD insertion for the patient of an intensive care unit. With the assistance of articles, it was observed that needleless device is a best practice that should be incorporated in the care plan for prevention of blood infection. Similarly, in order to prevent occlusion, heparin binding catheter should be incorporated in the care plan of Joseph for faster healing. For the management of occlusion, anticoagulants should be used for the Joseph and nurses should monitor the physical condition of Joseph to identify any skin rashes are observed or not.
References:
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