The spectrum of environmental health hazards has stimulated a holistic change in the human healthcare setting over the years. The environmental health determines the situation of the environment that affects the human health. Presently, air pollution has become one of the most concerning factors for environmental health. The rapid growth of air pollution cam is identified as a key reason for lowering the health care situation of the New South Wales region. The burning of fossil fuel and industrial wastages are causing around the death of several citizens over the years. The reasons for the air pollution in the New South Wales region of Australia are a change of climate, industrial emissions, domestic emissions and emission of greenhouse gas. The extensive air pollution has been the key reason for several premature deaths and disease that increases the healthcare cost of the Australian government from $11 billion to $ 24 billion. As per the report of the World Health Organization (WHO) the growth of poor environmental health has reduced the rate of life expectancy over the years. The advancement of technological factors is now concerning developing environmental health. Thus, this study will analyze the healthcare determinants of the environmental health issues under the DPSEEA framework. The study will also unfold the socio-political and environmental factors that influence the change of environmental factors. The sustainable developmental factors in the environmental concern will also be analyzed in the study to determine the health care factors of the environment. The effectiveness of the healthcare agencies and regulations will be under concern of this study. The gaps in the effectiveness in the healthcare regulations will be analyzed in a precise manner. The concluding part of the study will discuss the whole analysis in a single nutshell along with its future prospects.
DPSEEA framework on environmental health
Apart from the factors that promote the poor environmental health, several issues can be identified for the poor environmental health for the people of New South Wales. The DPSEEA framework can be developed to analyze the factors motivates the downflow of the poor environmental health (Lee, 2017). The factors that determine the environmental health are driving force, Pressure, Exposure, Effect and Action. This framework is a strategic representation to identify the key driving forces that that affect the state environmental and human health (Lee, 2017).
Driving force:
The driving forces to promote the environmental health of New South Wales are the growth of the population, economic development and technology. A wide variety of health effects can be the after effect of the poor environmental health (Gentry-Shields & Bartram, 2014). The increased rate of air pollution enhances the capability of toxic air that results in a decline in the healthcare condition for the grown-up population (Gentry-Shields & Bartram, 2014). As per a recent report approx 1 million people in New South Wales use to suffer from the chronic respiratory problem and reportedly 2500 patients are hospitalized for respiratory issue in New South WalesPRESS.
Pressure:
Pressure signifies the pressure from the external sources that promote poor environmental health. Here, the pressure suggests the carbon dioxide emission, carbon monoxide emission and nitrogen and methane emission (Aksas, Boughrara & Louhab, 2017). The emission creates hazards in the air quality and reduces the efficiency of air. The reduction of air efficiency affects human health and promotes the severity of cardiovascular disease, asthma and chronic breathing problems (Aksas, Boughrara & Louhab, 2017).
States:
States represents the situation of environmental health. This shows the estimation for the air quality index (Aitsi-Selmi & Murray, 2015). In New South Wales region the level of the coarse particle is 10, the level of the fine particle is 2.5 and the level of the ultrafine particle is 1. This signifies a poor trend of environmental health quality in the state. The number of particle in the air enhances with the increase of the average population (Aitsi-Selmi & Murray, 2015). The average population in Australia has an average growth of 1.3% per year which is predicted to be 39.7 million by 2055. The data shows a trend of increase in the level of the toxic particle in air.
Exposure:
Exposure defines the exposed number of potential hazards that interacts the human being through breathing, drinking or eating. The potential hazards define the amount of suffering in the state (Wells, 2017). As per the recent report, the amount of potential sufferer due to air pollution has been increasing for the last five years (Wells, 2017). The trend in growth has also exposed the government to invest another $5.8 billion more in the next financial year.
Effect
Effects define the harmfulness of the state of environmental health. The increased amount of air pollution has motivated the growth of the toxic factors in air quality. This results in an increase in asthma, chronic lungs problems, lung cancer and cardiovascular diseases (Tan & Thampapillai, 2013).
Action
Various actions can be taken based on the healthcare determinants of environmental health. This includes a change of policy, change of environmental healthcare standardization, measuring the technical controls and expanding the health education (Wessels, 2017).
The increase of urbanization has promoted the change in the air in New South Wales. The increase of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in the air increase the level of pollution (lorga, Balaceanu Raicu & Stefan, 2015). Several issues have become concerning factors for the change of environmental health. Transportation, industrial emissions, domestic emissions and deforestation are the key factors that influence the increase in poor environmental health (lorga, Balaceanu Raicu & Stefan, 2015).
Transportation
The increase in vehicles to develop transportation is one of the key factors that influence air pollution and poor environmental health. The emission of carbon monoxide from the various vehicles increases the pollution level (Roberts, 2013). A significant growth in the air pollution level due to heavy car engines has been found in 2006 which was 15 euro as compared to 13 euro. The increases in the rate of emission from the vehicles promote diseases like asthma problem, breathing problem and cardiovascular disease (Roberts, 2013).
Industrial emission and domestic emission:
The industrial emission and domestic emission are one of the key concerns for the poor environmental health. This emissions increase the toxic level in the air that creates breathing problem for the people living in the locality (Mokhtar, Atan, Rahman & Khalid, 2015). The emission has changed the condition of climate by creating holes in the ozone layer. The consumption of fossil fuel is considered to be an important reason to increase the toxic level in the air (Mokhtar, Atan, Rahman & Khalid, 2015). The industrial emission increases the level of hydrocarbons in the air that is considered to be a significant cause for asthma. 2.3% of the premature deaths in New South Wales in Australia happened due to the domestic and industrial emissions.
Deforestation
The rapid growth of urbanization in New South Wales promotes random deforestation. The random decrease of forests and trees create several complexities in the air. The amount of oxygen is lowering while the rate of carbon dioxide is increasing in the air (Mills Busa, 2013). Thus the deforestation is increasing the poor air quality that increases the symptoms for ischemic heart disease, lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The deaths calculated due to deforestation and poor air quality in New South Wales is 27,519.
Sustainable development
Intersectoral planning must be developed to promote sustainable environmental healthcare development. A collaboration and partnership of local and government stakeholders must develop an environmental friendly framework that can reduce the toxic particle from the air quality (Wessels, 2017). Apart from that, the Unitized Nations conference on environment and Development conference has developed several frameworks and local plans for the sustainable development of the air quality (Mills Busa, 2013). Collaboration, alliances and linkages among the government and other non-government stakeholders can plan to develop the institutional framework for environmental health, environment-specific healthcare tools and environment-related healthcare development to reduce the environmental hazards. Moreover, The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Protection Act (1999) can be implemented strongly to reduce environmental issues.
Barrier in recommendation
Communication gap is considered to be the biggest gap to implement the policies and regulations. The government and local stakeholders are unable to share space due to lack of proper communication (Hunt & Fund, 2016). Moreover, the lack of sufficient resources can also be identified as a key issue to implement the strategies and policies for the environment-friendly framework (Locke, 2018).
Conclusion
The study has discussed the importance, decline, recommendation and barrier to recommendation the environmental health. The environmental health is impactful on the human health. The decline in environmental health affects human health. The poor air quality has been poorly impactful on cardiovascular problems, critical lung diseases and asthmatic problems. The DPSEEA framework has been developed to locate and analyze the issues of environmental health properly. The initiative between the governmental and the locality in association to World Health Organization and Environment protection act of Australia are considered to be recommended platforms, However, communication gap and lack of resources are considered to be the barriers for developing the recommendations. The effective implementation of the government and local policy frameworks and raising enviornment5al concern to the people can provide an effective outcome.
References
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