Tourists expect all urban services and facilities when they visit a city and the tourists also find critical asymmetry in the relationship between the city and tourism. Urban tourism is significant for the developing countries as higher the numbers of tourists visit, the higher the economic growth will ensue in this particular place. The city needs to have diversity for the contribution of the substantial economic growth. The economic improvement and socio-cultural condition of the place are very much dependent on the urban tourism.
The tourism bodies of such cities always have tourism plan to attract the tourists (Fang et al. 2016). Han and Hyun (2017) stated that tourists visit the cities for various purposes as they can visit for historical buildings, landscape, art galleries and architectural building. Shopping tourism centres the relationship between the available products and services and customers (Eid 2015). The products and services available in the area can be business, leisure and recreational products.
Hong Kong tourism provides an important part of the economy of the country. In the year 2017, total tourism expenditure in Hong Kong reached HK$9,333 per capita (Partnernet.hktb.com 2018). In addition, the Hong Kong Tourism Board takes an account of the total arrival of the tourists and in the year 2017, total 45 million tourists visited Hong Kong. Hong Kong is based on urban tourism and maximum travellers of Hong Kong are from mainland China. Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB) is a statutory body aims to promote and marketing Hong Kong as the desired travel destination. Every year HKTB takes the structured planning process to design the initiative and strategies for understanding the macro-environment of Hong Kong.
1.2 Problem statement
Hong Kong has always been a favourable destination for international tourists and tourists visit in Hong Kong for it is well known for the shoppers’ paradise and food paradise. Hong Kong is based on urban tourism and the Hong Kong Tourism Board (HKTB) wants to provide an enclave tourism experience to the travellers. First, Hong Kong tourism faces the issue of pollution, mainly air and water pollution. The travellers may face the desire of shopping when they walk around the shops near Mongkok or Causeway Bay (Vu et al. 2017). Excessive pollution in the air leads to breathing trouble for the aged and children and the travellers do not like to swim in the sea and swimming pool due to waste and polluted water.
In addition, urban tourism is the reason for travellers in Hong Kong and the people of Hong Kong create the issue of discourtesy. Hong Kong based resort owners and the shop owners are rude and their behaviour may not be liked by the travellers (Tolkach 2018). In addition, the travellers face the issue of running out of the tourist’s attractions as there are limited numbers of the peak, ocean, Repulse Beach and Hong Kong Space Museum. Therefore, Hong Kong is becoming boring and old and it fails to attract the tourists. From Australia, New Zealand and South Pacific regions, people stop visiting Hong Kong as it shows the rapid decrease of 6.7% of tourists’ footfall (Partnernet.hktb.com 2018). Room occupancy rate has been decreased by -3% and cruise-in and cruise-out passengers have been decreased by -21% (Discoverhongkong.com 2018).
1.3 Research Aim
The aim of the research is to explore the impact of urban tourism on social-cultural perspective and economic benefits in Hong Kong. The study aims to find out the shopping experience of the tourists in Hong Kong.
1.4 Research objectives
2.1 Concept of urban tourism
According to Pandza-Bajs (2015), a tourist destination is a place for the travellers to stay and visit and the place must be dependent on the revenues acquiring from the tourism. Urban tourism typically describes various tourist activities where the city is the only destination and the place of tourists’ interest. Urban tourism concept is old and it is a very complex concept. This form of tourism mainly started in the year 1950s and urban tourism is connected with technology and growth of the urban infrastructure like road, railway and transportation. As stated by Colantonio (2017), with the advancement of time, travelling becomes faster and easier as well as cheaper and awareness of the tourists are the possibilities for the urban tourism. A city can offer multiple numbers of tourism destinations to the people and these places become the objects of demand to the people in the tourist market.
Some of the particular places of tourist locations in a city can be a zoo, museum, religious centres, and places of cultural heritage, any place of historical significance and place of entertainment. The cities in developing countries are developing the building following the specific architecture and transport (Miller 2015). In the Middle East Country, the cities have become the interest to visit for the tourists as the places have built technological improved architecture, skyscraper and the beautiful resorts or hotels. As pointed out by Fuller and Michel (2014), urban tourism is associated with tourist activities like sightseeing, leisure, shopping, religion, training and transport and business venues. On the other side, as commented by Wise (2016), the growth of the tourism is associated with the concept of number and diversity of attraction, level of transport, proximity to the attractions, quality and size of the accommodation along with effective promotions and marketing of the places.
Dynamic development of the urban tourism can provide source of growing economies to the developing countries and source of employment to the people and it can improve social and cultural growth. Urban tourism also brings negative impact on the country as it is associated with the pollution, decreased the availability of the spaces and noise (Papadimitriou et al. 2015). Urban tourism has become an issue for the local inhabitants in parks, recreational areas and cultural impact.
2.2 Theoretical perspectives and approaches to the analysis and evaluation of urban tourism system
The concept of tourism consumption is the pictorial description of the effect that the consumption of the goods and the services by the residential and the non-residential visitors, has on the economy of that particular region. The concept largely relates to the spending that is generated by the tourism demand (Wang et al. 2017). The small-scale services and activities which are associated with the tourism sectors are significantly influenced by the tourism consumption as the products and services of the small-scale industry are observed to be consumed in a significant manner. Thus the volume of the tourism consumption is equal to the volume of tourism production.
The difference between the group of tourists depending on the psychological characteristics is termed as tourist typologies (Gossling 2015). The tourist typologies are considered to have to distinct parts which are Dependable and Ventures but the spectrum of psychographic personality is believed to have more than these two stages and the other stages of the spectrum will be dependable psycho centric, near dependable psycho centric, mid-centric, near ventures and ventures (Cornelissen 2017).
The tourist bubble is a widely acknowledged term for the tourist planners where it specifies a geographic area in which the tourists generally prefer to operate. The tourist bubble generally reduces the scope of experiencing the other parts of the destination and in that case, it is significantly useful to avoid relying on the guidebook and start learning the local language for the purpose of greeting at least, in order to eliminate the tourist bubble (Adiyia et al. 2015). The people of the modern generation are significantly choosing shopping as one of their preferred motive behind their tourism activity. The people choose the shopping tourism and in doing so, they are able to get familiar with the local product and the local culture.
The small and local shopping experiences are significantly influential for the travellers. The shopping tourism is an incredibly relevant factor for the tourists in order to choose and prepare for their trips. The shopping tourism is one of the three parts of the niche market segment along with the cultural and creative tourism and being a major part of the niche market segment, the shopping tourism relates to significant amount economic importance (Munar and Jacobsen 2014). The urban tourism system is observed to be highly low on the economy and the facilities but the urban tourism system enables a traveller to experience the root of a certain culture (Espiner and Becken 2014).
The facilities in terms of comfort may be less but the amount of cultural exposure that the urban system generally produces is significantly influential for a traveller. The urban tourism system is able to create the working opportunities for the locals and that will be instrumental for the social and economic development of that particular region. The urban tourism system, apart from creating the opportunity for the individual development, also is highly influential for the economic growth of that particular region as the tourism consumption in those parts will increase the generated revenue.
2.3 Urban tourism and management of tourism cities
As stated by Wang et al. (2017), binomial between city and tourism is an old concept for the mass tourism and the rise of the urban tourism was seen in New York City, Paris and London in an older time. The concept of the urban tourism occurred in Western World mainly and the spread of the urban tourism has been massive in the Asian countries also. Urban tourism is remarkable and it showcases the heterogeneous mixture of the cities to the travellers (Cornelissen 2017). Urban tourism is very important to the researchers for the cultural studies, social studies and the anthropology.
The inputs of urban tourism are the supply of products in the tourism, whereas, the outputs of the tourism are related to the tourist experience in the urban tourism. As opined by Fuller and Michel (2014), external factors of the cities are also responsible for the tourism system and these factors can be the business environment, political factors, economic issues and consumer preferences. (Wise 2016) supported this by highlighting that steady commercialization is very important for the urban cities. People visit in the cities based on the touristic locations and this segregation can be done based on the heritage cities, retail district, Chinatown, waterfront and sin city.
In many of the developing countries, the government focuses to make the cities popular with the sign of Smart Cities. Smart City concept is popular in urban tourism. In a Smart City, the travellers can find the resorts, technology, smart hotels and travellers find these cities liveable. Tourism is always cross-cultural in nature and the smart cities help the government to promote and manage the tourism concept in sustaining and creating the smart tourism (Fang et al. 2016). Travellers mainly visit the people based on the geophysical landscape or the cultural-historical benefits or for the recreational purposes. Management of urban tourism is controlled through providing to the tourism products to the tourists; attractions, access, activity, services, qualified personnel and promotions.
2.4 Advantages and challenges of urban tourism
Urban tourism attracts many tourists and tourism can shape the social and economic forces of the place. Urban environment in the cities brings money to the product or service providers in the cities. In both developed and developing countries, urban tourism generates income from the travellers. According to Choi (2017), urban tourism provides employment to the people, mainly the local people who work in the transport, hotels, pubs and shops. Moreover, urban tourism raises the profile of the place and the tourists post their experiences and photos on the social networking sites.
Tourism in urban areas can give the locality a chance to show and raise the profile in front of the world. In addition, urban tourism also provides the incentive to the infrastructure on that particular area; the cities can improve the rail network, transportation, education and the local medical system. Most importantly, urban tourism helps to improve the economic condition of the area as it regenerates and preserves the employment and money through tourism.
As pointed out by Choi et al. (2016), from a social perspective, the travellers can harm the wildlife of the place or environment can be wrongly harmed through enclave tourism. Urban tourism cannot be beneficial for the regeneration and preservation of the social and natural elements. As published by Correia et al. (2017), 5% of the global GDP has been provided by the urban tourism in developing countries.
On the contrary, urban tourism causes the environmental damage to nature and wildlife. In addition, huge numbers of the travellers in a city can be harmful to the monuments, buildings and temples of the city. The commercialisation of culture undermines the tourist destination as local tradition can face harm where the travellers from other countries visit the places (Vu et al., 2015). Sometimes, tourists have a lack of respect for the local culture and tradition and this can wrongly impact on the cities (Choi et al. 2017).
3.1 Type of investigation
The researcher has followed layers approach to collect the data for the research. At first, the researcher has followed Positivism philosophy as this philosophy helps the researcher to collect the data in a scientific way. Positivism philosophy also helps to use statistical calculation and statistical data in the research process (Hughes and Sharrock 2016). The researcher has considered the factual data on Hong Kong tourists in this research following the scientific approach of collecting data.
The researcher has followed the deductive approach in order to collect the data. The deductive approach helps to explain the relationship between the two variables in the research and it measures the concept in a quantitative way (Palsson et al. 2018). In addition, a deductive approach is helpful to get the research done from general to a specific way.
Moreover, the researcher has followed the descriptive research design as this design provides assistance to review the population of the sample. In addition, a descriptive research design helps to focus on the problem statement and collect the data accordingly.
3.2 Data collection procedure
In order to collect the data, the researcher has used both primary and secondary data. Primary data has been collected through conducting the survey. The researcher has conducted two surveys to collect the data. In addition, for the first survey, the researcher has prepared 15 close-ended questions and for the second survey, the researcher prepared 17 close-ended questions. The questions were based on the urban tourism and shopping experiences of the travellers in Hong Kong. The researcher has followed the Likert scale and options method to form the questions. The researcher has used the process of street survey to send the survey questions to the respondents.
In order to collect the data from secondary sources, the researcher has collected the data from the books, journals, online articles, government reports and websites.
3.3 Sampling
The researcher has conducted a survey for two times. First, the sample population were the Hong Kong residents. The sample size was 90. The researcher has conducted this survey following simple random sampling.
In the second survey, the researcher has selected tourists who came to visit Hong Kong for travel purpose. Therefore, the sample population were tourists. The sample size for the survey was 90. The researcher has followed simple random sampling for this research. Sample frame used for both the surveys was street sampling.
3.4 Data analysis
The researcher has followed quantitative data analysis for this research. Quantitative data are the numerical data which are collected from the survey (Clemence et al. 2014). The researcher has used SPSS software and done ANOVA testing in order to correlate the relationship between the two variables. The survey data has been presented in the Excel software package. SPSS software helps in establishing the relationship between the variables and it is useful in order to represent the analysis to gather the findings. Spending of the tourists has been categorised as the meals of the hotels, tours, entertainment and others so that the researcher can find out the factors of spending.
Chapter 4: Results and Discussions
4.1 Data analysis
The researcher has followed quantitative data analysis for this research. Quantitative data are the numerical data which are collected from the survey (Clemence et al. 2014). The researcher has used Microsoft EXCEL and done ANOVA testing in order to explore the relationship between the variables. The survey data has been presented in the EXCEL software package. EXCEL helps in establishing the relationship between the variables and it is useful in order to represent the analysis to gather the findings. Spending of the tourists has been categorised as the meals of the hotels, tours, entertainment and others so that the researcher can find out the factors of spending.
The second survey exploring the spending habits of tourists in Hong Kong presents a number of insights regarding the degree of spending by tourists. 51.09% are females and 48.91% are males participating in the study. The following graph shows the distribution of age.
Gender
|
48.91% |
Female |
|
51.09% |
Male |
|
Occupation |
||||
|
5.43% |
2.17% |
|||
|
3.26% |
||||
|
House wife |
||||
|
16.30% |
Others |
|||
|
Retired |
||||
|
Student |
||||
|
72.83% |
Working |
Furthermore, the survey consisted for tourists, out of whom 42.86 % were from India, 15.38 % were originally from Australia, 8.79 % were from the United States, 5.49 % were from the United Kingdom, 5.49 % were from China, 5.49 % were from Japan and the rest were from countries such as Brazil, Canada, South Africa, UAE, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Norway, Singapore and Malaysia. This could be considered a limitation since the data betrays homogeneity in the national backgrounds, which makes the responses more biased in the perspective of those who are from India.
|
Nationality |
||||||||
|
45.00% |
42.86% |
|||||||
|
40.00% |
||||||||
|
35.00% |
||||||||
|
30.00% |
||||||||
|
25.00% |
||||||||
|
20.00% |
15.38% |
|||||||
|
15.00% |
||||||||
|
10.00% |
8.79% |
|||||||
|
5.49% |
5.49% |
5.49% |
||||||
|
5.00% |
2.20% |
2.20% |
3.30% |
3.30% |
||||
|
1.10% |
1.10% |
1.10% |
1.10% |
1.10% |
||||
|
0.00% |
50 % of the tourists reported to be in the age group 26 years to 35 years, 25 % were in the group 16 years to 25 years, 17.39 % were in the group 36 years to 45 years, 4.35 % were in the group 46 years to 55 years and 3.26 % were between 56 years to 65 years.
|
20.00% |
17.39% |
|
57.61 % of the tourists reported that they are married, 42.39 % of the tourists reported otherwise. This implies that Hong Kong attracts both married and unmarried people.
Now, 33.7 % of the tourists in the survey said that they are visiting as a part of a tour group, 25 % reported that they were visiting for business (MICE), 19.57 % reported that they were visiting with friends and family, 1.09 % said that they were meeting their partner, so that makes the %age of people visiting loved ones as 20.66 %, 17.39 % were there for individual leisure travel, 2.17 % were there for their honeymoon and 1.09 % were on music tours.
The following figure shows the frequency distribution of the total expenditure of the tourists in the city. The mean expenditure was found to be 9901.04 HK, the median was however found to be $4500 HK, the modal class was found to be $20 HK to $1019 HK. The maximum was found to be $100000 HK and minimum $20 HK. The distribution was found to be highly skewed. The descriptive measures are given in table 1.
Distribution of total expenditure
|
Mean |
9901.043478 |
|
Standard Error |
2046.543089 |
|
Median |
4500 |
|
Mode |
5000 |
|
Standard Deviation |
19629.75172 |
|
Sample Variance |
385327152.7 |
|
Kurtosis |
13.37111472 |
|
Skewness |
3.600146754 |
|
Range |
99980 |
|
Minimum |
20 |
|
Maximum |
100000 |
|
Sum |
910896 |
|
Count |
92 |
Table 1: Total Expenditure Summary Measures
The average %age of expenditure by the tourists on shopping out of the total expenditure was found to be 26.18 %, 24.34 % was found to be the average %age of expenditure that a tourist
may spend on hotel bills, it is seen to be 21.37 % for meals outside the hotel, it is seen to be 21.72 % for entertainment, it is seen to be 20.71 % for tours and 15.63 % for others.
|
Spending |
||||
|
30.00 |
26.18 |
|||
|
25.00 |
24.34 |
|||
|
21.37 |
21.72 |
20.71 |
||
|
20.00 |
15.63 |
|||
|
15.00 |
||||
|
10.00 |
||||
|
5.00 |
||||
|
0.00 |
The mean number of days that a tourist spends in Hong Kong was found to be 10.15 days, the modal class was found to be 7 days to 11 days and the median was found to be 7 days. The standard deviation was found to be 9.084. The data was seen to be positively skewed with skewness being 3.31. The minimum was 2 days and the maximum was 60 days. The following graph shows the distribution of days of stay by a tourist.
Number of days of stay
|
50.00% |
|||||||
|
45.00% |
|||||||
|
40.00% |
|||||||
|
35.00% |
|||||||
|
30.00% |
|||||||
|
25.00% |
|||||||
|
20.00% |
|||||||
|
15.00% |
|||||||
|
10.00% |
|||||||
|
5.00% |
|||||||
|
0.00% |
|||||||
|
2-6 |
7-11 |
12-16 |
17-21 |
27-31 |
32-36 |
47-51 |
57-61 |
How many days you stay in this trip?
|
Mean |
10.15217391 |
|
Standard Error |
0.947112541 |
|
Median |
7 |
|
Mode |
7 |
|
Standard Deviation |
9.084384359 |
|
Sample Variance |
82.52603918 |
|
Kurtosis |
13.37328017 |
|
Skewness |
3.313681498 |
|
Range |
58 |
|
Minimum |
2 |
|
Maximum |
60 |
|
Sum |
934 |
|
Count |
92 |
Table 2: Summary measures of days of stay in Hong Kong
The most popular attractions was found to be Disney land, followed by ocean park with 19.57 % votes and the third position was held by Lantau island with 18.48 %. The following figure gives the rankings of the attractions.
|
Tourist Attraction |
||||||||||||||||
|
Others |
35.87% |
|||||||||||||||
|
Central |
13.04% |
|||||||||||||||
|
Victoria harbour |
11.96% |
|||||||||||||||
|
Victoria peak |
16.30% |
|||||||||||||||
|
tian tian buddha |
14.13% |
|||||||||||||||
|
Lantau island |
18.48% |
|||||||||||||||
|
Tsim sha tsui |
15.22% |
|||||||||||||||
|
Ocean park |
19.57% |
|||||||||||||||
|
Disney land |
25.00% |
|||||||||||||||
|
0.00% |
5.00% |
10.00% |
15.00% |
20.00% |
25.00% |
30.00% |
35.00% |
40.00% |
||||||||
Then the difference between the expenditure on shopping for each group of tourists grouped by the reason for their visit was investigated. The mean expenditure on shopping for those in Hong Kong for business was found to be $4096.539. It was $2453.968 HK for those in Hong Kong for group tours. It was found to be $3419.621 for those in Hong Kong for leisure and it was 1557.661 for those in the city to meet with family and friends. However given the variation in the expenditure within each group, the difference was not found to be significant between the groups (level of significance = 0.05)
SUMMARY
|
Groups |
Count |
Sum |
Average |
Variance |
|
business |
23 |
94220.4 |
4096.539 |
274629809.7 |
|
group |
31 |
76073 |
2453.968 |
30475326.98 |
|
individual |
19 |
64972.79 |
3419.621 |
28351599.88 |
|
friends/family |
18 |
28037.9 |
1557.661 |
8795250.808 |
Table 3: Summary Table for ANOVA
ANOVA
|
Source of Variation |
SS |
df |
MS |
F |
P-value |
F crit |
|
Between Groups |
76656452 |
3 |
25552151 |
0.291891769 |
0.831149 |
2.709402 |
|
Within Groups |
7.62E+09 |
87 |
87539812 |
|||
|
Total |
7.69E+09 |
90 |
Table 4: ANOVA Table
Following this finding it was seen that designer’s apparels rank first with 32.61 % votes as the tourist’s purchase of choice from Hong Kong, followed by electronics with 23.91 % votes. Cosmetic and perfume got 20.65 % and so did designer accessories. The following figure shows the ranking of all the product categories that the tourists buy.
|
Products bought |
||||||||||||||
|
others |
6.52% |
|||||||||||||
|
Tailor made clothes |
15.22% |
|||||||||||||
|
Electronics |
23.91% |
|||||||||||||
|
Cosmetics and perfume |
20.65% |
|||||||||||||
|
Antiques |
17.39% |
|||||||||||||
|
Art |
13.04% |
|||||||||||||
|
Jewelery |
15.22% |
|||||||||||||
|
Designer accessories |
20.65% |
|||||||||||||
|
Designer apparels |
32.61% |
|||||||||||||
|
0.00% |
5.00% |
10.00% |
15.00% |
20.00% |
25.00% |
30.00% |
35.00% |
|||||||
Then focusing on the survey on only the residents of Hong Kong, the perception about the tourists are summarised in the figures as follows How’s the tourists affect the prices of goods and services in Hong Kong?
|
40.00% |
36.73% |
|||
|
35.00% |
||||
|
30.00% |
||||
|
22.45% |
22.45% |
|||
|
25.00% |
||||
|
20.00% |
||||
|
16.33% |
||||
|
15.00% |
||||
|
10.00% |
||||
|
5.00% |
2.04% |
|||
|
0.00% |
||||
|
Highly deflating Highly inflating |
No impact |
Slightly deflating Slightly inflating |
||
It is seen that for the most part, the residents feel that the prices have inflated due to the tourist activity in the city with 53.06 per cent saying that it has inflated.How’s the tourists affect your experiences in
|
50.00% |
|||||
|
40.00% |
|||||
|
30.00% |
|||||
|
18.37% |
|||||
|
20.00% |
|||||
|
14.29% |
13.27% |
||||
|
10.00% |
5.10% |
||||
|
0.00% |
|||||
|
Highly negative Highly positive |
Negative |
No impact |
Positive |
||
The residents seem to be mostly positive about the impact of tourists on their personal experience of the attractions that are present. Hence it seems that the presence of tourists actually enhance the urban tourism experience for the locals with 48.98% saying that its positive and 18.73% saying that its highly positive.
The residents also said that they felt that the service of the retailers and the attraction guides have also been influenced to be fair on account of the tourists with above 50% saying that the behaviour of the staff was fair towards tourists.
|
45.00% |
41.84% |
|||||
|
40.00% |
||||||
|
35.00% |
||||||
|
30.00% |
||||||
|
22.45% |
||||||
|
25.00% |
17.35% |
|||||
|
20.00% |
16.33% |
|||||
|
15.00% |
||||||
|
10.00% |
||||||
|
2.04% |
||||||
|
5.00% |
||||||
|
0.00% |
||||||
|
Fair |
No comment |
Unfair |
Very fair |
Very unfair |
||
|
50.00% |
||||||
|
40.00% |
||||||
|
30.00% |
||||||
|
23.47% |
||||||
|
20.00% |
17.35% |
|||||
|
8.16% |
||||||
|
10.00% |
||||||
|
2.04% |
||||||
|
0.00% |
||||||
|
Fair |
No comment |
Unfair |
Very fair |
Very unfair |
||
Furthermore, the locals reported that the tourists positively impacted to the economy of Hong Kong and that shopping tourism therefore formed a major source of economy for the city.Do you think that “tourists’ shopping” has contributions to Hong Kong?
|
51.02% |
|||||
|
50.00% |
|||||
|
40.00% |
|||||
|
30.00% |
25.51% |
||||
|
20.00% |
|||||
|
9.18% |
12.24% |
||||
|
10.00% |
|||||
|
2.04% |
|||||
|
0.00% |
|||||
|
Agree |
Disagree |
No comment Strongly agree |
Strongly |
||
|
disagree |
The locals seem to be mostly accepting of the foreign tourists with 52.04 % saying that they found the tourists acceptable and 15.31% responded extremely positive towards he tourists. Thus about 67.35% were found to be accepting. 14.29% however responded negatively.
What is your acceptance of tourists’ general behaviour in Hong Kong?
|
52.04% |
||||||
|
50.00% |
||||||
|
40.00% |
||||||
|
30.00% |
||||||
|
18.37% |
||||||
|
20.00% |
15.31% |
|||||
|
13.27% |
||||||
|
10.00% |
||||||
|
1.02% |
||||||
|
0.00% |
||||||
|
Acceptable |
No comment |
Strongly |
Unacceptable Very acceptable |
|||
|
unacceptable |
The locals however reported that tourists had a positive impact in improving the infrastructure and transportation network with more than 50% saying that it is at least helpful. The following figures show the ratings of the residents in the survey on these points,
Do you think that tourism help to develop Hong Kong facilities & infrastructures
|
20.00% |
18.37% |
17.35% |
|||
|
11.22% |
|||||
|
10.00% |
|||||
|
3.06% |
|||||
|
0.00% |
|||||
|
Helpful |
No comment |
Unhelpful |
Very helpful Very Uunhelpful |
||
|
50.00% |
|||||
|
40.00% |
|||||
|
30.00% |
|||||
|
24.49% |
|||||
|
20.00% |
18.37% |
||||
|
7.14% |
|||||
|
10.00% |
|||||
|
1.02% |
|||||
|
0.00% |
|||||
|
Helpful |
No comment |
Unhelpful |
Very helpful Very Unhelpful |
||
Again, the local culture, lifestyle and environment of the city was also deemed to be positively impacted by majority of the tourists, with at least 44.90% plus 18.37%, which is 63.27% at least agreeing with the positive impact on culture. 66.33 % said that presence of the tourists had at least a positive impact on their lifestyle and 61.23%said that they are at the least positive about tourist’s impact on their living environment.
Do you think that tourism help to preserve Hong
|
50.00% |
||||||
|
44.90% |
||||||
|
45.00% |
||||||
|
40.00% |
||||||
|
35.00% |
||||||
|
30.00% |
||||||
|
25.00% |
||||||
|
17.35% |
16.33% |
18.37% |
||||
|
20.00% |
||||||
|
15.00% |
||||||
|
10.00% |
||||||
|
3.06% |
||||||
|
5.00% |
||||||
|
0.00% |
||||||
|
Agree |
Disagree |
No comment Strongly agree |
Strongly |
|||
|
disagree |
|
45.00% |
42.86% |
||||
|
40.00% |
|||||
|
35.00% |
|||||
|
30.00% |
|||||
|
25.00% |
|||||
|
20.41% |
18.37% |
||||
|
20.00% |
|||||
|
14.29% |
|||||
|
15.00% |
|||||
|
10.00% |
|||||
|
4.08% |
|||||
|
5.00% |
|||||
|
0.00% |
|||||
|
negative |
no impact |
positive |
very negative Very positive |
||
Conclusions
The emergence of the Chinese economy and rise of the living standard has established new opportunities for Hong Kong tourism. Visitor arrival statistics and the findings from the survey made clear that maximum arrival of tourists is from China and from Taiwan. The tourism system of Hong Kong is surrounded by the city of Hong Kong and its shopping tourism. Maximum tourists do shopping from the nearby malls and markets. The tourists love dim sum and the Chinese tea as part of their food habit. The nightlife of the city is enthralling and the tourists also like the street food.
Maximum survey respondents provided their opinion towards the Ocean Park and Disneyland Park. Hong Kong tourism is urban-focused and the tourists get ancillary facilities in the small core area in Hong Kong. Hong Kong government started the national programmes like ‘Toshi Kanko’ (Urban Tourism) and Kanko Rikkoku (Tourism based nation). Hong Kong is a competitive city and the tourists can find the best of everything. The tourists can treat the palate to the most tantalising flavours from fine dining to the street food. The tourists can also enjoy the most stunning scenery and travellers can also enjoy the vast experience of greenery to the glamorous skyline.
It is completely same with the concept of tourism shopping where the tourists can also enjoy the variety, contrast, excitement and trendiness. Through survey, it has been noted that tourists mostly gave in positive feedback visit to Hong Kong; however, Hong Kong residents are facing negative effect from tourists. The terms Tourist multiplier effect for economic and “Gentrification” for social are good idea to show. Urban tourism helps to stabilise the local economy along with diversify it. Urban tourism in Hong Kong provides government with extra tax and it helps to create local jobs. Urban tourism earns valuable foreign exchange and tourist multiplier brings new money in the economy.
In Hong Kong, employment in tourism is mainly seasonal and many of the jobs are poorly paid. On the other side, the objectives of the research are achieved as urban tourism also influences on socio-cultural factors of Hong Kong as it can bring outside dollars to support community and it provides cultural exchange between guests and hosts countries as well. Urban tourism in Hong Kong encourages the people to learn new skills and languages. Most importantly, urban tourism has some negative influences also when urban tourism changes the individual behaviour and family relationship. It focuses on loss of traditional values as it may create the congestion and crowd in the area.
Socio-cultural costs are associated with the demographics, real-estate market and land use. In addition, culture and character is associated with standards for public behaviour, noise, nuisance and architecture. Environmental benefits are associated with the preservation of natural and cultural resources and it encourages community beautification. On the other side, residents of Hong Kong are threatened for use of natural resources, waste and sewage. Therefore, Hong Kong mainly faces the issues of environment and shopping experiences of the people.
Chapter 6: Recommendations
Urban infrastructure development is the core element of the urban tourism and Hong Kong needs to develop in the following sections.
Scenic improvement and environmental tour
Hong Kong is city-based tourism and there is no such natural beauty exists in the city. Hong Kong Tourism Board should put special effort into creating a beautiful landscape which must attract the tourists. The tourists will find lush of green and pure environment amidst the concrete. The tourism board in Hong Kong needs to follow the Urban Scenery Ordinance and the tourism board can rediscover the historical resources, colour coordination in the city and lightning up the city during the night. In Hong Kong, Urban Design and Beautification Office was established in the year 1991 and there are only 8 staffs in this office. Therefore, the government needs to recruit more employees to improve the scenic beauty in the city of Hong Kong along with the new building design of the city.
Improvement of social assets
In Hong Kong, the river-side walk is famous and Murasaki River went into the cleaning process. Tourism system in Hong Kong does not focus on the social assets and the common people living in the city. Only focusing on the tourists cannot improve the condition of the overall urban landscape. Therefore, the Hong Kong Tourism Board needs to improve the physical health for well being of the people. The emphasis on the physical health can improve the positive health status of the residents of Hong Kong. In addition, the people living in Hong Kong needs to opt for the intellectual development which might help the people to communicate with tourists. Social development can be done through connectedness, sense of social place, ability to navigate the multiple cultural contexts and commitment to civic engagement.
Improved destination management
Great destinations always provide various reasons to work, live and visit. Therefore, destination management always brings incremental growth in visitor economies as well as maximise advantages in the long-term. In Hong Kong, different destinations have their own set of challenges and opportunities. Therefore, it is difficult to create a universal plan. HKTB needs to develop the experience of the tourists through circuit development and signage. In addition, HKTB can improve the tourism branding and tourism marketing as it will attract tourists to all the tourist destinations. HKTB can ensure brand integrity as it provides the standards, certification and training to the employees work in the board. Some of the tourist destinations will be Victoria Peak, Tsim Sha Tsui, Lantau Island and Disneyland.
Improved shopping experience for the tourists
Hong Kong is famous for shopping tourism as the tourists can get various types of products at lower price. Both shopping malls and shopping markets are famous in Hong Kong. Shopping experience of the tourists can be improved through providing appropriate staffs to tourists in need. The shoppers must encourage customer loyalty with rewards programme and the shoppers need to offer knowledge to the tourists. Saying thank you and acknowledging gratitude may help the shopping
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