Number 1
LEI(Australia before increase) = = 0.97077
LEI(Australia after increase) = =1.0246
LEI(United States before increase) = = 0.91538
LEI(United States after increase) = = 0.96154
LEI(China before increase) = = 0.86769
LEI(China after increase) = = 0.9215
If the life expectancy for United States, China, and Australia is increased by approximately 3.5 years, LEI will increase by approximately 0.05 years. LEI and LE have a linear relationship and therefore they are directly related to one another. The LEI is a linear function since it is of the form: Y= – where a and b are constants.
Number 2
EI(Australia before increase) = = 1.066
EI(Australia after increase) = =1.18278
EI(China before increase)= = 0.64333
EI(China after increase) = = 0.76
EI(India before increase) = = 0.555
EI(India after increase) = = 0.6716
If the MYS for Australia, China, and India is increased by approximately 3.5 years, EI will increase by approximately 0.12 years. EI, MYS, and EYS have a linear relationship and therefore they are directly related to one another. The LEI is a linear function since it is of the form: Y+ where a and b are constants.
Number 3
II(China after increment) = = = 0.77972
Thus HDI (China after GNI increment) = =0.75783
II(Australia after r increment) = = = 0.9245
Thus HDI (Australia after GNI increment) = =0.98536
II(India after increment) = = = 0.9795
But
LEI (India) = = 0.75077
Thus HDI (India after GNI increment) = =0.74177
The HDI values for Australia, china, and India before GNI increment were 0.939,0.752, and 0.640. However after GNI increment of 1950, the HDI values for Australia, china, and India increased to 0.98536, 0.75783, and 0.74177. Therefore, increase in then marginal income increases the HDI value of a country.
Number 4
EI(Japan) = = 0.84889
II(Japan) = = = 0.90117
HDI (Japan) = =
0.909 =
LEI(Japan) = 0.9818
Number 5
HDI (Japan) =
LEI(China) = = 0.86769
EI(China)= = 0.64333
0.752=
II = = 0.76182
But
II(China) =
= 0.76182
= 15,498
Number 6
HDI is the average value of a country’s health, education, and GDP status. HDI does not account for the unequal distribution of resources in a country. HDI measure does not take into consideration human development and does differentiate between income than can buy and that cannot buy (Alkire, S. & Foster, J. 2010, 5). In conclusion, HDI aggregates a country income but it does not factor in the distribution of resources.
Number 7
HDI is a better measure of sustainable development than GDP. GDP gives an overall economic development of a country but HDI shows wellbeing of an individual in a country (Lashmar, H.2018, 1). The fact that HDI factors life expectancy, income, and education index in a county makes it a better measure of sustainable development than GDP.
Number 8
Following Amartya Sen criticism towards the HDI index, IHDI (Inequality-adjusted Human development index) was developed to cater to the inequality of distribution. In cases where equality exists, IHDI is equal to HDI. however, if HDI and IHDI values are not equal and differ by more than 12%, then adjustment for inequalities are made. Calculating income as a logarithmic function illustrates a diminishing marginal utility and assists in conveying income as a metric of human development.
Section B: Food Production
Number 1
The last two digit of my student number is 99. Therefore my designated country is Papua New Guinea and the estimated population in the year 2017 (q) is 8,251.
Number 2
= when t=0
Annual increase ratio = r
Population in year t , P =
Where: = when t=0
= = 8251
Population in year t , P = 8251
Number 3
Initial food supply = b tones per year
Annual increase rate = m tones
= = = =16502
Food supply in year t= 16502 + m*t
Where :
t is number of years
Number 4
Population growth rate, r =1.07
|
Time , t |
Population value in time t |
|
0 |
0.8251 = 8251 |
|
10 |
0.8251 = 16230.97 |
|
20 |
= 31928.77 |
|
30 |
0.8251 = 62808.71 |
|
40 |
= 123554.25 |
|
50 |
0.8251 = 243049.91 |
Number 5
To express food shortage, the following equation must hold ;
Substituting the value of q=8251
8251- 0.8251t =16502
t=2.14 years
2017+2.14 = 2019
Number 6
Population food demand in year t >10*( food demand at t=0)
+ t >10*
Number 7
>10*
8251 = 165020
t=151.27954
Number 8
Practically, food supplies will always run out if the population geometrically increaser>1 while the food supply increases linearly. In the short-run, a linear increase in food supplies may exceed the geometric increase in population but in the long run, the geometric increase in population will exceed the food supplies. Levels of consumption are dependent on lifestyle, social organization, and income of a person. The population rate is decreasing in most first world countries. However, the population growth rate in undeveloped counties is alarming. World population is increasing annually at a steady rate. Advancement in the application of technology in agricultural farming and production of genetically modified foods has increased food supplies by far, however, food supplies in near future will not sustain the increasing world population if people continue in settling on productive lands (Byrnes & Bumb, 2018,22; Pereira, C. 2018,188; HC, 2018,3; & Fao.org, 2018,1).
Section C: Demographic Transition Model
Number 1
(B(t))= = -0.4682
(D(t)) = = -0.13472
Number 2
The CBR and CDR rates in part (1) above are not correctly the same as in 1994. The numbers at 1994 could be different from the estimated CBR and CDR rates from 1985 to 2010.
Number 3
N(t) = + B(t) – D(t)
First derivative with respect to time, t
(N(t)) = ( + B(t) – D(t))
N’(t) = B’(t) – D’(t)
The derivative “N’(t) = B’(t) – D’(t)” show the population growth rate at any time (t).
Number 4
Crude birth rate and death rate for India
(B(t))= = -0.4682
(D(t)) = = -0.13472
Crude birth rate for South Korea
N’(t) = B’(t) – D’(t)”
(B(t))= = -0.272
(D(t)) = = -0.036
(N(t)) = (B(t))-(D(t))
(N(t)) for India = -0.4682-(-0.13472) = -0.33348
(N(t)) for south Korea = -0.272-(-0.036) = -0.236
The (N(t)) values for both counties (south Korea and India) are less than zero thus a notable population decrease from 1985 to 2010. Indian population has decreased at a rate of 0.33348. Similarly, South Korea has experienced a notable population decrease by a rate of 0.236. The rate of population decrease is higher in India than in South Korea. Such decrease in population could be as a result of improved health care and family planning. Improved health care decreases the mortality rate and consequently the birth rate also declines.
Number 5
The (N(t)) is expected to be large during stage 2 of demographic transition. At stage 2 of demographics transition, crude death rates for infants decreases drastically as a result of improved healthcare and availability of medical services to the population. In contrast, the birth rates go up as infant deaths decrease. In stage the of demographic transition, both death rates and birth rates are low and relatively equal thus low population growth. In stage 1 of demographic transition, birth rates and deaths rates are very high due to inadequate medical services and low education standards.
References
Alkire, S. &Foster, J.,2010. Designing the Inequality-Adjusted Human Development Index. SSRN Electronic Journal.
Byrnes, B. & Bumb, B., 2018. Population Growth, Food Production, and Nutrient Requirements. [online] Tandfonline.com. Available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J144v01n02_01 [Accessed 12 Nov. 2018],pp.1-27.
Fao.org 2018. Population growth and the food crisis. [online] Available at: https://www.fao.org/docrep/U3550t/u3550t02.htm [Accessed 12 Nov. 2018].
HC, P., 2018. Food production and population growth. – PubMed – NCBI. [online] Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12319217 [Accessed 12 Nov. 2018].
Lashmar,H., 2018. The Human Development Index – a better indicator of success? – Sustainable Goals. [online] Sustainable Goals. Available at: https://www.sustainablegoals.org.uk/human-development-index-better-indicator-success/ [Accessed 12 Nov. 2018].
Pereira, C., 2018. Food production and population growth. [online] https://www.elsevier.com/en-xm. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8377(93)90013-Z [Accessed 12 Nov. 2018],pp.187-190.
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download