Discuss about the Impact of Greenhouse Gases on Ozone Depletion.
The atmosphere of the earth is comprised of some layers like troposphere, stratosphere and ionosphere. The first layer is troposphere that is stretched up to 10 Kilometers from the surface of the earth. The activities like gas balloons, mountain climbing and small aircrafts take place within this region (Bornman et al., 2015). The second layer is Stratosphere, which is stretched up to 15 to 60 kilometers from the earth. The thickness of ozone layer is usually 3mm to 5mm, which can vary dependent on geography and season. Ozone layer is consisted of several groups of molecules and each molecule is having three oxygen atoms (Meul et al., 2015). These molecules are combined to form gaseous layer in the later called stratosphere.
The ozone layer is also called ozonosphere, which is spread across the lower region of the stratosphere. It is spread across 15-35 kilometer from the surface of the earth. Over the years, various human activities leading increased greenhouse gas emission, which have altered the ozone layer leading to ozone depletion in stratosphere (Bais et al., 2015). In this extent, the volcanic eruptions have interfered with healing in 2015 and during this time, an ozone hole created after the occurrence of calbuco eruption. This research proposal will conduct research on the impact of greenhouse gases on ozone depletion. The research proposal will also frame effective research objectives and questions for gathering most useful information regarding the research topic.
As per the studies of NASA, the Ozone layer has been depleted by 5% from the year 1979. Ozone depletion has become one of most severe global problems. The Chlorofluorocarbons mostly diffuse into the upper atmosphere and it is spread within the stratosphere leading to international affects. Skin cancer is more likely spread across the globe, if the ozone layer gets thinner day by day (Stolarski et al., 2015). The people are increasing being affected by skin cancer and the resistance of immune system is being reduced day by day with high depletion rate of ozone layer. The snow blindness an ageing rate of the people is also increasing at rapid rate. The life of aquatic animals, plants and biogeochemical gases are also being affected with increasing depletion of ozone layer (Erickson et al., 2015). As per the study, increasing emission of chlorine and bromine containing compounds are highly responsible for increasing ozone depletion of at mid-altitude. The excess UV rays with depleting ozone layers are also affecting the development of crab, fish and other amphibians.
Research Aim
The aim of the research proposal is to demonstrate the effect of greenhouse gases on the depletion of ozone layer.
Over the years, several studies have been conducted on the impact of greenhouse gases on ozone layer depletion. Most of the studies have proved that increasing emission of greenhouse gas is the prime reason for increasing depletion of ozone layer. Studies have demonstrated that almost 5.8% ozone depletion has been occurred between the years 1980 to 1990. Increasing emission of CH4 has resulted in ozone depletion of 1.4 to 4.4% per decade on the same period (Polvani et al., 2017). Increasing greenhouse emission has resulted in increased rate of CO2, which resulted in decreasing temperature in stratosphere and increasing depletion of ozone layer. Hence, it is expected that greenhouse gas emission severely can impact on the ozone depletion rate.
Facts of Ozone Depletion
Ozone depletion is the continuing thinning of ozone layer in the upper atmosphere of the globe. It is usually caused with the increasing release of chemical compounds, which contains gaseous chlorine and bromine resulted from different human activities and industrial activities. Polvani et al. (2017) pointed out that Ozone depletion has become one of the most significant environmental problems having increasing amount of ultra violate (UV) radiation reaching at the surface of the earth. Over the past 50 years, the most industrialized nations are generating Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that actually spray heavy aerosols on the atmosphere. It has become the main culprit for the breakdown of ozone layer.
As per U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, one atom of chlorine can break down more than thousand molecules of ozone layer. On the other hand, Robinson and Erickson (2015) opined that the major impact of ozone depletion can be found above the Antarctica in the mid of 1980s. In the southern summer, when there is sunshine of longer period of time, the chlorine reacts with the ultraviolet rays leading to increasing breakdown of ozone layer up to 65%. Recently, 90% of chlorofluorocarbons are mostly emitted by the industrialized countries in Northern Hemisphere (Meul et al., 2016).
Impact of Greenhouse Gases on Ozone Depletion
Greenhouse gases are the gases in atmosphere, which emit and absorb the radiations within thermal infra-red ranges. The primary greenhouse gases in atmosphere are carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrous oxide, ozone, water vapor and methane. The industries manufacturing the things like solvent, insulating foams, soaps, air condition, refrigerators and take away containers are more likely to produce CFCs on the earth (Hossaini et al., 2015). Such substances are heavier than air, but over the time, such substances are carried high to the stratosphere through wind action. Depletion starts, when CFCs get into the stratosphere layer. Moreover, Oman et al. (2016) stated that the UV radiations from the sun shine break up the CFCs, which releases chlorine atoms. Such chlorine atoms make reaction with the ozone that leads to chemical cycle destroying the ozone layer for that area.
Increasing greenhouse gases emit during volcanoes eruption, which contribute at a high rate in depleting the ozone layer. Zickfeld et al. (2017) pointed out that massive clouds of ashes are produced during the eruption of volcanoes spreading in troposphere and gradually such ashes drift upward to the stratosphere layer. The ashes mostly stay at stratosphere for about 2 to 5 years and the chemical reaction of the ashes leads to high level of destruction of ozone layer. Apart from that, the human and industrial activities like emission and pollution send high volume of halogen gases to the stratosphere. However, Gonzalez et al., (2014) opined that the halogens generated from volcanoes are thrice as much affective on ozone depletion as halogen generated from human activities. In this way, the potential ozone depletion is quite higher with the smokes of volcanoes. In this way, greenhouses gases highly contribute in the ozone depletion.
As per the research, high level of UV rays resulted from increasing depletion of ozone layer can cause non-melanoma skin cancer. Increasing UV rays also play major role in the development of malignant melanoma. The physiological and development process of plat growth are mostly affected negative through increasing ozone depletion. Moreover, Rieder et al. (2014) opined that increasing UV level time of plant growth and distribution of plant nutrients. The immune system of human being also highly vulnerable to increasing rate of UV rays. It can result in weakening response to of immune system or even impairment of immune system. On the other hand, Sigmond and Fyfe (2014) opined that exposure to increasing UV rays causes high acceleration of ageing process for the skin of human beings. As a result, the people may look older than they should look at a particular age. Increasing UV rays due to depletion of ozone layer often causes breathing issues, chest pains and throat irritation for the people.
Phytoplankton makes the foundation of aquatic foods, which mostly grows close to the surface of water, where there is enough availability of sunlight. However, Calvo et al. (2015) opined that the alteration of UV level impacts on the growth of Phytoplankton hampering the feeding for the fishes. Furthermore, it also influence on the stage of development for the fishes, crab, shrimp and other animals. According to Zickfeld et al. (2017), the power of increasing UV rays impacts on the natural balance of gases in biosphere. The UVA radiation highly affects naturally occurring biopolymers, Synthetic polymers and some other materials that have high level of commercial interest.
The people can contribute in the reduction of greenhouse gas affect through reducing the emission of automobiles. Moreover, the tendency of people towards less driving can contribute in the reduction of greenhouse gas generation. Furthermore, the people should use energy efficient and hybrid cars that will emit less carbon in the environment reducing the impact of greenhouse gas and ozone depletion. The households should be convinced to buy energy efficient products. Moreover, the people can avail wide range of energy efficient home appliance within their range, which can highly contribute in saving the natural energy source of the environment (Robinson & Erickson, 2015). High usage of by-products having minimal packaging can highly contribute in the reduction of greenhouse gas generation through reducing overall waste in the environment. It can be possible to save up to 2400 pounds of carbon dioxide on annual basis through recycling half of the total household wastes.
Trees absorb maximum of carbon dioxide from the environment and give maximum of oxygen in the environment. Moreover, Polvani et al. (2017) opined that a single tree can save up to one ton of CO2 during its lifespan. In this way, the process of planting tree can highly contribute in reducing greenhouse gas generation and depletion of ozone layer. On other hand, Meul et al. (2016) stated that utility companies play major role in reducing emission of greenhouse gases. Such utility companies can help the people to identify their home areas, which are not energy efficient and then suggest some energy efficient mechanism for saving the environment from greenhouse gas affects.
Research Approach and Source of Data
Research approach is an effective method of assembling data. Most commonly used research approaches are like inductive and deductive approach. Research approach must be chosen dependent on the types of research variables. Inductive approach requires formulation of new and innovative research theories and models. Inductive approach needs lot of time to prepare new theories and models (Lewis, 2015). It generalizes specific information to generalized information. However, deductive approach allows usage of previous theories and models in collecting research information. It saves lot of time and budget of the research due to uses of previous theories and models. It generalizes general information into specific information. This research will use deductive approach for gathering useful research information (Choy, 2014). In this way, deductive approach will save significant amount of time and budget of the research.
It is extremely important understand the topic of the research clearly for getting a better idea of conducting research. Proper understanding of the research helps in assembling huge knowledge about the research variables. Selection of appropriate research purpose leads to great emphasize on the research area. Three types of research purposes are frequently used in conducting research, which are like explanatory, exploratory and descriptive research. Explanatory research assists in recognizing the relationship between different variables of the research (Dumay & Cai, 2015). In this way, such purpose is quite helpful in linking research variables with other. Exploratory research assists in identifying the research background associated with the research topic. Furthermore, it also explores the social causes behind the research and its associated current issues. Descriptive research facilitates in gaining proper explanation of about the research variables. Hence, this purpose is highly essential in recognizing the actual purpose for conducting research. This research will use descriptive purpose for gaining actual purpose of the study. It will help in formulating effective research objectives and research questions for gathering research information.
Effective choice of source is extremely necessary for gathering most useful data regarding the research topic. The most commonly used data sources are primary source and secondary source. Primary source are mostly uses for collection first hand data set regarding the topic of the research (Fletcher, 2017). In case of primary source, the research will collect data from the selected sample respondents of the research. On the other hand, secondary source of data is quite helpful for gathering in-depth secondary information regarding the research topic. Hence, such source has huge contribution in enhancing the quality of the data. Moreover, the most commonly uses secondary sources are like authentic websites, e-books, journals, magazines and others.
Proposed Data Collection
Data collection is one of the most essential activities in the whole research process. There are mostly two types of data collection method like primary and secondary. Successful completion of research requires both primary as well as secondary data for enhancing the overall quality of research outcome. However, this research study will mainly be based on secondary data collection method for gathering secondary information regarding ozone layer depletion. The primary data is associated with all firsthand data and biasfree data, which can have huge contribution in the quality of the research outcome on the whole (Clandinin et al., 2017). In case of primary data, most of the researches collect data through qualitative and quantitative technique of data collection. The quantitative technique is mostly related with collection of objective data that seems to be highly authentic for the research. Quantitative data is collected through the selected research participants of the research study. The most commonly used data collection technique for quantitative data is survey method. In such method, survey questions are distributed among the selected research participants. On the other hand, in qualitative research, information is mostly gathered through conducting interview session with the research participants (Vamsi Krishna Jasti & Kodali, 2014).
Secondary data is mainly associated with in-depth descriptive information regarding the research topic. Therefore, such data is quite useful in preparing the literature review section of the research. This research study will gather secondary information for preparing informative literature review by gathering information from different scholars. In this way, such information will definitely add to the overall quality of the research result. Moreover, the research study will be completely based on secondary data for reaching at accurate research outcome. In such method, the data will be collected from several case studies related to the research topic.
Data Analysis Technique
Data analysis technique must be extremely effectively for reaching at the best and authentic research result. Effective data analysis technique has the ability to covert the general information gathered from the research participants into precise information. In case of this particular research paper, thematic data analysis will be used for assessing the accurate and exact meaning of the collected data. In such technique, the collected data from the secondary sources will be divided into different kinds of themes for its better analysis. Moreover, this data analysis will examine, pinpoint and record the patterns within the collected data. The definition and names associated with each team serve different purpose of meeting the overall research objectives. The interpretation of collected data better explore the associated between different research variables. In this way, thematic data analysis will definitely help this research study towards reaching at accurate research result.
Chapter 1: Introduction: The introduction chapter gives the direction to the overall research study. This chapter will be associated with the briefing of research background. Most importantly, the introduction section will clearly highlight the actual problem associated with the research paper. The overall research study will be conducted based on this highlighted research problem. On the other hand, the section will frame effective research objectives and research questions to accumulate most essential research information.
Chapter 2: Literature Review: This intension of this chapter is to accumulate the existing scholarly information associated with the research topic. Moreover, this section is actually formulated to emphasize on the theoretical underpinning linked with the research topic. Several theories and concepts related to research topic will be the prime content of the research. Apart from that, the focus of the chapter is also to highlight the empirical data associated with the research topic. It will definitely help in fostering high quality research outcome.
Chapter 3: Research Methodology: This chapter will basically be focused on selection of appropriate research methods for accumulating proper research information. Moreover, this section will select right research design, research strategy, data collection method and data analysis method to reach at particular research result. Implementation of right research method will highly contribute in the excellence of the research result.
Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis: In this section, the research paper will actually collect data from the selected data sources in the previous chapter. Moreover, the chapter will collect data from the secondary data sources for gathering detailed and descriptive data related to the research topic.
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendation: In this last chapter, the summary of the overall research will be written. Apart from that, the chapter will also be focused on providing suitable recommendations for solving the research problem.
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Project Activities |
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Establishing Introduction |
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Highlighting Research Problem |
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Formulating Research Objectives |
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Developing Research Structure |
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Literature Review |
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Theoretical Explanation |
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Critical Scholarly Analysis |
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Explanation of Empirical Explanation |
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Research Methodology |
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Research Design |
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Choosing Best Research Tools and Techniques |
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Collection of Data |
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Finding and Analysis |
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Conducting Data Analysis |
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Data Evaluation |
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Conclusion and Recommendation |
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Summary of Research |
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Research Recommendation |
Table 1: Project Activities
(Source: Created by Author)
References
Bais, A. F., McKenzie, R. L., Bernhard, G., Aucamp, P. J., Ilyas, M., Madronich, S., & Tourpali, K. (2015). Ozone depletion and climate change: impacts on UV radiation. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 14(1), 19-52.
Bornman, J. F., Barnes, P. W., Robinson, S. A., Ballare, C. L., Flint, S. D., & Caldwell, M. M. (2015). Solar ultraviolet radiation and ozone depletion-driven climate change: effects on terrestrial ecosystems. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 14(1), 88-107.
Calvo, N., Polvani, L. M., & Solomon, S. (2015). On the surface impact of Arctic stratospheric ozone extremes. Environmental research letters, 10(9), 094003.
Choy, L. T. (2014). The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: Comparison and complimentary between qualitative and quantitative approaches. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(4), 99-104.
Clandinin, D. J., Cave, M. T., & Berendonk, C. (2017). Narrative inquiry: a relational research methodology for medical education. Medical education, 51(1), 89-96.
Dumay, J., & Cai, L. (2015). Using content analysis as a research methodology for investigating intellectual capital disclosure: a critique. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 16(1), 121-155.
Erickson III, D. J., Sulzberger, B., Zepp, R. G., & Austin, A. T. (2015). Effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, solar UV radiation, and climate change on biogeochemical cycling: interactions and feedbacks. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 14(1), 127-148.
Fletcher, A. J. (2017). Applying critical realism in qualitative research: methodology meets method. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 20(2), 181-194.
Gonzalez, P. L., Polvani, L. M., Seager, R., & Correa, G. J. (2014). Stratospheric ozone depletion: a key driver of recent precipitation trends in South Eastern South America. Climate dynamics, 42(7-8), 1775-1792.
Hossaini, R., Chipperfield, M. P., Montzka, S. A., Rap, A., Dhomse, S., & Feng, W. (2015). Efficiency of short-lived halogens at influencing climate through depletion of stratospheric ozone. Nature Geoscience, 8(3), 186.
Keith, D. W., Weisenstein, D. K., Dykema, J. A., & Keutsch, F. N. (2016). Stratospheric solar geoengineering without ozone loss. Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences, 113(52), 14910-14914.
Lewis, S. (2015). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Health promotion practice, 16(4), 473-475.
Meul, S., Dameris, M., Langematz, U., Abalichin, J., Kerschbaumer, A., Kubin, A., & Oberländer?Hayn, S. (2016). Impact of rising greenhouse gas concentrations on future tropical ozone and UV exposure. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(6), 2919-2927.
Meul, S., Oberländer-Hayn, S., Abalichin, J., & Langematz, U. (2015). Nonlinear response of modelled stratospheric ozone to changes in greenhouse gases and ozone depleting substances in the recent past. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 15(12), 6897-6911.
Oman, L. D., Douglass, A. R., Salawitch, R. J., Canty, T. P., Ziemke, J. R., & Manyin, M. (2016). The effect of representing bromine from VSLS on the simulation and evolution of Antarctic ozone. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(18), 9869-9876.
Polvani, L. M., Wang, L., Aquila, V., & Waugh, D. W. (2017). The impact of ozone-depleting substances on tropical upwelling, as revealed by the absence of lower-stratospheric cooling since the late 1990s. Journal of Climate, 30(7), 2523-2534.
Rieder, H. E., Polvani, L. M., & Solomon, S. (2014). Distinguishing the impacts of ozone?depleting substances and well?mixed greenhouse gases on Arctic stratospheric ozone and temperature trends. Geophysical Research Letters, 41(7), 2652-2660.
Robinson, S. A., & Erickson, D. J. (2015). Not just about sunburn–the ozone hole’s profound effect on climate has significant implications for Southern Hemisphere ecosystems. Global change biology, 21(2), 515-527.
Sigmond, M., & Fyfe, J. C. (2014). The Antarctic sea ice response to the ozone hole in climate models. Journal of Climate, 27(3), 1336-1342.
Stolarski, R. S., Douglass, A. R., Oman, L. D., & Waugh, D. W. (2015). Impact of future nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions on the stratospheric ozone layer. Environmental Research Letters, 10(3), 034011.
Vamsi Krishna Jasti, N., & Kodali, R. (2014). A literature review of empirical research methodology in lean manufacturing. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 34(8), 1080-1122.
Zickfeld, K., Solomon, S., & Gilford, D. M. (2017). Centuries of thermal sea-level rise due to anthropogenic emissions of short-lived greenhouse gases. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(4), 657-662.
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