Discuss About The Cryptography And Network Security Principles.
IT has also been of significant advantage to us in many ways. Where many of its services have benefited us in numerous ways, the email has had a significant character, besides other uses, in the commerce and trade sector. Email, for instance, has proved to be the information and communication “Backbone” in most of the organizations. It has been successfully used to facilitate the day to day business activities & processes, shared a working environment, document transfer, corporate communication (both internal and external) and memorandums. According to the statistics, more than 35 percent of critical business information is found in companies is transferred via emails. Such a high figure means a high stance of dependency on the email service(s) and thus the nature of the content that is being transferred through these emails has actually forced many organizations to re-evaluate the significance of managing the email throughout its whole lifecycle.
Traditionally, the common practice was to retain the backup of all emails as per the IT department’s needs and cost factor. Now the environment has changed and therefore we need to manage this service as a strategic resource to take the best out of it. Email is considered now as a formal means of communication for any company, especially in a healthcare organization where patients’ reports are treated with utmost confidentiality, which is no different from the traditional way of distributing the corporate information on the companies’ official letterhead. This means that organizational or corporate emails are also bounded to abide by legal obligations of the state (Abomhara, 2015).
This is a type of privacy that has to do with information concerning an individual. This type of privacy became prominent with the rise of technology that has enabled one to easily share data with others with the click of a button and has also changed the way that people collect, distribute and share information (Cherry & LaRock, 2014). This has brought about the necessity to bring about the terms and conditions that one is allowed to share certain information with others in a bid to ensure that information they give out is not divulged to third parties. For example, an individual’s finances can now be seen through electronic means thus it is essential that inst6itutions that get hold of this information take up precautions to ensure that an individual’s data does not fall into the wrong hands. Subjects such as an individual’s personal finances are not issues that should be advertised to the public and thus such information should be kept private. There are also other types of information such as individual’s medical history that may be kept by hospitals and personal physicians that require being kept between the two parties involved (Kropf, Cohen, & American Bar Association, 2015). It is important to keep such information private as they can be used to hurt the individual it pertains to if it falls into the wrong hands. For example, one’s information on their finances may reveal a way that a person is able to gain access to their funds and thus steal from them. This has occurred in crimes such as credit fraud where an individual has the information pertaining to their credit card stolen giving the perpetrator access to the funds within that card (Eason, 2014).
Understanding the whole process of the collection, classification, organizing and sharing of emails can be a complex as well as cumbersome time consuming and costly activity. An organization such as ours, which is part of the medical and healthcare industry, is faced with several issues regarding the email usage of our employees and stakeholders (Orman, 2015).
Employees’ use of electronic mail during business hours is a common characteristic of this era’s organization. Nurses, attendants, and receptionists tend to either sleep on the job or use email for their entertainment during late hours. The facility that the employers provide to ease the means of communication with doctors and other staff, is usually being used for personal purposes. No doubt the email serves to increase the efficiency of the today’s work environment because it is such a low-cost means of providing a channel, simple and easy to use service. It also helps in the attainment of the paperless environment in many organizations to a very large extent. However, despite the several technological aspects of the email service, it is also creating severe concerns and the problematic issue regarding the privacy of employees (Holtshouse, 2013).
Employees need to be monitored for several reasons. In our medical Centre, for example, the employees are responsible for maintaining personal profiles of patients containing both health-related and sometimes other relevant information as well. This also includes handling of information about certain medication as well. Other types of critical information include the research work on some medicine, the discoveries related to some patient novel medical condition, and other important documents that may be of high value to the Medical Centre. With such critical information and medical knowledge involved, the vulnerability of such knowledge is very high and therefore it should be protected at all costs (Amin, Ryan, & Van Dorp, 2012).
Many employees don’t even know the extent to which they are being monitored by their employer(s). They aren’t even aware of the privacy laws regarding the usage of company provided email accounts. Some may even lack the idea that the emails are being watched by those who are entitled to do so including the top management and some IT officials. Employers often do monitor the employees very closely; they might tap the telephone calls, record the time of lunch as well as bathroom breaks and some may even go to the extent of putting devices to monitor the ‘wiggling’ on the chair. These activities carried out by the employers for sake of monitoring and scrutinizing their employees might seem ridiculous. However, they are to be justified by several reasons as put by the employers (Jouini, Rabai & Aissa, 2014).
The information, for example, of our medical Centre, is an asset to us. We as an organization need to monitor our employees, their means of communications including all of their emails as they constitute a large part of the communication channel. We need to keep a check on what content do they email, to whom they do it and for what purpose they do so. We need to keep this check so that to make sure that whatever they transmit through their emails is aligned with the organization and was done in its benefit of the Medical Centre. We need to make sure that whatever they do is legal and does not in any ways causes any harm to the organization or violates the law of the land. We also need to provide them safety from any sort of email frauds such as unsolicited bulk emails i.e. email spamming and malicious software scripts (Lloyd, 2017). This is done to protect the data of our medical Centre from the insecurity that it might face while being connected online and/or be transferred via the email(s). A manual review of massive email filter for viruses, worms, and internal spam includes;
The monitoring of electronic mail from the employer’s side is an emerging area in legal terms that is under process at this point in time. Privacy rights of non-public sector employees seem to be fairly unprotected by the laws, however as said before, this is an emerging area and more laws and constitutions are expected to be passed in the future. Current interpretations of privacy laws are in support of reasonable employer-monitoring practices, but due to their vagueness, any practices that fall over the reasonable amount are difficult for employees to prove and thus they have to bear the invasion of their privacy. However, employers have a right and to protect their organization, the implement these rights is justified.
Social networking has created more challenge to privacy because anyone who takes part in it has their information available through search engines. “Personal websites, blogs, social networks and Twitter people are sharing too much information about their lives”. It only takes a few mouse clicks and this information can be broadcasted all over the world. No one is safe whether they are a grandmother or grandfather or a small child; if they are on the Internet, someone can find them (Von Solms & Van Niekerk, 2013).
Many people think that if they stay away from the social networking sites they are safe. However, the article states that people are being tracked anyway by advertisers who surf the Internet for people who are looking for their products. A frightening fact of this practice was that they do not only find out the search words that were searched, but they can find out the dates that people searched and the time; they can also find the computer that the information came from to more directly target their consumers (Parks, 2017).
Many advocates of more controls for the Internet suggest that there should be changes in the laws that govern the Internet but reform efforts are very slow. Instead of waiting for reforms, citizens must take charge of their own online privacy. In this reader’s opinion, it is very important for people to take control of their own privacy online. One of the challenges to better controls over the Internet information is that many people like the fact that they can share everything with the world. This creates a hassle for those people who do not want to share everything and for many websites. According to the article, some of the social networking sites are taking extra precautions and giving more control to the consumers to ensure online privacy (Wang & Lu, 2013).
The article gives many ways that people can protect themselves. Some of the things that people should do include educating themselves about what they need to do. They must learn what to do and then follow these suggestions. Consumers can also hide their personal information on social networking sites. In most sites like Facebook, there is the ability to not only keep information private but also to keep whatever is written on the site available to friends only. There are also ways to block information from search engines. The more people understand how to protect themselves, the easier it will be for them to avoid scams.
Protecting private data is also difficult. We have seen in the news where many databases from insurance companies or hospitals have been stolen online. The article makes the point that there are too many discrepancies for this to work. One example they give is the idea of the government getting into your records. If you have a checkbook at home that actually has your information stored in a desk drawer, the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution will protect this from seizure; online this is a different story because the checking account is available easier. As consumers, we can think about this issue and realize that the Internet is too large and too out of control to be regulated. If we look into our history, we will see that there a number of laws outside the Internet that are very difficult to enforce, so it stands to reason that something larger and very popular would be difficult to regulate. Advertisers prey on consumers because there are no restrictions and to restrict anything on the Internet would be an invasion of privacy to many people (Trepte & Reinecke, 2014).
Consumers already worry about identity theft and about people getting into their bank accounts or into their hospital records. The idea that they can have their identity compromised because they use any part of the Internet just makes for a more fearful society. The question becomes then, what can we do? Do we stop using the Internet? Do we become paranoid about its use and the facts that are presented? Or do we just not worry about it?
Identity theft is not a new happening. It has been around for ages now and has transformed from using the names of deceased people for voting or turning to a crime that is against the social welfare (Kiesbye, 2012). The surge of pre-approved credit cards, pre-approved loans, and unsolicited credit card checks along with the ease of accessibility and reach of the Internet has made identity theft a crime that can fool anyone and lead to overwhelming financial costs for the victims.
(Razzaq et al., 2013), observes that a policy vacuum exists regarding the use of computer technology. The increased range of opportunities that computers provide also necessitates the development of more comprehensive policies to guide actions. Advancement in technology has given rise to greater vulnerabilities in the security of systems; this has been the case for websites too. Due to the chances of access by unauthorized agents, websites often develop web privacy policies (Stallings, 2017). Internet policies can be used by a number of bodies ranging from companies and schools to web-based sellers and vendors. Regardless of how dedicated or vaguely controlled the web servers, the level of risk that these bodies are exposed to and their adherence to an Internet privacy policy is not the same. If companies do not observe a concrete security system for the protection of information, then the gap between the intended level of security and identity theft protection system is widened and manifests itself when a security breach occurs (Rotenberg, Scott, & Horwitz, 2015). It needs to be emphasized that the range of attacks and risks to the system from outside sources is very diverse and complicated. Web-based attacks such as identity theft, common gateway interface code etc. lead to drastic consequences internal intrusion, receipt or dissemination of a malicious code, decrease in the security fortressed by network security procedures and misrepresentation and authentication problems. Moreover, if a system is exposed to high levels of internet identity theft, people would not trust the system anymore
There are various measures that are employed to protect the web sources from intrusions and identity theft. According to (Bloom et al., 2014), one of this is the development and effective enforcement of an Internet policy which is meant to cover and develop management, usage, and processes associated with a configuration in the context of identity theft protection. Internet service providers should take into account the privacy legislation policy and should be able to not only understand it but also comply with it. Bloom argues that one of the best practices for online identity theft protection is openness, for which companies need to make identity theft policies and practices mandating the management of personal information in an open yet responsible manner. The website of the company should encompass an accurate and comprehensive identity theft policy. In particular, the privacy policy should coherently divest the responsibilities of the organization as well as the information practices (Vacca, Vacca, & Rogers, 2012).
The government places great emphasis on the protection of financial businesses, workplaces etc. against identity theft. A privacy policy serves three main purposes. It tells the user about the information and security policies of the company. It gives the consumer information about the range of options that he has for the protection of personal information. It also serves to provide a means of gathering and addressing complaints regarding privacy (Papacharissi & Gibson, 2011). The responsibility of the company is to communicate the privacy policy to the consumers in an easy language and effectively relates the information practices. Moreover, the role of the company is to enforce the privacy policy effectively, ground the policy well in the employees and to collaborate with a third-party to guarantee compliance. Before consumers make a transaction at a website or disclose personal information, they should peruse the privacy policy of the company (Moore & Edwards, 2014).
Internet usage policies at the workplace are an effective means of preventing identity theft. They help to regulate and control internet behavior in the workplace. Internet usage policies are important in putting a time limit on browsing the Internet for activities that are not related to work. Allowing unlimited internet access to the employees can cause identity theft when employees use sites that require them to register (Sommestad, Ekstedt & Holm, 2013).
IT privacy restrictions are different from organization to organization and employee to employee. Some companies have flexible policies regarding the use of the Internet by employees whereas others may limit the use of the Internet to lunch breaks only. Some employees who are higher up in the hierarchy are able to extract greater freedom because of their position. The employees are monitored via a web monitoring software; the software is not intended to spy on the employees but to make sure that the employees can be trusted and are not engaged in acts that can expose the organization to identity theft (Kindt, 2013).
A breach of the internet policy can lead to an investigation; employees who are found guilty of breaking the policies are to be dealt with disciplinary action. Employees should be warned about the consequences of a breach of the policy; this might be termination of the job. As a result, the employer has the responsibility of conveying the employees about what activities can cause a breach of the policies, which sites are permitted to be accessed and tell employees about the monitoring (Knijnenburg, 2017). If a breach occurs nevertheless, it may form the basis of the termination of the employee. The employer can impose penalties on the employee or can impose a series of graduated penalties pertaining to the number of instances the breach occurred. However, if the employee feels that he has not been treated fairly, he can appeal to the Industrial Commission for justice. The Fourth Amendment is an integral means of protecting people not the places. It is argued that computers are private sanctuaries for most users, and when filing a complaint against an employee on the grounds of the breach, the employee can invoke the Fourth Amendment and prove that he has a legitimate expectation of privacy in the site accessed (Luiijf, Besseling & De Graaf, 2014).
The application of internet policies is becoming increasingly common in companies and institutions. Many companies and institutions have their own policy on the usage of computers, ensuring that users respect the rules of using the Internet and act responsibly when using computing resources. About.com has an extensive internet privacy policy covering blogging, social media, Internet usage, and emails. Dell and FedEx are examples of corporations who have invested greatly in the development of their online policies. Internet filtering systems are made use of extensively at home networks to prevent identity theft and attacks from malicious sources (Liang, 2013).
Identity theft continues to be a growing concern for Federal authorities in the US as complaints lodged against the fraudulent use of information continue to rise. One way of countering the growing crime is by the development of internet policies for safeguarding and upholding the privacy of information (Merino, 2012). Internet policies are applicable to a range of networks from workplaces and corporations to homes and small businesses. Employees which register themselves at different sites expose the organization to an increased risk of identity theft. It is important in such cases to develop internet policies to monitor the activity of the employees. Compliance with internet policies can significantly avert the risk of exposing personal information to outside resources. Employees who fail to comply can be subject to penalties or termination (Schwalbe, 2015).
In carrying out this research, “Investigations were based on in-depth review of existing literature and other secondary information sources with a view to synthesizing the current state of knowledge on the key aspects being investigated.” IT privacy being a wide area of research, keywords such as online privacy, email privacy, personal privacy and IT privacy were used to search in online databases for any useful information on the topic. The CSU digital library, Google Scholar, and EBSCOhost were among the major research databases that were explored for relevant information on IT privacy.
People who want to stay anonymously can’t live in the actual society. Today, everything in everyday life requires our personal information. Individuals who try to remain anonymous online are exposed to other ways and their information is leaked. Some individuals believe that remaining anonymous by using fake names, VPNs, and encryption, hiding from people from their social circle and their past will help them maintain their privacy, but their information usually leaks through other means (Klitou, 2014). According to the research done by Pew Research Center, people who take reasonable measures to ensure their privacy may leave a loophole which could be exploited to reveal their identity. Due to the emergence of high technology and the internet everywhere, many services are offered online and it is very inevitable to use the internet. For instance, banking services will require personal and financial information of a client. This information is considered private and important to a client and therefore, it should be protected.
Communication these days is mostly done through phones and computers. Remaining anonymous is very difficult especially in social life as one can be tracked by following people they have engaged in conversations with or they have shared information with. As a result, the information leaks to the people who might use the information in other intended ways. Therefore, as much as one would like to hide under other names, their identity finally comes out one way or another (Stryker, 2012).
Anonymity is becoming even harder to maintain as the technology advances rapidly nowadays. New developments occur all the time. For example, in the 1880s, there was no television, people did into have telephones and even taking pictures was difficult as people have to wait until the time of day when the cameras could take the photograph using a specific kind of flash. Many other conditions were needed just for people to take a single photograph. This made taking photographs a very rare exercise which could only be indulged in very special occasions. Major developments since then have been witnessed as there are many devices which one can use to connect with others. Phones are very accessible and are inbuilt with cameras such that people can take pictures even at night at just a press of a button. The phone has been enabled to multifunction as they are not only used to make calls and receive them, they are also used to text, store music, watch movies, access to the internet and store important files such that it is almost carrying the entire life of a person. Other technologies developed to include social media like Facebook and Twitter, emailing services, chat texting, face- time and Skype (El-Bawab, 2014).
Technology has helped people keep in touch with such communication media and connect even when miles apart. But, it has also made the lives of people very open to public scrutiny. All the information which is shared by people by using different devices can be exposed either by hacking or authorized access. There are very remote chances that people living in such technological era can survive without using the technology because of fear of their privacy. Anonymity is therefore not guaranteed as hacking can expose all the information from one’s phone, computer, cameras and other devices (In Poletti & In Rak, 2014).
The collection of information about certain individuals may have selfish aspects. The officials go a mile ahead to collect information related to the likes, personal preferences, Google search and other information which is totally irrelevant in their reasonable instruction and then they sell such information to corporations who then develop customized products for such people. This information is obtained at a profit which implies that they are benefiting from breach of other people’s privacy. Example: a person shopping for high-quality umbrellas receives an unexpected visit from an umbrella company willing to sell the umbrella. Such behavior can be very disappointing (Alalawi, 2015).
Privacy can be described as the ability to keep information about one’s self or something pertaining to them from others. Therefore, they are allowed to reveal information selectively and decide what they want to reveal according to their desires. The issue of privacy has been widely discussed by the public with questions such as what level of privacy exactly should be accommodated and when is it ok for one to breach another individual’s privacy. Privacy is also related to a number of other subjects such as anonymity which is an individual’s wish to remain obscured or relatively unnoticed from the public and security which can also be achieved by privacy in reference to the protection of information. Its importance has also been an issue that has been discussed on a large scale with relevance to how important it is for the existence of privacy within the society. An invasion of privacy refers to the intrusion of one’s personal matters or the revelation of information to the public that an individual would have rather kept secret or away from the public eye. This invasion of privacy is the main opponent that individuals face in the fight to withhold information that they may not want others to know (Hooley, Wellens, & Marriott, 2012).
Privacy is essential in ensuring that an individual’s/organization’s information is protected from those who would want to use it for their own benefit or to hurt the owner of that information and has become an important part of the society. It is always important to ensure that the right to privacy is never violated. However there are situations whereby the courts of law may rule against one’s right to privacy such as when this privacy hinders an on-going criminal investigation for example, in such a case, a court is allowed to issue items such as search warrants that allow the police to enter and search your home without your permission.
In terms of the government’s role in regulating for internet privacy and security, it seems that governments such as the United States have not lived up to the international standards of privacy protection and comprehensive regulation, which creates a logistical problem for managing the use and abuse of internet resources between borders. Although new laws have started to address issues such as children’s privacy, financial privacy, and medical privacy, “privacy and security regulations related to the internet are likely to be issued in the future” (Berlatsky, 2013 Clearly, the government perceives for itself a role in managing the privacy and security concerns of a dynamic technological environment. Understandably, this role ought to be kept at a minimal stage, given the inability of governments to react fast enough to changes in technology.
Conclusions
IT privacy is not something that we can worry about because it will drive us insane. The best we can do is take as many precautions as we can and then the rest is left up to a power bigger than ourselves. The best we can do is weigh the pros and cons of using our cell phones, computers or other electronic devices and decide how we are going to conduct ourselves. We cannot be worried about other people are and whether or not they are going to get our information. The best we can do is take the precautions and move on. What is learned from this article is that nothing is really safe. Just like one can take many precautions to ensure their home against theft but can still be burglarized, precautions online can only work to a point.
It is important for people to understand that they have a right to protect themselves. They can report unwanted email as spam, they can send emails to companies and be asked to be taken off of lists. The bottom line is that if the peel is conscious of what they are doing, and they take precautions when they are visiting websites, they will be safe for the moment until something new comes along that also breaks those privacy codes.
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