Wireless Networking Technologies And Their Securities

Comparison Between Satellite, WiMax and Wi-Fi Technologies

Discuss about the Wireless Networking Technologies And Their Securities.

Wireless network can be defined as the specific computer network, which eventually utilizes the wireless data connections within the nodes of network. The methods through which all types of telecommunications networks or business installations substantially avoid the expensive procedure to introduce cables to any building are known as wireless networking [4]. The connection is very easy with the help of this wireless network; moreover, the entire process of implementation is extremely simple and easy. Wireless networking is implemented as well as administrated with the help of radio communication.

The following report outlines a brief discussion on the concept of wireless networking technologies and their securities. Three specific parts will be covered here. They are the comparison between the technologies in respect to four factors, evaluation of six wireless communication standards for the systems of IoT and cyber physical and the final part is the justification of the best network performance.

There are several technologies in wireless communications. The most significant technologies of the wireless communications are satellite, WiMax or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access and Wireless Fidelity or Wi-Fi. All the three above mentioned technologies are extremely popular and effective and are accepted by various users all over the world [11]. The detailed comparison of these three technologies in respect to the communication spectrum, modulation techniques, medium access control or MAC and network topologies are as follows:

Key Factors Save Time On Research and Writing Hire a Pro to Write You a 100% Plagiarism-Free Paper. Get My Paper	Satellite Technology	WiMax	Wireless Fidelity
i) Communication Spectrum	The communication spectrum of satellite wireless technology is 12 to 18 GHz for the Ku band.	The communication spectrum of WiMax is different in various places [3]. The most commonly utilized frequencies are 3.5 GHz and 5.8 GHZ for the standard of 802.16d and 2.3 GHz, 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz for the standard of 802.16e.	The communication spectrum of Wireless Fidelity or Wi-Fi is different for various variants. The variants are 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11ad, 802.11af and 802.11ah [9]. The frequency bands for these variants are 5 GHz, 2.4 GHz, 2.4 GHZ, 2.4 GHZ and 5 GHZ, below 6 GHz, up to 60 GHz, below 1 GHz and 700 MHz, 860 MHz, 902 MHz respectively for the variants [6].
ii) Modulation Techniques	The modulation technique for satellite communication is Phase Shift Keying or PSK.	The modulation techniques for WiMax are BPSK, QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM.	The modulation techniques for wireless fidelity are complementary coded keying or CCK and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying or QPSK.
iii) Medium Access Control Mechanism	The MAC protocols of satellite communication are time division multiple access or TDMA and frequency division multiple access or FDMA [2].	The MAC mechanism of WiMax has to fulfil various requirements like connection orientation, supporting communication to all and point to multipoint connection. The main tasks are data transmission and data reception.	The Wi-fi MAC protocol is the specific underlying technology of WLAN that is based on the specifications of IEEE 802.11, providing data link layer of Ethernet LAN system [12].
iv) Network Topologies	The network topology of the satellite is point to point and point to multi point topology, switched topology, TDMA and hybrid topology.	The network topologies of WiMax communication are mesh topology and black haul topology.	The network topologies of Wi-Fi communication are mainly AP based topology, peer to peer topology and point to multipoint bridge topology [7].

The evaluation of the wireless communication standards in respect to the cyber physical systems and internet of things is given below:

1. a) UHF RFID and NFC: The ultra high frequency band of radio frequency identification device mainly covers a range from 300 MHz to 3 GHz. This RFID is extremely effective and powerful in respect to the other frequencies as the frequency bandwidth is much higher than the rest [5]. The range of reading of the passive UHF systems could be up to 12m and also provides the faster rate of data transfer than HF and LF. Moreover, this particular RFID even supports multiple tag reading. As the frequency is higher than others, it is extremely effective for internet of things.

NFC or Near-field communication is the respective collection of communication protocols, which allow any two electronic devices to communicate amongst each other. One of the devices is any portable device like smart phone [1]. This is done by bringing these two devices closer to each other within 4 cm of distance. Any NFC device could work in three distinct modes, which are NFC card emulation, NFC reader or writer and NFC peer to peer.

1. b) ZigBee and Z-Wave: ZigBee protocol is the specification of IEEE 802.15 for the higher level communication protocols. It is utilized for the creation of personal area networks or PAN with the smaller and lower power digital radios. The main advantage of this protocol is that it is extremely cost effective than the other technologies like Bluetooth or Wi-Fi [5]. Cyber physical systems or CPS are the integrations for computing, networking as well as physical procedures. ZigBee technology helps to create the PAN for the CPS.

Z-Wave is the protocol of wireless communication that is utilized mainly for the home automation. It is the specific mesh network that utilizes lower energy radio waves for the purpose of communicating from various appliances and thus allowing wireless control for the users. The frequency range is 800 MHz to 900 MHz. Since, the range is short, it is not effective in the  IoT in compared to others.

1. c) Bluetooth and Bluetooth Low Energy: Bluetooth is the wireless technology that is made for the purpose of data exchange within shorter distances [12]. The wavelength is from 2.40 GHz to 2.485 GHz. This technology is utilized from the mobile or laptop devices for building personal area networks or PANS. The only disadvantage of this technology is that the coverage area is very low in comparison to Wi-Fi and hence many people do not want to utilize this.

Evaluation of Wireless Communication Standards for IoT and Cyber Physical Systems

Bluetooth Low Energy is the wireless technology for personal area network that is designed as well as marketed by the Bluetooth SIG. the most significant applications of this particular technology are security, healthcare, fitness, home entertainment and many more. Various operating systems like iOS, Windows, Linux and Android support this technology [9]. The power consumption is extremely less in this technology. This particular technology is expected to become effective for IoT and cyber physical systems in the near future.

1. d) Cellular Systems: The cellular system is the specific communication network, whose last link is completely wireless. This network is eventually distributed over the land areas, which are known as cells and hence the name is given. Several sets of frequencies are being utilized within the cellular networks for avoiding interference and thus providing good service [10]. It has more capacity than the single larger transmitter and the coverage area is larger.
2. e) IEEE 802.11P: It is the approved amendment within the standard of IEEE 802.11 to the WAVE or wireless access in vehicular environments. It is defined as the enhancements of the 802.11 and is required for supporting ITS or Intelligent Transportation Systems application. The data exchange is extremely fast and the frequency band is 5.9 GHz [4]. The time reference that is defined within the IEEE 802.11p is UTC. The channels that are utilized within the IEEE 802.11p is of 10 MHz bandwidth and it is half the bandwidth or is double the time of transmission for any particular data symbol. This particular protocol thus can be evaluated on the cyber physical systems and IoT.
3. f) Low Power Wide Area Networks: LPWAN or low power wide area network is the specific type of wireless telecommunication WAN that is eventually designed for allowing longer range of communications at an extremely lower bit rate. This type of technology carries more data and is extremely efficient. The data rate of LPWAN solely ranges within 0.3 Kbit/s to 50 kbit/s in one channel [5]. This technology is utilized for the creation of any private wireless sensor network. LPWAN technologies enable connection for the Internet of Things. Two technologies are present. They are 3GPP standardized solutions and non-standardized solutions. Moreover, it is utilized to reduce the cyber crime.

On the evaluation of the wireless communication standards for cyber physical systems and internet of things, the standard that would produce the best network performance is UHF RFID. This is because the frequency range is extremely higher than the rest and hence it could be easily utilized in cyber physical systems and internet of things [2]. As it is new, the availability is much higher than the rest. 

Conclusion

Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that wireless networks are certain computer networks, which are not linked with the help of any cable. The utilization of the wireless network solely allows the enterprises in avoiding costly process for implementing cables within a building for the purpose of connections. The implementation of the wireless networks always takes place within the physical layer of the OSI model. The main types of the wireless network are LAN, WAN, MAN and PAN. There are various technologies of wireless networking. These technologies are well accepted by all users and in various organizations. The above report has provided the detailed description on the wireless networking concept and its security. The technologies are being compared with other and the comparison is provided here. Moreover, the wireless communication standards are also evaluated and the best network is selected on the basis of the performances of the networks.

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