Dsicuss about the Social Work Practices Are Conceptualized.
Social work practices are conceptualized as the application of social work principles, values, and techniques to provide adequate supports to help people with tangible and intangible services. The practices also include the psychotherapy and counseling to families, individuals, groups, and families (Ladson-Billings & Tate IV, 2016). The primary mission of social work is to meet the needs and requirements of the clients and enhance the well-being factors. Anti-racism is another social work perspectives that fixes the aims on diminishing the race discrimination. Anti-racism practices are generally based on theory and practices on action. It criticizes the racisms and takes actions against to eliminate such practices (Bonilla-Silva, 2017). The essay aims to develop the critical analysis of the anti-racist perspectives to diminish the race discrimination. The study would develop the understanding regarding the past history based on the anti-racist movements and practices. The analysis of the theoretical perspectives presented by identifying the origins, applications and practices would be presented in this study. Furthermore, some of the counter arguments would be developed to measure the impact of these anti-racist practices.
‘Race’ is regarded as the human beings who belong to the different species that have the diverse ancestral and physical features. According to Acuña (2015), racism is defined as the practices that discriminates a particular social group or individual belonging to another inferior race. The social workers have identified the requirement of diminishing such racism perspectives to protect the mankind from being discriminated. It is reported that the anti-racism movement was originated from the community called BME during 1970’s. Jee-Lyn García and Sharif (2015) stated that it is required understanding the traditional of the radical values in UK social work communities. The understanding regarding such context was quite helpful in engaging the professionals into anti-racist practices. These influences of the radical strands of value became prominent in social work practices since 1970’s. In order to develop the radical social work, it depended in locating social work values with the struggles of the working class. According to Gillborn (2016), radical social work is determined as the evolution of the social work values as it focuses on developing the working methods through a framework formulation. Anti-racism practices tend to focus on promoting the perspective values that is both pernicious and pervasive. Many of theorists viewed this theory as the regime of white privilege and supremacy maintained in spite of the constitutional guarantee of equal protection of laws. Many of the critics presented their views against such racial discrimination. The structural, systematic and individual changes in the economic, political, and social life are required to diminish this social work perspective that affects the humanity (Van Dijk, 2015). It has been observed that the social work practitioners often focus on exploring the concept to mitigate the social issues due to racism that affects the lives of the black people.
Racism and social work represents diverse types of issues and debates that contribute to the social constraints. In modern Britain, this social movement was much necessary. The social workers in Britain recognized the necessity of the awareness regarding the impact of social marginalization (Nowicka, 2018). In today’s world, it has been observed that racism is highly dominated by the overreaching term of ‘multiculturalism’ discourse. It individualizes the issues with the service users and describes the cultural differences by focusing on the individual empowerment. Malik (2015) argued that these approaches are challenged and the anti-racist social work requires reframing the ‘anti-oppressive practice’. It explores the connectedness of the racism as a clear form of oppression in the society. In America, racism is viewed as normal in terms of dominating the black by the white. This theory is often applied to the educational field where the students from different races face the discriminative attitudes while pursuing their education in a different country (Darling-Hammond, 2017). The disparities are noticeable between the dominant and the dominated social groups. In this segment, the major divisions focus on the gender, race, colour, disability, sexual orientation, preferences, age, and class. It is implied that the social workers requires strengthening their attitudes and abilities for conducting the anti-racism practices in diverse ways that can benefit the victimized people (Brown, 2018). It requires obtaining knowledge and understanding the self-ability to work among different groups and different social systems.
The elaborated understanding based on the experiences of the victimized people influence such anti-racist practices. Europeans believed in the discriminative perspectives on the basis of ethnicity. In describing social-context, it has been observed that the black people were mainly discriminated and dominated in such regards (Kelliher, 2017). The anti-racist practices are thus developed to support the equality against race and many people from different parts of the world joined their hands together to develop the Anti-Racist Practices. For example, the Grunwick Dispute Case occurred in 1976-1978, which was foreseen as the turning point of the racism war (Stevenson, 2016). It was just the outburst of the issues between the European employers and the black and Asian workers. In the year of 1970, black and Asian women protested against the lower pay structure due to the race discriminative attitude of the European employers. The European Trade Unions even ignored the issues faced by these Asian women. Many of the women were from India and Pakistan (McDowell, Anitha & Pearson, 2014). They had been the settlers in East Africa, which was under the British Colonial rule during that time. They took the profession of teaching and administrator departments and lived the comfortable lives. After the independence of Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda, the new Government adopted some of the discriminative policies against the Asian migrants. British citizens, having entitled to settle in United Kingdom, also decided to continue such discriminations against these Asian workers. According to the research, the Asian workers associated with the Grunwick Factory were much hardworking and docile, but they were paid much less amount than their white colleagues (Willis, 2017). In the year of 1976, the protests were started against this discrimination. In spite of the sound movement against racism, the protestors were defeated. However, this protesting movement has been still celebrated as the British Labour Movement.
The current scenario highlights the major turn in the anti-racist movements. In today’s world, people are widely fighting against racism for providing equal treatment to everyone. Many of the theories are introduced to raise the voice against racism mentalities. One of these famous theories is Critical Race Theory, which is viewed as the socially constructed instead of being the biologically grounded. The function describes as the means of interests presented by the white people against the black population. According to Anyon et al., (2018), CRT (Critical race theory) suggests that the racial inequality occurs from the economic, social, and legal differences that are created by the white population for discriminating the races. It also specifies the maintenance of ‘elite’ white interests in the labor market and politics that increased poverty and criminality in minority communities. On the other hand, Mattsson (2014) described that the Critical race theory combine the progressive movement of the political struggles for gaining racial justice with the convention and critical legal norms. These norms are often viewed as the part of the illegitimate hierarchies, which needed reformation. Many of theorists viewed this theory as the regime of white privilege and supremacy maintained in spite of the constitutional guarantee of equal protection of laws. Many of the critics presented their views against such racial discrimination. For example, Derrick Bell wrote a much controversial critique of the NAACP Legal Defense Fund that failed to provide the equal quality of education ahead of racially diverse students.
On the contrary, Sterzing et al., (2017) argued that the critical race theory is developed by embracing a radical tradition of the race-conscious mobilization, which is considered as the empowerment strategy for the Asians, African-Americans, and other diverse races. On the other hand, it was argued that this theory rejects the idea that ‘race’ has the natural referent. It was stated that the ‘race’ is conceptualized as the product of the social power process. It is notable that Lee (2015), the theory is widely concentrating on pursuing the equality in relation to the social justice and racism. It develops the clear understanding regarding the experiences of the racist people that tend to provide the solutions to the merging problems. In America, racism is viewed as normal in terms of dominating the black by the white. This theory is often applied to the educational field where the students from different races face the discriminative attitudes while pursuing their education in a different country. Jee-Lyn García and Sharif (2015) suggested that the life situation of the individual in relation to the social system, such as peer groups, family, communities, and organisations develop the society, which can be affected by the racism attributes of the dominant communities. The perceptive values of the aged people depend on their ageing ideologist. Ladson-Billings and Tate IV (2016) explained that theory is presented in a contextual way and it is generally concerned about the changes take place in the law system. As an outcome, it promotes the racial issues and supports the practices against racism. Sometimes, it is even perceived that the critical race theory defines the laws that are developed to make the extreme justice to the people. However, Bonilla-Silva (2017) criticized that these laws associated with the theory is absolutely ineffective in terms of micro-organism cases. It is thus discussed to describe the dominating nature of the people towards the minor communities (Willis, 2017). Especially, the white people in America are dominating the black people by depending on their conditions.
In discussing the effects of the anti-racism movement, another theory can be introduced here. Anti-oppressive theory in social work process suggests the recognition of the oppression in societies, communities and cultures. According to Acuña (2015), the anti-oppressive theory focuses on the elimination of the pressures and disengages the sway of the emerging oppression. It is notable that Anti-oppressive practice is largely understood as an omnibus term, which is not limited to the diverse practice approaches, such as anti-racists, feminists, structural and critical framework. Jee-Lyn García and Sharif (2015) observed that this anti-oppressive social work represents the type of social work, which generally searches for the structural inequalities and social barriers that are conducted with the users or the service workers. It tends to offer more responsive, suitable, and perceptive services by observing the individual needs without considering their social status. Gillborn (2016) argued that the theory is formulated to identify the oriented philosophy of a person and an egalitarian value systems that are concerned with the reduction of venomous results of the structural inequalities. It is notable that the social workers ought to reinforce their attitudes and abilities for conducting the anti-oppressive practices in different ways. It requires obtaining knowledge and understanding the self-ability to work among different groups and different social systems. It also observes the human rights for mitigating the social issues and the personal constraints.
Van Dijk (2015) opined that Anti-oppressive practices create the forms of social inequality that are closely associated with the social justice process. The social-oppression theory is described by categorizing into several aspects. First aspect is social difference, which arise due to the disparities noticeable between the dominant and the dominated social groups. In this segment, the major divisions focus on the gender, race, colour, disability, sexual orientation, preferences, age, and class. Similarly, on the other way, the divisions are made up on the basis of religion, mental health, region, and single parenthood. Second aspect is linking the political and personal forms, which suggests the personal biographies that are placed within a wider social context (Nowicka, 2018). It perceives the life situation of the individual in relation to the social system, such as peer groups, family, communities, and organisations. The perceptive values of the aged people depend on their ageing ideologist. In such regards, the policies and the practices are located within the social environment. The third aspect is power, which is conceptualized as a social concept that can be explored to the private and public sphere of life. Malik (2015) explained that power is visualized as the operational process at the structural and personal level. In majority of the cases, it is noticed that the power is often influenced by the economic, social, cultural, and psychological factors. In order to analyze the different access to the resources by the individuals, these specific factors are needed to be taken into account (Darling-Hammond, 2017). The next aspect is historical and geographical location, which is perceived by the experiences and the past events that gave meaning to the social facts, prevailing ideas, and cultural differences. The final aspect is reflexivity or the mutual involvement, which depicts the continuous considerations based on the social differences, values, and powers (Brown, 2018). These factors influence the interactive attitudes between the individuals. In majority of the cases, the psychological terms are not the only responsible factors for influencing the interactions (Sterzing et al., 2017). The effects of the history, sociology, ethics, and politics are much significant.
The identification of this anti-oppressive theory describes the effects of racism on the psychological aspects of the individual. It interconnects and overlaps the principles with each other. Domestic violence against women is also one of the forms of this race-oppressive theory (Kelliher, 2017). The social work practitioners often focus on exploring the concept to mitigate the social issues due to racism. The structural, systematic and individual changes in the economic, political, and social life are required to end or dismantle this social work perspective (Stevenson, 2016). It is even noticed that the anti-oppressive theory sometimes demands the considerations of the workers in terms of recognizing the social identity and values. The progressive movement of the political environment struggles for gaining racial justice with the convention and critical legal norms in the locality where the discrimination is affecting the lives of the people. These norms are often viewed as the part of the illegitimate hierarchies, which needed reformation. It also requires the clear understanding regarding the social world that is experienced by the individuals while working with the people from superior racial background (Mattsson, 2014).
In presenting the discussion of the theoretical analysis based on the anti-racist practices, it can be inferred that the current world has been progressive enough to demolish such racial discriminative attitudes (McDowell, Anitha & Pearson, 2014). In this modernized world, the social workers take the hands-on approach in diminishing the beliefs of racism and developing the equal treatment. It is notable that the origins and forms of racism persist as one of the most significant challenges for the people who are minor in racial groups (Willis, 2017). It is reported that the practices against racism has long been at the heat of the initiatives undertaken by UNESCO. It has been observed that since the origin in 1946, the organisation has undertaken many initiatives to fight for the human rights (Paradies, 2016). The major motto of this organisation is to diminish the discrimination against race and culture. UNESCO has contributed much efficiently to the fights against racism in applied, normative, and intellectual ways. UNESCO even mobilized experts from different scientific communities for drafting statements on the concept of ‘race’ for refuting the viability as a biological phenomenon. It contributes to the intellectual and scientific directions of the racism practices. The social workers have identified the requirement of diminishing such racism perspectives to protect the mankind from being discriminated. With the help of UNESCO, this movement against race received the proper direction (Anyon et al., 2018). The description of the theories also indicate that the radical social work is determined as the evolution of the social work values as it focuses on developing the working methods through a framework formulation.
Conclusion
The study discloses the development of the social work perspectives in demolishing the racism. It is noticed that the primary mission of social work is to meet the needs and requirements of the clients and enhance the well-being factors. Anti-racism is another social work perspectives that fixes the aims on diminishing the race discrimination. The structural, systematic and individual changes in the economic, political, and social life are required to end this social work perspective. It is even noticed that the anti-oppressive theory sometimes demands the considerations of the workers in terms of recognizing the social identity and values. It is suggested that the social workers usually require reinforcing their attitudes and abilities for conducting the anti-oppressive practices in different ways. The development of the theoretical concept provides the enriched ideas about the discriminative attitudes towards minor communities in terms of their racial background.
The ideas obtained from the above theoretical knowledge develop a framework based on the social work practice. The theoretical framework based on this study develops the four stages model that includes the person, theory, practices, and context. The first stage suggests the person who is conducting this research and gathering the fruitful ideas about the subject matter. The second stage describes the associated theory, which represents the study in clarified way. This essay develops two major theories, such as critical race theory and anti-oppressive theory. The practices suggest the anti-race awareness created by the social workers. It promotes the racial issues and supports the practices against racism. Sometimes, it is even perceived that the critical race theory defines the laws that are developed to make the extreme justice to the people. In America, racism is viewed as normal in terms of dominating the black by the white. This theory is often applied to the educational field where the students from different races face the discriminative attitudes while pursuing their education in a different country. On the other side, Europeans believed in the discriminative perspectives on the basis of ethnicity. In describing social-context, it has been observed that the black people were mainly discriminated and dominated in such regards. Social world is experienced by the individuals while working with the people from superior racial background.
References
Acuña, R. (2015). Occupied America. The Latino/a Condition: A Critical Reader,, 61-4.
Anyon, Y., Lechuga, C., Ortega, D., Downing, B., Greer, E., & Simmons, J. (2018). An exploration of the relationships between student racial background and the school sub-contexts of office discipline referrals: a critical race theory analysis. Race Ethnicity and Education, 21(3), 390-406.
Bonilla-Silva, E. (2017). Racism without racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in America. Rowman & Littlefield.
Brown, P. (2018). ‘Othering’and the Persistence of Imperial Attitudes: Media Representations of Ethnicity, Gender and Class in the Grunwick Dispute.
Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teaching for Social Justice: Resources, Relationships, and Anti-Racist Practice. Multicultural Perspectives, 19(3), 133-138.
Delgado, R. (2018). Words that wound: A tort action for racial insults, epithets, and name calling. In Words that wound (pp. 89-110). Routledge.
Gassman?Pines, A. (2015). Effects of Mexican immigrant parents’ daily workplace discrimination on child behavior and family functioning. Child development, 86(4), 1175-1190.
Gillborn, D. (2016). Critical Race Theory beyond North America: Towards a Trans-Atlantic Dialogue on Racism and Antiracism in Educational Theory and Praxis. In Critical race theory in education (pp. 97-122).
Harris, F. C., & Lieberman, R. C. (2015). Racial inequality after racism: How institutions hold back African Americans. Foreign Aff., 94, 9.
Jee-Lyn García, J., & Sharif, M. Z. (2015). Black lives matter: a commentary on racism and public health. American journal of public health, 105(8), e27-e30.
Kelliher, D. (2017). Constructing a culture of solidarity: London and the British coalfields in the long 1970s. Antipode, 49(1), 106-124.
Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate IV, W. F. (2016). Toward a critical race theory of education. In Critical race theory in education (pp. 21-41).
Lee, J. (2015). International student experiences: Neo-racism and discrimination. International Higher Education, (44).
Malik, K. (2015). The failure of multiculturalism: Community versus society in Europe. Foreign Aff., 94, 21.
Mattsson, T. (2014). Intersectionality as a useful tool: Anti-oppressive social work and critical reflection. Affilia, 29(1), 8-17.
McDowell, L., Anitha, S., & Pearson, R. (2014). Striking Narratives: class, gender and ethnicity in the ‘Great Grunwick Strike’, London, UK, 1976–1978. Women’s History Review, 23(4), 595-619.
McNeil Smith, S., Reynolds, J. E., Fincham, F. D., & Beach, S. R. (2016). Parental experiences of racial discrimination and youth racial socialization in two-parent African American families. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 22(2), 268.
Nowicka, M. (2018). “I don’t mean to sound racist but…” Transforming racism in transnational Europe. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 41(5), 824-841.
Paradies, Y. (2016). Whither anti-racism?. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(1), 1-15.
Park, I. J., Wang, L., Williams, D. R., & Alegría, M. (2017). Coping With Racism: Moderators of the Discrimination–Adjustment Link Among Mexican?Origin Adolescents. Child development.
Pulido, L. (2017). Geographies of race and ethnicity II: Environmental racism, racial capitalism and state-sanctioned violence. Progress in Human Geography, 41(4), 524-533.
Sterzing, P. R., Gartner, R. E., Woodford, M. R., & Fisher, C. M. (2017). Sexual orientation, gender, and gender identity microaggressions: Toward an intersectional framework for social work research. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 26(1-2), 81-94.
Stevenson, G. (2016). The Forgotten Strike: Equality, Gender, and Class in the Trico Equal Pay Strike. Labour History Review, 81(2), 141-168.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2015). Critical discourse studies: A sociocognitive approach. 2015). Methods of Critical Discourse Studies, 63-74.
Willis, A. I. (2017). Critical Race Theory. Literacies and Language Education, 17-29.
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download