Discuss about the Medical Emergency.
The current study focuses on the aspect of medical emergency and the role of the attending medical officer in coping up with the provisional medical requirements of the concerned patient. The assignment takes into consideration a number of factors such as provision of immediate medical interventions along with considering the pathophysiology of the patient. The responding medical officer also needs to be considerate of the past medical history of the patient along with the presence of some other co-morbid conditions.
In this respect, the first aid or the preliminary health care services provided to a patient in case of emergency can often be life saving. Therefore, assignment focuses upon the assessment and treatment methods which are of immense importance in catering to the prevalent medical condition of the patient.
The current case highlights the sudden medical emergency faced by the faced by a 65 year old patient Mr. Stephen Jones over here. Mr. Jones here had no such cardiovascular history or any previous episodes of chest pain. However, he had recently faced sudden and massive chest pain which went radiating to his back. Apart from that the patient was also suffering from nausea and felt diaphoretic. Thus, for the provision of sufficient and accurate diagnosis to the patient the medical professional attending the patient also needs to take into consideration the long term medical history or presence of other co-morbid conditions in the patient. The ECG report of the patient reflected sinus tachycardia with ST elevations. However, as commented by Tham et al. (2015), the reports and the findings of the ECG reports are often misleading.
Here, Mr. Jones had been suffering from hypertension, high cholesterol and depression at the same time. Therefore, he had to be under constant guidance and long term medication management. Some of the medications which had been prescribed to the patients over here include atorvastanin, atenolol, aspirin, Citalopram among the few.
The patient had been suffering from sudden and massive chest pain and no attributable past cardiac conditions. Therefore, the immediate prognosis which could be provided to the patient includes conducting ECG tests. In this context, the ECG reports revealed sinus tachycardia with ST elevations. This could lead to misleading results as such symptoms are also expressed in cases such as cardiac ischemia. However, they could be warning signs of myocardial infarction which could be followed up with the help of further scanning and analysis (Andrade et al. 2014). Therefore as immediate intervention and control the patient needs to be put under emergency treatment process where the immediate oxygen supply could be provided to the patient.
The development of a cardiac condition could be attributed to a number of factors such as the presence of cardiovascular conditions within the family. Apart from that the presence of co-morbid conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and high cholesterol can also add up to the health grievances. In this context, Mr. Jones had high amount of cholesterol which might have restricted the normal course of blood to the heart. He was also found to overweight increased the risk of cardiovascular condition in the patients manifold times. The patient here also had been affected with hypertension and was taking medications for depression. Along with that intake of medicines such as aspirin in higher doses could also interfere with the rhythmic beating of the heart (Alpert et al. 2014). Additionally, blockage of the coronary arteries could trigger ventricular fibrillation leading to cardiac arrest.
The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease varies according to age, gender and lifestyle approaches followed by a specific individual or within a community. In this respect, the cultural values or paradoxes possessed by individual group of people further govern their daily life habits. As per reports and evidences at least 1 out of 5 people with history of obesity, hypertension and other co-morbid conditions experience major cardiac symptoms in their life. The statistics point at greater amount of cases being reported from the western countries and is directly proportional to the ageing population or the middle aged population of 53-65 (Karpawich, 2015).
Cardiac arrhythmia is a type of condition in which the heart beats in an irregular manner. The cardiovascular arrhythmia is the variation from the norm of the working of the myocardium. Side effects, for example, unsteadiness, palpitations, and syncope are visit griped issues of the patients.
Despite the particular type of chest pain, the pathogenesis of the arrhythmias can be categorized as one of three essential instruments: upgraded automaticity, activated action, or re-entry. Ischemia, disturbances of electrolyte, scarring, medications and different factors may upgrade or degrade automaticity in different regions (Borlaug, 2014). Control of automaticity of the sinoatrial (SA) node can bring dysfunction in the sinus node and “sick sinus syndrome” (SSS), which is as yet the most well-known sign for perpetual pacemaker implantation. As opposed to smothered automaticity, improved automaticity can bring about numerous cardiac problems, both atrial and ventricular.
During the cardiac arrhythmia the following points are to be assessed for the determination of arrhythmia:
The patient was then assessed for the following:
The patient suffering from cardiac problem was used to treat with some common drugs such as artery relaxers (e.g. nitroglycerin), aspirin, blood thinners, or antidepressants (Goff et al., 2014). In case of Stephen Jones, he was being treated by the medications as follows:
The decision of transferring a patient to another clinic is made after an evaluation of the potential dangers and advantages to the patient. Signs for between healing center exchange incorporate the requirement for master examination or mediation, or progressing support not gave in the alluding clinic (Motoki et al., 2016). Non?clinical purposes behind exchange incorporate the absence of a properly staffed basic care bed locally, or repatriation to a nearby healing facility. Between healing facility exchanges are regularly made out of typical working hours, and the patient might be joined by generally junior staff, prompting a high rate of basic episodes. These exchanges represent up to 30% of all between healing facility basic care transport, and half of these are patients with injury. The requirement for principles and preparing in such exchanges were accentuated >10 years prior. This has been managed to some degree by the Safe Transfer and Retrieval course; however numerous learners still need preparing in the transfer of the critical patients (Krumholz et al., 2013).
Conclusion
Thus from the whole paper it can be concluded that Mr. Jones had recently faced sudden and massive chest pain which went radiating to his back, also suffering from nausea and felt diaphoretic. The ECG was done and the patient was shown with sinus tachycardia. Mr. Jones had the high amount of cholesterol which might have restricted the normal course of blood to the heart. He was also found overweight which increased the risk of cardiovascular condition.
References
Alpert, M. A., Lavie, C. J., Agrawal, H., Aggarwal, K. B., & Kumar, S. A. (2014). Obesity and heart failure: epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. Translational Research, 164(4), 345-356.
Andrade, J., Khairy, P., Dobrev, D., & Nattel, S. (2014). The clinical profile and pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation. Circulation research, 114(9), 1453-1468.
Borlaug, B. A. (2014). The pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 11(9), 507-515.
Goff, D. C., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Bennett, G., Coady, S., D’Agostino, R. B., Gibbons, R., … & Robinson, J. G. (2014). 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 63(25 Part B), 2935-2959.
Karpawich, P. P. (2015). Pathophysiology of Cardiac Arrhythmias: Arrhythmogenesis and Types of Arrhythmias. In Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Cardiovascular Disease (pp. 1003-1014). Springer International Publishing.
Krumholz, H. M., Lin, Z., Keenan, P. S., Chen, J., Ross, J. S., Drye, E. E., … & Normand, S. L. T. (2013). Relationship between hospital readmission and mortality rates for patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, or pneumonia. Jama, 309(6), 587-593.
Motoki, N., Inaba, Y., Matsuzaki, S., Akazawa, Y., Nishimura, T., Fukuyama, T., & Koike, K. (2016). Successful treatment of arrhythmia-induced cardiomyopathy in an infant with tuberous sclerosis complex. BMC pediatrics, 16(1), 16.
Tham, Y. K., Bernardo, B. C., Ooi, J. Y., Weeks, K. L., & McMullen, J. R. (2015). Pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: signaling pathways and novel therapeutic targets. Archives of toxicology, 89(9), 1401-1438.
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