An antenna is defined as an array of elements which are connected with transmitters or receivers. An antenna produced some electromagnetic waves in order to generate an electric current. The first antenna was developed by Heinrich Hertz in the year 1888 and he has produced a dipole antenna which can be used for both transmitter and receiver. An antenna is characterized as a transducer which is utilized to change over RF recurrence into rotating current. It can be utilized for both transmitter and recipient circuits to transmits and get flag or data. There are numerous uses of a receiving wire, for example, in WLAN, cell phone, TV, satellite correspondence, and in the military for correspondence. Radio waves are comprised of EM waves that convey data or flag via air at the speed of light. The primarily preferred standpoint of the receiving wire is that it can be utilized for long separation and low transmission misfortune in accepting sign (Jorswieck, & Boche, 2009).
Figure: antenna
(Source: Jorswieck, & Boche, 2009).
There are many types of antenna available in the market in which three types of antenna are very useful and common such as yagi-uda antenna, horn antenna, and a cellular antenna.
Yagi-Uda Antenna
Yagi-Uda antenna is also known as a yagi-uda RF antenna and this type of antenna is used where the high range of gain and directivity are needed. This type of antenna is very popular for television and the main advantage of this antenna is that it can provide the high gain signal at the receiver. Yagi-Uda is a most basic kind of receiving wire which is utilized on TV from the most recent couple of years. The fundamental preferred standpoint of this receiving wire is that is giving a high pick up of the information flag and high directivity. The recurrence scope of yagi-uda receiving wire is right around 30 MHz to 3GHz. There are three sections of this receiving wire, for example, executives, reflector, and driven. Chief is accustomed to giving guidance to EM waves towards the specific edge, the reflector is utilized to reflect vitality motion from the beneficiary to the transmitter, and driven is utilized to interface the transmission line to the dark button (Jorswieck, & Boche, 2009).
Figure: yagi-uda antenna
(Source: Jorswieck, & Boche, 2009)
The first horn antenna was developed in the year 1897 and it is one of the modern antennas whose shape is like a horn. Horn antenna is utilized to Increase the radiation productivity and pick up the electron shaft. The frequency range of the horn antenna is 400 mega Hz to 40 GHz and give up to 1 kW power. There are three sorts of horn reception apparatus utilized in correspondence, for example, sectorial horn, rectangular horn, and cone-shaped horn. Horns antennas are utilized at high-recurrence application, utilized as a feed component, and furthermore used to decide the distinctive parameter of the radio wires. This type of antenna can be used to transfer radio signals from a waveguide out into air and space and it was formed by a cylindrical metal tube in the shape of a horn. The main reason for this shape is to produce a number of RF waves at a time (Alomainy, Hao, Parini, & Hall, 2008).
Figure: horn antenna
(Source: Alomainy, Hao, Parini, & Hall, 2008)
Cellular antenna is one of the best antennas which are commonly used in mobile phones. It is also called as a cell phone antenna that provides high gain and amplified signal at the receiver. When any person transfer signal from one location to another than there are many losses occur through which strength of signal can be reduced so to improve the strength of signal this type of antennas is used. There are many applications of this antenna such as in TV, cell phones, for military communication and for satellite communication (Van, 2007).
Figure: cellular antenna
(Source: Van, 2007)
These entire three antennas can be used for communication purpose but in which cellular antenna is one of the best antennas because this antenna can be sued for long distance communication. In future cellular antenna can be used in all mobile phones and the problem of range can be reduced by increasing overall frequency range. Therefore people can use these antennas for personal uses and cellular antenna can be used for mobile communication (Abbosh, & Bialkowski, 2008).
Wireless technology refers to a technology in which signal or data can be transferred from transmitter to receiver in the absence of electric cables. In this technology, there is no connection between the transmitter and receiver that means both sources does not require any connecting wires (Aghtar, Stru?mpfer, Olbrich, Schulten, & Kleinekatho?fer, 2014).
There are following types of wireless network protocols uses in information industries which are following
Bluetooth is one of the oldest wireless network protocols that can be used for transmitting and receiving any data signals. This is very less power consumption network system that can be used for small network devices such as mobile phones, tablets, and computer systems. Bluetooth can work at 2.4 GHz frequency which is very less rather than Wi-Fi. Therefore, this protocol cannot be used for long distance communication (Faragher, & Harle, 2015).
Figure: Bluetooth
(Source: Faragher, & Harle, 2015)
Wi-Fi refers to wireless fidelity that can be used for wireless communication and the frequency range of this protocol is from 2.4 GHz to 5 GHz. In this protocol two devices or computer system are connected through a Wi-Fi hotspot and after that users can send or receive any information’s. The IEEE family of this protocol is 802.11 (Bhojray, Dash, & Pradhan, 2015).
Figure: Wi-Fi
(Source: Bhojray, Dash, & Pradhan, 2015)
This is the modern wireless protocol which reduced the drawbacks of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi. It is defined as IEEE 802.15.4 which provides a high-level communication system that produces personal area networks. This is very less expensive and more efficient rather than Wi-Fi protocol. The frequency range of this protocol is from 2.4 GHz to 5 GHz (Han, Choi, Park, Lee, & Kim, 2014).
The title of the exploration paper is “Software Defined Wireless Networks: A Survey of Issues and Solutions which was written by Rangisetti, A. K., & Tamma, B. R. As per creator, wireless systems are confronting numerous difficulties in correspondence. I concurred that point because there are numerous difficulties looked by wireless systems, for example, security, nature of administrations, and low proficiency. I watched that the primary issue in a wireless network system is security. The purpose of this issue is that there are numerous advancements that give a hacking framework to our flag or data, by which we lost our information. I figure it can be settled by utilizing information encryption system. This procedure gives a security of our flag and gives a legitimate yield to the collector (Han, Choi, Park, Lee, & Kim, 2014).
The title of this paper is architecture for software-defined wireless networking that was inscribed by Carlos J. Bernardos, Antonio de la Oliva, Pablo Serrano, Albert Banchs, Luis M. Contreras, Hao Jin, and Juan Carlos Zuniga. In this paper creator examined systems administration and difficulties looked in remote systems administration (Bernardos, Oliva, Serrano, Banchs, Contreras, Jin, and Zúñiga, 2014). In this paper, we concede to an SDN strategy for mobile systems which is a modern innovation of wired systems. We have watched that security is the primary issue for all correspondence framework, However when we exchange information starting with one area then onto the next utilizing wireless systems administration than we lost the security of information. Any way to keep away from this issue we can utilize programming characterized organizing a correspondence framework. We have additionally talked about various kinds of wireless systems and their preferences and hindrances (Han, Choi, Park, Lee, & Kim, 2014).
References
Abbosh, A. M., & Bialkowski, M. E. (2008). Design of ultra wideband planar monopole antennas of circular and elliptical shape. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 56(1), 17-23.
Aghtar, M., Stru?mpfer, J., Olbrich, C., Schulten, K., & Kleinekatho?fer, U. (2014). Different types of vibrations interacting with electronic excitations in phycoerythr in 545 and Fenna–Matthews–Olson antenna systems. The journal of physical chemistry letters, 5(18), 3131-3137.
Akorede, M. F., Fatigun, J. J., Opaluwa, J. A., Abdullateef, A. I., & Pouresmaeil, E. (2017). Effective Remote Control of Several Outdoor Security Lights by SMS and Wifi Technology. Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, 13(4), 430-439.
Alomainy, A., Hao, Y., Parini, C. G., & Hall, P. S. (2008). Comparison between two different antennas for UWB on-body propagation measurements. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 4(1), 31-34.
Bhojray, R., Dash, R. K., & Pradhan, A. K. (2015). Bluetooth Wireless Technology-The Art of Networking without Any Networks. Wireless Communication, 7(3), 61-67.
Faragher, R., & Harle, R. (2015). Location fingerprinting with bluetooth low energy beacons. IEEE journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 33(11), 2418-2428.
Faruque, M. I., Islam, M. T., & Misran, N. (2010). SAR analysis in human head tissues for different types of antennas. World Applied Sciences Journal, 11(9), 1089-1096.
Han, J., Choi, C. S., Park, W. K., Lee, I., & Kim, S. H. (2014). Smart home energy management system including renewable energy based on ZigBee and PLC. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 60(2), 198-202.
Jorswieck, E. A., & Boche, H. (2009). Optimal transmission strategies and impact of correlation in multi antenna systems with different types of channel state information. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 52(12), 3440-3453.
Lin, J. R., Talty, T., & Tonguz, O. K. (2015). On the potential of bluetooth low energy technology for vehicular applications. IEEE Communications Magazine, 53(1), 267-275.
Tani, M., Matsuura, S., Sakai, K., & Nakashima, S. I. (2011). Emission characteristics of photoconductive antennas based on low-temperature-grown GaAs and semi-insulating GaAs. Applied optics, 36(30), 7853-7859.
Van Dijk, N. (2007). Uncertainties in 3-m radiated emission measurements due to the use of different types of receive antennas. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic compatibility, 47(1), 77-85.
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