Impact Of Corporate Social Responsibility On The Bottom Line Of An Organization

Chapter 1

Introduction

This is a research, which is portraying the impact of corporate social responsibility on the bottom line of an organization. It is evident in the modern-day organizations that corporate social responsibility is being used as a strategic imperative. Corporate social responsibility has been used by the organizations to contribute to the society and corresponding environment. However, the major question lies in the fact that whether the corporate social responsibility if include in the core strategies can facilitate in improving the performance of the organization (Asif et al. 2013). Several researchers have analyzed the topic to identify both positive and negative impact of corporate social responsibility in the organization. thus, this study will analyze the impact of the corporate social responsibility on the bottom line of the organization to validate the existing theories in this topic.

1.1 Background of the research

The awareness about the environment started in the early 90’s with the advent of global warming and degradation in the corresponding environment. Most of the organizations have been using the corporate social responsibility as a gimmick when it was initially introduced in the corporate society. However, globalization has changed the whole perspective of the organization and corporate social responsibility has been included as the integral part of the corporate structure (Suliman, Al-Khatib and Thomas 2016). Moreover, it is seen that the potential candidates mostly choose the organizations that are involved in corporate social activities for being employed. The recent scandals in the corporate industry have forced the regulators to change the reforms and all the companies are maintaining better transparency, ethical standards, authentic reporting and accountability that are tighter. However, corporate social responsibility has a lot of progress in the organizational context which shows that corporate organizations are extending to include double and triple bottom line into the structure of the organization (Muller 2014).

The triple bottom line of the organization focuses on expanding the financial bottom line of the organization by including the factor such as environmental and social responsibility. Thus, instead of making a separate sustainability report, the organization have included social and environmental in to the annual report of the organization (Savitz 2013). Thus, the triple bottom line of the organization can be defined as the measurement of economic value, social responsibility and ecological impact. In general, the bottom line of the organization will include the income statements that the amount of profit the organization is making. However, the inclusion of the triple bottom line in to the business practices means that the organization will include environmental and social factors by extending their respective bottom line. Thus, all the strategies that are being deployed by the organization will include the achievements of all the three bottom lines of the organization (Milne and Gray 2013). Thus, the triple bottom line will assist contributing back to the society and environment along with the profit maximization. The three aspect of the triple bottom line will include profits, planets and people. However, in order to gain success and competitive advantage it is essential to communicate the programs, goals and objectives to the workforce. Thus, in order in achieve success and competitive advantage in the market the organization will have to align and adapt the corporate social responsible activities with the goals and objectives of the stakeholders. This, it will facilitate in the management of relationship with the stakeholders and improve on the profit maximizing opportunities for the organization (Ralston et al. 2015). The next activity is communicating the corporate social activities of the organization to the employees, which will help in increasing the engagement of the employees in the organization. Thus, it will increase the motivational level of the employees and the overall productivity of the organization will increase. Finally, the corporate social responsibility has to be consistent and be committed to the social and environmental activities (Henriques and Richardson 2013).

Corporate Social Responsibility and the Bottom Line

There are various theories, which are being used in the corporate social responsibility of the organization. Triple bottom is the future of the modern organization and is used as to make improvements in the brand image of the organization. This cause the organization to be a part of the moral community and the organization is bound to be a good corporate citizen and fulfill its duty towards the society (Glac 2015). This theory is focused on improving the sustainability and the actions are taken based on three factors, which are social, environmental and economic sustainability. Thus, the triple bottom line of the organization is aimed at improving the long-term sustainability (Govindan, Khodaverdi and Jafarian 2013). The economic sustainability will have to be on a long-term basis, which means that generation of the revenue streams is important for the sustainability of the organization. The feasibility of the short-term plan is less and it will result in the downfall of the organization. the balance in economic power is emphasized by the social sustainability. According to the theory, healthy competition is essential for the growth of the market but it is the duty of the organization to make the environment of the organization to be more suitable for development so that other companies can utilize it for their success (Onat, Kucukvar and Tatari 2014). However, there is a possibility that everyone may think that this is a counter measure but in the bug picture it is essential for the overall society to develop and not a single organization. Thus, this will enable all the organizations to exist in the same environment and the organizations will generate good will among themselves. Thus, by taking the example of the PCP dumping it can be said, that the organization polluted the environment in such a horrible way that it hampered the sustainability of other organizations in the industry.

Environmental sustainability is also an important factor and some of the companies who are dependent on natural resources will have to keep in mind the fact that available resources are limited. Thus, too much use and degradation of the natural resources will have adverse effect on the next generation as it will harm their sustainability. This bottom line will enable to protect the corresponding environment so that the sustainability of the planet can be maintained (Gold, Hahn and Seuring 2013). Thera re lot of business activities which causes risk to the corresponding environment so it is the duty of the organizations to make sure that they are taking necessary measures to avoid causing any harm to the environment. However, it is necessary to understand the extent of resources that can be degraded which is acceptable by the society. In the past, various organizations have harmed their corresponding environment and so they will have to perform activities to contribute back to the environment by reducing the level of harm they have already caused as it has helped to make improvements in their initial bottom line which is the maximization of profit (Miemczyk and Luzzini 2016).

The Triple Bottom Line

The main purpose of including this theory in to the organizational bottom line so that the organization can take measures for benefiting both the society and organization. The revenue generation and profit maximization has always been the first priority of the organization. However, due to this phenomenon the corporate social responsibility has taken a back seat which may be cause damage to the environment and society (Pen, Savitskie and Murshed 2016). Thus, the triple bottom line has been introduced in the study for maintaining all the three aspects in an equal way which will ensure sustainability of the organization, society and the environment at the same time. Thus, the measurement of all the three factors along the same line with similar metric systems and units will ensure that the organization has been able to take all the business decisions in a much easier way. Thus, corporate social responsibility and bottom of the organization is under the radar of lot of academic and business researchers who are trying to evaluate the impact of corporate social responsibility on the bottom line of the firm (Farooq, Rupp and Farooq 2017). The bottom line of the firms is changing at a rapid rate and as it has been mentioned earlier, new types of bottom lines are being included to make better business decision. Most of the organizations do good and bad to the society at the same time and this dues to the ethical dilemma in the business decision they are making. Thus, the use of the triple bottom is necessary in the modern-day organization.

 However, it is necessary to understand the implications of the corporate social responsibility on the bottom line of the organization. There are various factors which are being affected by the use of the corporate social responsibility of the organization. The impact of the corporate social responsibility can be better understood if we try to understand the sequence of events and progress the organizations have made in terms of including sustainability management in to the bottom line of the organization (de Grosbois 2016). The sustainability of any organization has been considered as a separate entity and is kept aside from the main bottom line where the corporate social responsibility was never mentioned in the annual report and a separate sustainability report has always been published in the company website. This shows that even though the organization have implemented separate strategies for maintaining their sustainability practices it has never been include in the business model. Thus, it can be said that corporate social, responsibility has been never connected to the bottom line as it may have negative impact on the goals and objectives of the internal stakeholders of the organization. However, various researches have shown that the corporate social responsibility has had positive impact on the bottom line of the organization, the organization having good corporate social responsibility activities are able to motivate their workforce to provide a better performance. Thus, the organization started considering corporate social responsibility as the integral part of the business environment (Loosemore and Lim 2017). Therefore, the theory of the triple bottom line was incorporated in various organizations and included in the business model of the organization. This shows that the modern-day organizations are focusing more on the corporate social activities which has benefited the organizations, society and the corresponding environment at the same time.

Theoretical Framework: Triple Bottom Line

This research will try to identify the various factors that are impacted due to the inclusion of corporate social responsibility in the organizational bottom line and how it has impacted the bottom line of a modern-day organization. The various theories in this context will be discussed critically and elaborately to understand the perspective of various authors, researchers and experts in the next chapter of the study.

1.2 Aim of the Research 

This study will aim to identify the impact of corporate social responsibility on the bottom line of the organization. This research will analyze the changes in implementation of corporate social responsibility in the organizational context and how it can be used for the generation of the better business model. The CSR activities will have an impact on a lot of factors in the business model. Thus, the research will identify these factors to identify the process in which CSR is affecting the bottom line of the organization. The study will also identify the growth in the CSR activities of the organizations and how its implementation has changed over the past decade. Thus, the study aims to provide the overall aspect of implementation of corporate social responsibility and how it has impacted the bottom line of the organization.

1.3 Research Hypothesis 

H₀– Corporate social responsibility has no impact on the organizational bottom-line

H₁– Corporate social responsibility has impact on the organizational bottom-line

1.4 Research Objectives 

• To evaluate the impact of corporate social responsibility on the bottom line of various organizations
• To critically analyze the significance of corporate social responsibility on business model of the organizations
• To critically evaluate the changes in corporate social activities in the organizational context
• To evaluate the significance of triple bottom line in corporate social responsibility of modern day organizations
• To recommend changes that should be adopted by organizations for improving their organizational performance

1.5 Research Question 

• What is the impact of corporate social responsibility on the organizational bottom line?
• What is the significance of corporate social responsibility on organizational business model?
• What is the significance of triple bottom line in corporate social responsibility?

2.1 Introduction 

Traditionally, the business organizations have been considered as the economic bodies with the primary responsibility of producing products and providing adequate services in an efficient way. With the beginning of sustainable developments in the 80s’, the business organizations started thinking beyond their narrow economic ideas and financial gains and started making gradual strategic adjustments. This has emerged with the changing societal expectations and continuous environmental pressures. With the course of time, there is a new change in the paradigm that has been inspired by the developing appreciation of the requirement of transiting from the environmental management to the larger sustainability management (Glac 2015). The organizations are mostly prejudiced to enlarge their base of the evaluation of their performance from the short term economic focus to gradually including long term environmental, social and financial inputs and added value. According to Savitz (2013) the concept of social responsibility therefore slowly widened its responsible practice in both the theoretical and practical contexts. The current business practices do not only include the conventional financial functions such as jobs, products or growth, but it also includes environmental consideration and conservation of the societal impacts and welfare. The triple bottom line approach and corporate social responsibility are two concepts that have been interchangeably used in the literatures. This concept is an approach related to sustainability that has been coined decades ago. With the course of time, the concept has evolved and it has gained further popularity as well. The triple bottom line approach provides a certain framework for the measurement of the performances of any business organization and the achievement of the organization utilizing three bottom lines: social, economic and environmental (Milne and Gray 2013). In this chapter, the literatures regarding the corporate social responsibility and the triple bottom line approach and the impact of the former on the latter will be discussed thoroughly.

2.2 Sustainability 

Measuring Triple Bottom Line and Its Importance

Sustainability is an umbrella term that can be defined as “development that meets the needs of the present generations without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs”. As opined by Sarkis and Dhavale (2015) sustainability also refers to the expectations for improving the existing environmental and social performances of the present generation without even compromising the capability of the future generations for meeting their environmental and social needs. Another definition given by Halpern et al. (2013) states that any society that is sustainable, requires meeting three of these conditions; firstly their rate of utilizing the renewable resources is not supposed to go beyond the rate of regeneration of such energy, the rate of non-renewable resource should also not go above the specific rate where the substitutes for sustainable renewable energies are being developed, and the rate of emitting pollution should not also surpass the assimilative capability of the environment. Regardless of the fact that the essence of the idea of the development of sustainability construct stays the same, but it has still been an issue which requires more focus. Henriques and Richardson (2013) has also indicated that the harmony of such notions concerning the society and its requirement should be in balance with the environment as well. Furthermore, it should also be noted that the concept of sustainability can be referred as a complicated and fundamental idea which permits balancing different factors for the earth to exist in a continuous process.

If it is put in a simple way the concept of sustainability also refers to the belief and value of the preservation and enhancement of the natural surroundings. After gaining much popularity for decades, it has been found out that there are several definitions of sustainability in the literatures, however some of them have differed on the basis of the source, yet the core value of the concept remains the exact same. Therefore, it can be said that, not only benefiting the next generations, the idea of sustainability also delivers financial gain and value for the existing generation (Bhattacharya 2016). There has always been a lack in the strict framework of sustainability that has given rise to a serious challenge in the existing literatures. Therefore, it can also be said that considering these approaches to sustainability and its applications, there are three major elements: financial or economic considerations, individual or community well-being and the protection of the environment or environmental stewardship (Gold, Hahn and Seuring 2013). Therefore while improving the social or economic quality of an individual’s life it may also limit the influence of environment in respect to the nature. Therefore, in this approach, most of the idea solutions to any kind of challenge may give birth to long term advantages as well.

2.3 Three Bottom Line Approach 

Corporate Social Responsibility and Bottom Line: An Academic and Business Challenge

The Three Bottom Line Approach has been pioneered for emphasizing the fact that the business organizations are accountable for different impacts on the community along with related bottom lines (Fairlie and Svergun 2015). This approach has been evolving as a methodical one for managing the complete responsibilities of the organization. This term is also utilized for referring to the framework which reports and measures the corporate performance of the company against the social, economic and environmental parameters. At the broader term, this can also be utilized for capturing the entire set of issues, values and processes which the company should address for increasing the positive influences of their business activities, therefore generating the additional social, economic and environmental values. This approach is also associated with the primary realization that the business organizations can add up to the values and should be responsible for all the three drivers: social, economic and environmental (Svensson et al. 2016). The conventional financial indicators have also continued involving the traditional performance measures like the gross margin, net profit, and return on investments etc. in the recent years, there have been continuous progresses which have evolved the international environmental standards to a higher quality, for instance the quantity of pollutants to land, air, water, management systems etc (Gold, Hahn and Seuring 2013). However the social figures are still in the early years considering the range of miscellaneous indicators that are grouped under the social dimension. The most significant factors under the social dimension are wages of the employees, safety and health, discrimination, gender equality, training etc. Therefore, this framework tends to attempt measuring the management of such operations so that the organization can measure the overall performance.

According to Nikolaou, Evangelinos and Allan (2013) the measurement of this approach is still quite complicated and vague. However, three most common indicators considered in this approach are the environmental, social and economic performance of the organization. Therefore, adding up each of the areas can be perceived to be most challenging. Moreover, in this approach, all these performances should be tracked and measures like the financial performances are measured within any company. For this reason, the appeal to the TBL approach tends to remind the management of any organization of the social and ecological equity and the requirement for measuring the performances of the organization other than the economic ones (Henriques and Richardson 2013). However, there is no such management framework for linking all these three approaches, yet three of these approaches are considered to be the fundamental pliers for sustainability (Longoni 2014). Regardless of the accumulating evidences, the capability of reporting the verifiable data all the aspects of sustainability tend to become the primary reason for gaining the competitive advantages. Therefore, it is quite clear that the organizations require widening their basis for evaluating the performance, from the short term economic focus to involve long term environmental, social and financial influences and added value.

Corporate social responsibility is the approach that leads the organizations in bringing a sustainable future for the forthcoming generations. This concept has attracted attention from all around the world; therefore, it had also gained a new significance within the global financial picture. In the recent years, with the emerging trend of globalization and global trade, the international business scenario is now more complicated. Therefore, it demands corporate citizenship with an enhanced transparency in dealing and trading. Furthermore, the governments have already been assumed as having the sole responsibility of fulfilling the needs of the society and the conditions for living in the society (Longoni 2014). However, with the course of time, the requirements of the society have surpassed the abilities of the government for fulfilling them. Considering this context, the focus has been shifted to the role and responsibilities of the business organizations which also indicates that they should differentiate by engaging in socially responsible activities. This is also a way of bringing a sustainable future for the world. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development has defined the concept of corporate social responsibility as the commitments of the business organizations for contributing to the sustainable financial development while working with the community, employees and their family (Sarkis and Dhavale 2015). In a more general way, it can be said that corporate social responsibility is a comprehensive set of strategies, practices, policies and programs which tend to integrated through the business practices and the procedures for making decisions and the practice also intends in ensuring that the company will increase the constructive impacts of the business operations on the society. Therefore, with a well-organized CSR policy, the organizations work in a way which tends to go beyond the legal, ethical, public and commercial expectations which the society has on its business operations.

According to Nikolaou, Evangelinos and Allan (2013) the CSR debate also gives rise to the idea that the business organizations are responsible for their ongoing actions not only in a formal way, but they are also accountable in a way which includes all the stakeholders. Moreover, this concept has been a major influence on the issues regarding social responsibility of the organizations. Various kinds of companies are now providing a public account of their relationship with the customers, employees, governments and their business partners along with the wider community and society. It has also been implied that the concept that the private business sector is the dominant creator of the managerial resource and value, therefore it has the ethical obligation for contributing to the financial growth and future opportunities being sustainable and equitable (Halpern et al. 2013). Therefore it is also necessary that the organizations should accept their responsibilities considering themselves as the democratic partner of the world that are characterized by the dwindling resource and complex ideas. Therefore, the idea of corporate social responsibility has been founded more on the role of the companies within the society which also advocates the requirement of the business organizations practicing the good governance and contributing in various innovative methods for their respective societies and communities.

The interests in CSR policies of business organizations have been highlighted for a long time; therefore, the concerns regarding the performance and measurement of corporate social responsibility have been highlighted. At the global level, the codes of conduct and the standards have been developed on a continuous rate by the government, business organizations and other non-governmental organizations. The scholars have identified the core values of corporate social responsibility as integral matters to the policy. Those values are employee rights, human rights, community development, environmental protection, stakeholder rights and supplier relations. Therefore, the community is an incorporated stakeholder of the business organizations (Gold, Hahn and Seuring 2013). According to the Dow Jones Sustainability Group Index (DJSGI), there are rational, global and flexible index for standardizing the sustainability performances. This index tends capturing the qualitative criteria through the environmental, economic and social responsibility criteria that have been recognized on the basis of broadly accepted practice and standards.

The economic dimension of the CSR policy refers to the economic viability which encompasses the problems of competitiveness, market and job creation and profitability in long term. The concept of economic sustainability also refers to the generation of added values in a broader sense in place of the traditional economic accounting. Therefore, the economic dimension also includes satisfying the consumers with the services and products of actual value, reducing the cost of business and drawing new businesses through thorough business reliable policies, increasing the productivity through the motivated employees, earning the fair return from the entrusted funds and offering the opportunities for including the socially responsible investments (Bhattacharya 2016). The social dimension of the corporate social responsibility also refers to the influence of the company on the social system where the company operates. This dimension also encompasses the expectations of different social groups involving the external and internal stakeholders and the other interest groups. This social bottom line of the CSR policy includes the community issues, public health, controversies, education, skills, social justice, safety of the workplace and equal opportunity (Høgevold et al. 2015). In addition to that the environmental dimension emphasizes the impact of the organizational activities on the non-living and living systems including the air, land, water and the eco systems. The environmental responsibilities also include aligning the business operations with the governmental regulations. It also involves assessing the products, services and processes of the business, decreasing the emissions and wastages, increasing the productivity and efficiency of the resources and assets of the business along with mitigating the activities that may have an adverse impact on the resources of the earth. Therefore, the CSR policy refers to the capability of any organization for maintaining and demonstrating constructive environmental, social and economic performances on a long-term basis (Ozanne et al. 2016). The economic performance of any organization is very much essential for the continuity and viability of the organization; therefore, this is also a major feature for the core dimensions of the business organization. However, being socially responsible also involves the environmental stewardship and active social concern and involvement (Pen, Savitskie and Murshed 2016). Moreover, the organizations are now facing the challenge for shifting their priorities to the holistic performance assessing models which include the measures that are related to both the social responsibilities and stakeholders.

2.5 The Evolution of TBL framework 

The social responsibility model has evolved with the course of time and it is likely to address the three basic lines: social, environmental and economic. It can be argued that all the performance management and reporting of the stakeholder information and the engagement models are interrelated as they are mostly funneled through the three-bottom lime social responsibility framework.

The social responsibility construct cannot be implemented in a random way within the organization as one or multiple social responsibility core values tend to affect the organizational structure. According to Boulouta and Pitelis (2014) the central principle of the social responsibility approach is legally obligated to the organizational values and with respect to law and regulations. It also identifies the obligations that are broadly shared with values and ethics. Therefore the social responsibility model accounts for the interests of the stakeholders, promotes the ethical and transparent behavior along with enhancing the sustainable development, fulfills all the necessary and applicable rules and it is entirely integrated within the organization and the organizational activities. The TBL framework is also driven by the reason of increasing the contribution of the organization to more sustainable development. According to Singhapakd et al. (2015) the performance measurements in the organization are not just for measuring the financial factors which matter to the economic gains of the organization. A framework incorporates both the social responsibility factors such as social and economic factors and the financial factors.

The TBL approach is an ecological and social agreement between the business and the society. Considering the impact of the company on the issues which impacts the sustainability, there are both negative and positive impacts. The TBL approach incorporates what the businesses are doing in the real life along with the cases which are supposed to be improved. Therefore, the TBL approach indicates to an innovative drive that increases transparency within the system and it can also mitigate the concerns by all the stakeholders (Lee et al. 2013). In addition to that, incorporating the TBL framework in the organizational structure will also take the responsibility of the business to a higher level. It will also raise the expectations of the stakeholders and maintain the brand image in the competitive market. As stated by Boulouta and Pitelis (2014) “An undeniable case for action has been mounted effectively by senior scientists around the world, with growing acceptance by governments and the wider community”. Furthermore, the continuous evidences of withdrawing the natural resources have made the customers more conscious about the impacts that the businesses have on the environment and the society; however, in most cases the corporate companies are less interested with the minimization of the capital stocks. However, the larger companies have started adjusting their business procedures for utilizing the finite resources in a more responsible way, therefore the impact of the changing policies that are socially responsible can change the brand image to a great extent.

The external stakeholders and the employees both are included in this framework, uniting them for a shared set of objectives can also have a wider impact than just the profit and efficiency of the business activities. It may also outweigh the potential risks of the substantial policy adjustments and extra public scrutiny. Moreover, the potential negative exposures could also be weathered as the stakeholders will know forging the strong sense of identity of the business and its purpose (Pen, Savitskie and Murshed 2016). Therefore, it can also be argued that the organizations can have the social responsibility which will be responsible for the finite resources. According to Boulouta and Pitelis (2014) there can also be a possibility that the actions of the company may not support the intentions. There are several companies that tend to declare what they intend for taking the challenges for turning into socially and environmentally responsible. Adding the TBL approach I the report process of the company, initially can also affect the bottom line of the company in a negative way as it increases the complicatedness of their organizational operations (Singhapakd et al. 2015). If any company is overloaded with the employees, they will still have to add more responsibilities for measuring and incorporating the new process. More stress can be added to employees and it may create several issues for the organization. More stress in job can also turn into absenteeism, less job satisfaction and poor health of employees.

Conclusion 

The concept of sustainable development has widened its practice for including the economic accountability along with the social and environmental stewardship. As the corporate behavior is so significant for identifying the social and environmental goals, two of the new objectives have been slowly integrated in the conventional corporate performance. Therefore, from this perspective the companies will now have more responsibilities: a responsibility to the market, accountability to the society and the community and accountability to the market.

3.0 Research Methodology

This chapter of the study will depict the various research methods, designs and approaches. The research methodology conveys a lot of significance in the study as the choice of the correct methodology will be crucial for the study. However, the identification is not the only part that is very crucial for the study but the execution and implementation of the methods and techniques will be critical in achieving the desired goal in the study. In this study, the justification for choosing each of the methods and techniques have been provided. The negatives and positives of each of the methods and techniques have also been discussed. As stated by Panneerselvam (2014), the framework of methodology will comprise of various assumptions which are fixed and will used for conducting the study. Research methodology is one of the most significant part of the study as it will enable to fulfil the objectives and the aim of the study. However, it is essential to create the methodology of research in such a way which can be used for reproduction of similar result in studies which have a similar topic and objectives.

3.1 Research Philosophy

The philosophy of research will comprise of the source, development and nature of knowledge. In this current study it may seem that building of knowledge is intense and profound for the study, however, there are generally four types of philosophies which are being used in the academic and business research. The philosophies that are generally has been named as realism, interpretivism, post positivism and positivism (Flick 2015). Realism depends on the idea that reality is independent from the human mind and uses scientific approaches for the development of knowledge. Realism can be of two types, one is critical realism and other is direct realism (Zachariadis, Scott and Barrett 2013). The direct realism uses the personal senses of human beings to portray the world. On the contrary, the critical realism is of the opinion that personal senses cannot effectively portray the real world as images and senses can be deceptive. Interpretivism is the research philosophy which includes human interest by interpreting the elements in the study. According to this philosophy, social construction is the basis of accessing the reality which comprises of shared meanings, instruments and language. This philosophy is generally used for amalgamation of different approaches to research such as phenomenology, constructivism and hermeneutics (Bryman and Bell 2015). Positivism can be defined as the rejection of metaphysics where the objective of the study is identification and description of the phenomenon that is being experienced. This philosophy will assist in revealing the hidden truths in the study from various observations and facts. The scope of observation is thus increased and facilitates in gaining factual knowledge (Sekaran and Bougie 2016). Post positivism is a research philosophy which rejects all the doctrines of positivism. This philosophy states that there is no basic difference between the scientific way of thinking and the day to day life thinking. Both the processes are the same process with only a minute difference in degree. In this current study, the research philosophy which is most apt is positivism and thus it has been selected as the philosophy of research (Alvesson and Sköldberg 2017).

Justification for selecting positivism

In this currents study, positivism has been selected as the philosophy of research as it will help in extracting the hidden truths from the various facts that has been made available for the analysis. Moreover, this philosophy of research will increase the observational scope of the study and thus, descriptive study can be used for analyzing the research topic. The existing theories in the current field of study can be included and testing of hypothesis can also be included in this research topic.

Hypothesis testing will have a great impact on the study as it facilitates in distinguishing between the deductive and inductive approach. The various assumptions that has been made in this research can be validated with the help of the deductive approach. On the contrary, the inductive approach is used for the formulation of new theories and generalizations. The deductive approach begins with the creation of the hypothesis of the study that has to be validated whereas the inductive approach will be used for implementing the research questions for generating new theories (Creswell and Poth 2017). However, in this field of study, the deductive approach is chosen as the approach for the study as in this scenario the existing theories will have to be formulated.

Justification for selecting the deductive approach

In this study, the hypothesis testing will be used for the validation of the existing theories so deductive approach is the best suited approach in this study. Thus, the scientific approach can be included by implementing the deductive approach in this current field of study. Thus, the deductive approach will help to draw the conclusion of the study based on the facts and no new theories are being formulated so the use of inductive approach is rejected.

In this current study, primary data collection will be the method used for acquiring data. There are two type of methods that are being used in the primary collection of data and they are qualitative and quantitative methods (Sullivan-Bolyai, Bova and Singh 2014).  The quantitative techniques will consist of collection of data through questionnaires and surveys, the questions will be close ended questions and the respondents will consist of lower level of employees in various organizations. The quantitative analysis of data will consist of statistical tools and methods such as regression and hypothesis testing. The quantitative analysis of data will consist of only mathematical calculations and the implications of the various findings in the research.  The qualitative analysis of data does not consist of any mathematical calculations. The qualitative analysis will consist of open ended questionnaires and interviews.  The respondents for this kind of analysis will consist of higher officials in global organizations who have in depth knowledge about the topic (Orkin 2014).

However, in this study only one type of method is used and consist of only quantitative analysis of data. Thus, the study which consist of only one type of method is known as mono method (Sandelowski 2014). The quantitative study consists of numerical analysis of data whereas the qualitative analysis of data will consist of analysis of the findings of the study. Mixed method is the study which consist of multiple methods and will consist of both qualitative and quantitative analysis of data (Morse 2016). However, when similar multiple methods of similar type of are used in the study it is known as multi method. Thus, the use of multiple quantitative methods will be knowns as multi method quantitative whereas the use of multiple qualitative method will be known as multi method qualitative (Brannen 2017). However, when multiple qualitative and quantitative methods are used in study then it can be considered as multi method complex. This is a complex process and generally is not required in the study with two variables. In this study, the philosophy of research is positivism and mono method will be sufficient to validate the existing theories.

Data Analysis 

The qualitative analysis of consist of the identification of patterns in the answers asked in the interviews. However, in this study quantitative analysis will done which will consist of collection of data through close ended questionnaires. The data form each of the questions will be analyzed to interpret the point of view of the respondents and linking it back to the objective of the study. The factor of the dependent variable and the independent variable will be tabulated with the help of analytical tools to calculate the regression and testing of the hypothesis. The data that has been collected will be plotted in forms of graphs and charts (Treiman 2014). These graphs and charts will be analyzed to interpret the data that has been collected. Regression is a tool which will analyze the relationship between the dependent and independent variable. However, the type of the extent of the relationship cannot be identified with the regression. Thus, correlation is required to identify whether the dependent variable is having a negative or positive relationship with the independent variable. Hypothesis testing is a method which will only determine whether there is significant relationship between the two variables. Thus, the quantitative analysis of data will validate the underlying principles in the study.  

Sampling

Sampling is a method which is used for the selection of the population sample of the analysis. The overall population size is too huge and so the analysis of the overall population size is cumbersome. Thus, sampling methods are used to select small population sample which will represent the overall population. There are two types of sampling methods which are generally used in then business and academic research, one is the probabilistic sampling and the other is the non-probabilistic sampling (Palinkas et al. 2015). The probabilistic sampling will consist of random selection of respondents from the population sample. This ensures all the population have the equal opportunity of being chosen. This can be further divided into simple random sampling and stratified random sampling methods (Zikmund et al. 2013). Simple random is a method where the random data is selected from the overall population and is the simplest method. The stratified random sampling is a complex method in which the population is divided in to non-over-lapping groups and then simple random sampling is done. The next method is systematic random sampling in which the interval is decided, suppose the interval is k, then the k variable in each interval from the numbers to 1to n will be selected as the part of the sample size for the study (Best and Kahn 2016).

The non-probabilistic sampling method will not include the randomized selection of data from the population. However, there are chances that with non-probabilistic sampling the representation of the population is not done in a proper way. The accuracy of the non-probabilistic sampling is less than the random sampling method so it is preferred by the researchers who conduct business and academic research (Gelman et al. 2014). Thus, in this current study probabilistic sampling has been chosen as the method for selecting the sample population. This will ensure that the data is authentic and reliability of the data is high.  Simple random sampling will be sued in this study to select the respondents. In this study, 50 respondents have been selected for gathering the data for the quantitative analysis. These respondents are the employees of the multinational national organizations who will able to share their perspective on the research topic.

Reliability and Validity

Reliability can be defined as the ability of the same instrument to draw the same conclusion in similar studies. As stated by LoBiondo-Wood and Haber (2014), the positive outcome in the study is dependent on the high pf reliability of the study. Validity can be defined as fulfillment of all the needs of the research method during the creation of the findings of the research. According to Read (2013), one of the compulsory requirements of conducting a business or academic research is the validity of the data. The appropriate collection of data, measurement and interpretation of the questionnaire and survey can be also be considered as the validity of the study. In this current study, the data that has been collected consist of data that has been validated and reliable.  

Ethical consideration

The maintenance of the ethical ground is one of the significant aspect of conducting an academic and business research. Therefore, in this present study, the data that has been collected has been kept confidential so the research privacy can be maintained. The privacy of the respondents and the institutions have been kept confidential to protect their interest and privacy. The data that has been used in this journal has not been used in any other previous journals. Thus, the rules of the Data Protection Act have been maintained in this study (Eriksson and Kovalainen 2015). Moreover, it is made sure that the respondents have participated in the survey of their own accord and none of them have been forced to take part in the survey.

Findings and analysis

1. Tenure?

Row labels	No of response	Percentage of response	Total respondents
less than a year	5	5%	100
1-2 years	10	10%	100
2-5 years	25	25%	100
more than 5 years	60	60%	100

The first question is addressing the length of stay of each of the respondents. The tenure of the respondents is an important factor, which will enable to understand the perspective of the individuals having experiences for a wide range of employees. The findings is highlighting the fact that 60% of the respondents have been in their respective organizations for more than 5 years and 25% of the employees have been in their respective organizations for the period of more than 2years. However, 15 % of the respondents have in their respective organizations for a period of less than 2 years. This shows that there is diversity in the range of the respondents and the data will provide different dimension from the perspective of experienced as well as relatively new employees in the industry. Thus, the perspective of different groups of people will cover a wider range of topic. Thus, the data that has been collected will be able to provide clarity about the research topic as they belong to different generations and will have different perspective about the study.

2.Your gender?

Row labels	No of response	Percentage of response	Total respondents
Male	65	65%	100
Female	35	35%	100

This question is aimed at identifying the gender of the respondents in this study. The findings of the study show that 65% of the respondents are male employees and the remaining are the female employees. The number of male respondents is higher but still there is balance between both the genders in the data. Thus, this data will perspective of both the genders as it may vary depending upon their perspective.

1. Your age?

Row labels	No of response	Percentage of response	Total respondents
less than 25	5	5%	100
25-30	20	20%	100
31-40	35	35%	100
41 and above	40	40%	100

The question is aimed at identifying the age of the respondents in this study. The findings of the study has revealed that 40% of the respondents are above the age of 40 and 35% of the respondents are between the age group of 31-40 years. On the contrary, only 25% of the respondents are below the age group of 30. This shows that the majorities of the respondents are experienced and have been in the industry for a long time. Thus, they will be able to provide suitable insights on the changes in the industry and the impact of corporate social responsibility on the organizational bottom line. The respondents that are aged have seen the progression of corporate social activities in their respective organizations but the younger respondents have only witnessed the newer development and policies. Thus, the research will be able to cover a wide area of topic and will provide suitable insights on the topic. 

1. Are you satisfied with the Corporate Social activities of your current organization?

Row labels	No of response	Percentage of response	Total respondents
Highly satisfied	55	55%	100
Satisfied	32	32%	100
Indifferent	2	2%	100
Dissatisfied	5	5%	100
Highly dissatisfied	6	6%	100

This question is aimed at understanding the satisfaction level of the respondents in their respective employees. The findings of the data collection show that 55% of the respondents are highly satisfied with the corporate social activities of their respective organizations. Moreover, the next sets of respondents are in agreement with the majority and they constitute 32% of the total number of respondents. However, 2% of the respondents are indifferent towards this question and they are not able to make proper decision. On the contrary, 6% of the respondents are highly dissatisfied with the corporate social activities of their respective organization and they have been supported by 5% of the respondents who are of the same opinion. The satisfaction level of the employees is an important factor, as it will motivate them to work in a better way. Various researches suggest that the satisfaction level of the employees is important for improving the performance of the organization. Thus, it can be said that the respondents who are satisfied with the corporate social activities f their respective organization will be able to perform in a better way than the respondents who are not satisfied with their organizational corporate social responsibilities.

1. How far do you agree that ethical behavior has impact on the corporate social activities?

Row labels	No of response	Percentage of response	Total respondents
Strongly Agree	49	49%	100
Agree	36	36%	100
Indifferent	1	1%	100
Disagree	2	2%	100
Strongly disagree	12	12%	100

 This is a question, which is trying to identify the impact of ethical behavior on the corporate social activities of various organizations. The findings of the study show that the 45% of the respondents are in strong agreement with the fact that the ethical behavior has significant impact on the corporate social responsibility of the organization. Moreover, 39 % of the respondents are in agreement with the majority of the respondents and they also believe that the ethical behavior of the organization will have an impact on the corporate social activities of the organizations. On the contrary, 6% of the respondents are in strong disagreement of the fact that ethical behavior will have an impact on the corporate social responsibility and they have been supported by 7% of the respondents who have also disagreed to the fact. However, the majority of the respondents are in agreement so it can be said that corporate social responsibility of the organizations will be affected by the ethical behavior of the organization. Modern organizations are facing ethical dilemma in all their business decisions, it is the duty of the organization to think about the society and the corresponding environment before taking any business decision. The organizations that are able to manage their ethical aspect has been able to maintain their sustainability in the market. Thus, ethical aspect will have a lot of significance in sustainability of the organizations in the modern cultural environment.

Row labels	No of response	Percentage of response	Total respondents
Strongly Agree	51	51%	100
Agree	43	43%	100
Indifferent	1	1%	100
Disagree	2	2%	100
Strongly disagree	3	3%	100

Globalization has changed the overall scenario of the market and the organizations have made drastic to the organization structure and processes. This question is aimed at identifying the impact of globalization on the corporate social responsibility of the organization. The findings of the study suggests that 51% of the respondents are in strong agreement with the fact that globalization has an impact on the corporate social activities of organizations. Moreover, 43% of the respondents have agreed with the majority of the employees that means that there is significant affect of globalization on the corporate social activities of the organization. On the contrary, it can be said that 5% of the respondents are in disagreement of the fact that globalization has an impact on the corporate social activities of the organization. These show that with the advent of globalization in the market, the corporate social activities have changed. Corporate social responsibility that was in the back seat has been considered as the integral part of the organization that has changed the overall perspective of the organizations. Thus, it can be said it is essential for the modern day organizations to maintain their corporate social responsibility activities as it will facilitate in maintain the sustainability of the organization.

1. How far do you agree that change management has impact on the corporate social activities of any organization?

Row labels	No of response	Percentage of response	Total respondents
Strongly Agree	58	58%	100
Agree	31	31%	100
Indifferent	1	1%	100
Disagree	2	2%	100
Strongly disagree	8	8%	100

This is a question, which is aimed at analyzing the impact of change management on the corporate social responsibility of the organization. The findings of the study suggest that 58% of the respondents are in strong agreement with the fact that change management has positive impact on the corporate social activities of organizations. Moreover, 23% of the respondents have agreed with the majority of the employees that means that there is significant positive effect of change management on the corporate social activities of the organization. On the contrary, it can be said that 4% of the respondents are in disagreement and 7% are in strong disagreement of the fact that change management has an impact on the corporate social activities of the organization. Change management has become necessary for all the organizations in order to maintain their competitive advantage and sustainability in the organization. Change management is used to identify the problems in the organization so that the organization can make amendments to the structure and the processes. Corporate social responsibility has been included in to the business model of most of the organizations so implementation of change management will definitely have a significant impact on the corporate social activities of the organization.

Row labels	No of response	Percentage of response	Total respondents
Strongly Agree	53	53%	100
Agree	26	26%	100
Indifferent	5	5%	100
Disagree	8	8%	100
Strongly disagree	8	8%	100

This is a question, which is aimed at analyzing the impact of corporate social responsibility on engagement of employees in the organization. The findings of the study suggest that 53% of the respondents are in strong agreement with the fact that corporate social activities have positive impact on the engagement of employees in the organizations. Moreover, 26% of the respondents have agreed with the majority of the employees that means that there is significant positive effect of corporate social activities on the engagement of employees in the organization. On the contrary, it can be said that 8% of the respondents are in disagreement and 8% are in strong disagreement of the fact that corporate social activities will have any impact on the employee engagement of the organization. Workforce of any organization is very important for gaining competitive advantage in the market and increases the productivity of the organization. Employee engagement is important for increasing the motivational level of the employees and corporate social responsibility will play a crucial role in engaging the employees in social activities. Thus, the employees will feel that they are contributing back to the society, which will motivate to perform in a better way. Thus, it is evident from the findings that corporate social responsibility will have a major impact on the engagement of employees.

Row labels	No of response	Percentage of response	Total respondents
Strongly Agree	55	55%	100
Agree	28	28%	100
Indifferent	1	1%	100
Disagree	4	4%	100
Strongly disagree	12	12%	100

This is a question, which is aimed at analyzing the impact of corporate social responsibility on motivation level of employees in the organization. The findings of the study suggest that 55% of the respondents are in strong agreement with the fact that corporate social activities have positive impact on the motivation level of employees in the organizations. Moreover, 28% of the respondents have agreed with the majority of the employees that means that there is significant positive effect of corporate social activities on the motivation of employees in the organization. On the contrary, it can be said that 4% of the respondents are in disagreement and 12% are in strong disagreement of the fact that corporate social activities will have any impact on the employee motivation of the organization. Motivation levels of the employees are essential for improving the productivity and revenue generation streams of the organization. in order to fulfill the goals and objective of the internal stakeholders of the organization, it is essential that the organization maintains a motivated workforce that are able to align their personal goals with that of the overall goals of the organization. Thus, the findings have given clear indication of the fact that corporate social responsibility will have a positive impact on the motivation level of the employees which in turn will help in elevating the overall performance of the organizational bottom line.

Row labels	No of response	Percentage of response	Total respondents
Strongly Agree	46	46%	100
Agree	37	37%	100
Indifferent	0	0%	100
Disagree	5	5%	100
Strongly disagree	12	12%	100

This is a question, which is aimed at highlighting the impact of corporate social responsibility on consumers. The findings of the study suggest that 46% of the respondents are in strong agreement with the fact that corporate social activities have positive impact on the consumers in the market. Moreover, 37% of the respondents have agreed with the majority of the employees that means that there is significant positive effect of corporate social activities on the consumers in the market. On the contrary, it can be said that 5% of the respondents are in disagreement and 12% are in strong disagreement of the fact that corporate social activities will have any impact on the consumers in the market. Corporate social activities will help the organization to interact with the society and maintain transparency in their activities. Thus, the organization is able to generate good will among the consumers. Thus, the corporate social activities of various organizations will positively influence the psychology of the consumers. Thus, the organizations will be able to increase the base of their consumers in the  market, which will in turn increase the productivity of the organization. Thus, the modern day organization should focus on their corporate social activities so that they can create a good will in the market by making the society aware of their sustainability goals.

1. How far do you agree that corporate social responsibility will have positive impact on the brand image of the organization?

Row labels	No of response	Percentage of response	Total respondents
Strongly Agree	57	57%	100
Agree	31	31%	100
Indifferent	2	2%	100
Disagree	4	4%	100
Strongly disagree	6	6%	100

This is a question, which is aimed at highlighting the impact of corporate social responsibility on the brand image of the organization. The findings of the study suggest that 57% of the respondents are in strong agreement with the fact that corporate social activities have positive impact on the brand image of the organization. Moreover, 31% of the respondents have agreed with the majority of the employees that means that there is significant positive effect of corporate social activities on the brand image in the market. On the contrary, it can be said that 4% of the respondents are in disagreement and 6% are in strong disagreement of the fact that corporate social activities will have any impact on the brand image of the organizations. The image of the brand is essential for increasing the sale of the organization and various researchers are suggest that brand image will help in gaining competitive advantage due to the elevation in the loyalty of the brand.  The increase in brand loyalty increases the retention rate of the consumers, which in turn will increase the amount of sales of the organization. Thus, the brand image of the organization is important for the revenue generation schemes of the organization. Therefore, the increase in the revenue generation streams will increase the profit margin of the organization. Thus, it is evident from the findings of the study that corporate social responsibility will have a positive impact on the brand image of any organization in the market.

1. How far do you agree that corporate social responsibility will have an impact on the financial performance of the organization?

Row labels	No of response	Percentage of response	Total respondents
Strongly Agree	50	50%	100
Agree	41	41%	100
Indifferent	2	2%	100
Disagree	3	3%	100
Strongly disagree	4	4%	100

This is a question, which is aimed at highlighting the impact of corporate social responsibility on the financial performance of the organization. The findings of the study suggest that 50% of the respondents are in strong agreement with the fact that corporate social activities have positive impact on the financial performance of the organization. Moreover, 41% of the respondents have agreed with the majority of the employees that means that there is significant positive effect of corporate social activities on the financial performance in the market. On the contrary, it can be said that 3% of the respondents are in disagreement and 4% are in strong disagreement of the fact that corporate social activities will have any impact on the financial performance of the organizations. Corporate social responsibility is affecting the above-mentioned factors, which has a direct link to the financial performance of the organization. Employee motivation, brand image, employee engagement and consumers are all directly linked to the financial performance of the organization. Various researchers have conducted studies which shows that the organization that have incorporated corporate social responsibility in to the bottom line of the organization have been able to make improvements in both the non financial and financial performance of the organizations.

Regression analysis

SUMMARY OUTPUT
Regression Statistics
Multiple R	0.058118
R Square	0.003378
Adjusted R Square	-0.00679
Standard Error	0.592743
Observations	100
ANOVA
	df	SS	MS	F	Significance F
Regression	1	0.116695	0.116695	0.33214	0.565722817
Residual	98	34.4317	0.351344
Total	99	34.5484
	Coefficients	Standard Error	t Stat	P-value	Lower 95%	Upper 95%	Lower 95.0%	Upper 95.0%
Intercept	1.737708	0.197031	8.819484	4.4E-14	1.3467075	2.128709	1.346707	2.128709176
X Variable 1	0.061793	0.10722	0.576316	0.56572	-0.150982128	0.274567	-0.15098	0.274567477
PROBABILITY OUTPUT
Percentile	Y
0.5	1
1.5	1
2.5	1
3.5	1.2
4.5	1.2
5.5	1.2
6.5	1.2
7.5	1.2
8.5	1.2
9.5	1.2
10.5	1.2
11.5	1.2
12.5	1.2
13.5	1.2

14.5	1.2
15.5	1.2
16.5	1.2
17.5	1.2
18.5	1.2
19.5	1.2
20.5	1.2
21.5	1.4
22.5	1.4
23.5	1.4
24.5	1.4
25.5	1.4
26.5	1.4
27.5	1.4
28.5	1.4
29.5	1.4
30.5	1.4
31.5	1.4
32.5	1.4
33.5	1.4
34.5	1.4
35.5	1.4
36.5	1.4
37.5	1.4
38.5	1.6
39.5	1.6
40.5	1.6
41.5	1.6
42.5	1.6
43.5	1.6
44.5	1.6
45.5	1.6
46.5	1.8
47.5	1.8
48.5	1.8
49.5	1.8
50.5	1.8
51.5	1.8
52.5	1.8
53.5	1.8
54.5	1.8
55.5	1.8
56.5	2

57.5	2
58.5	2
59.5	2
60.5	2
61.5	2
62.5	2
63.5	2
64.5	2
65.5	2
66.5	2
67.5	2
68.5	2
69.5	2.2
70.5	2.2
71.5	2.2
72.5	2.2
73.5	2.2
74.5	2.2
75.5	2.2
76.5	2.2
77.5	2.2
78.5	2.2
79.5	2.2
80.5	2.2
81.5	2.4
82.5	2.4
83.5	2.4
84.5	2.4
85.5	2.6
86.5	2.6
87.5	2.6
88.5	2.6
89.5	2.6
90.5	2.6
91.5	2.8
92.5	2.8
93.5	2.8
94.5	2.8
95.5	3.2
96.5	3.2
97.5	3.4
98.5	3.4
99.5	3.4

The relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variable is measured with the help of the regression. The regression will determine the type of relationship between the two variables in the form of a straight-line equation. The multiple R is the correlation coefficient, which will define the strength of linear relationship between the two variables. The value of multiple R in this case is 0.058, which shows that there is positive relation between both the variables but the degree of correlation is less. This is due to the fact there are other variables, which will have an impact on the bottom line of the organization.  R² is the coefficient of determination, which signifies the number of line, which will fall in the regression line.  The value of R² is less in study, which shows that the goodness of fit in the study is not good. However, the value of coefficient of determination suggests that 40% of the data is falling in the regression line and is following the linearity in pattern. The adjusted R² is used when there is more than one variable and the variable which has been adjusted so that they can fit in to the line of regression. However, in this scenario, the value of the adjusted R² is negative which shows that no variable has been adjusted in this study. The standard error shows that there is difference in error among the variables and determines the precision of the variable that has been measured. When the coefficient of regression is less than the standard error then it is different from zero. The normality plot suggests that variables are maintaining normality and the data that has been collected is validated.  The f value that has been calculated in the study is greater than 0.05. Thus, in order to confirm the validity of the test hypothesis testing has been done to understand the impact of corporate social responsibility on the bottom line of the organization. The regression line follows a straight line and he formula for the equation is y=mx+c, where m is the slope of the line, x is the independent variable and c is the intercept. In this study, the regression line is y= 0.061793x+ 1.73 and thus, the relation between both the variables have been validated which suggest that there is moderate correlation between both the variables in the study.

Two Sample T-Tests

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances
	Variable 1	Variable 2
Mean	1.7525	1.846
Variance	0.308706	0.348973737
Observations	100	100
Pooled Variance	0.32884
Hypothesized Mean Difference	0
df	198
t Stat	-1.15293
P(T<=t) one-tail	0.125164
t Critical one-tail	1.652586
P(T<=t) two-tail	0.250327
t Critical two-tail	1.972017

 Findings

The hypothesis testing is used for the comparing both the means for the dependent and the independent variables. The critical tail has the value of 1.65, which shows that the value falls in the rejection region and so the null hypothesis in the study will be rejected. The alternative hypothesis in the study will be accepted. There is significant difference in the means of both the variables so the null hypothesis can be rejected. Thus, the inference that can be reached from the study is that corporate social responsibility will have significant impact on the bottom line of the organization.

Analysis

Thus, even though the regression analysis has failed to provide significant contribution to the study, the hypothesis testing has stated that there is significant difference in the means of the two variables, which suggest that null hypothesis can be rejected. In this study, simple random sampling is used for selection of the population sample and the representation of the data may have been done in a better way. The study has been able to validate the fact that corporate social responsibility has a significant impact on the bottom line of the organization. This is the reason for including the corporate social activity in to the bottom of the organization.

Thus, it can be concluded from the study that corporate social responsibility will have an impact on the bottom line of the organization. The objectives of the organization have been linked with the findings of the study. The first objective was to identify the impact of corporate social responsibility of the organization with that of the bottom line of the organization. The findings from the regression analysis and hypothesis testing has been able to establish the relationship between the independent and the dependent variable in the study. The second objective of the study to evaluate the significance of corporate social responsibility on the organizational bottom line. The findings of the study suggest that corporate social responsibility has overall impact on the performance of the organization as it is able to affect both the non-financial and financial aspect of the organizations. The next objective was to identify the influence of triple bottom line on the corporate social responsibility of the organization. The finding of the study states that the inclusion of triple bottom line in to the organization structure is a strategic initiative which has been taken by the companies for improving economic, social and environmental aspects at the same time. This will ensure the long-term sustainability of the organizations and thus, the objective has been established.

However, there are certain limitations to the study as it is based on mono method. The use of the mixed method would have provided a better dimension to the study from the perspective of the higher ups in various organizations. Moreover, the study is wide as it talks about the corporate social from the general perspective and does not include any specific organization or industry. Narrowing of the scope of the study would have been able to provide a better result and would have been more specific to the industry. However, even though the study has limitations the reliability and the validity of the data is good and that’s is why it can be used in different studies of similar type. Thus, validity of the existing theories in the study suggest that the chosen research philosophy and approach was right for the study. On the contrary, the formation of the objectives and the hypothesis was the most difficult part. The whole study is based on the hypothesis and the objective of the study.  The formulation of the research question and the identification of the appropriate research method is possible because of the objective of the study. However, the study is able to depict the evolution of corporate social responsibility in the past decade. Therefore, it can said that rapid progress has been made by various organizations but these concepts will have to be popularized so that all the organizations including the small and the medium scale organizations will have to incorporate these strategies for better sustainability practices. However, it could also be a burden or the small and the medium scale organization as the inclusion of the triple bottom line will cause an increase in the cost structure of the organizations.

After evaluation of the various factors in the study, the findings have suggested various recommendations which will be useful for the organization in the modern business environment. Corporate social responsibility will have to be included in the business model of the organization. this can be done with the help of theory of triple bottom line. The theory of the triple bottom suggests that the organization will have to include the social and the environmental factor in the business model of the organization. The inclusion of the social and environmental factor will enable the organization to make strategic decisions based on these three factors. Thus, the organization will be able to maximize their profit and contribute to the society and environment at the same time.  Corporate social responsibility helps in the improving the brand image of the organization. Thus, the use of corporate social responsibility in to the organizational policies and processes should be one of the priorities of the organization. This will ensure that the organization is able maintain the long-term sustainability of the organization.

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