Terrorism has been changing continuously, it is the unlawful use of violence or threat to create fear, intimidation, motivated by negative wants and demands. These days terrorism has become a strategic tool for getting things done. It has now evolved as principal irregular war strategies it is also adapting to the changes in the socio political environment. Some changes facilitates the terrorist activities, their ability to operate the acts and procure funds and utilize the funds in developing new capabilities. The other changes establish an entirely different relation with the world. In order to understand terrorism how it has evolved and how it adapted to the changes it is very important to go back in to the history (Kumamoto, 2014).
The emergence of terrorism was the result of the developments the in the nature of conflicts and how people handled it. For many years, terrorism has been used as a pejorative term applied to the other side. The word terror has been taken from western European languages. Terrorism gained political significance during the French revolution. The word terrorism has got it legal significance in the past few decades. Maximilien Robespierre led French legislature was worried about the aristocratic threat to the revolutionary Government, the public execution of 17,000 people was ordered to make aware the citizens about the need of virtue. The supporters of Robespierre turned went against him, he was accused of terrorism. Earlier the use of terrorism was limited to the state violence but later the word was used to address the non-state violence, like the French and Russian anarchists in 1880s and 1890s (Brulin, 2015).
After World War II many new technologies came into existence, it led to the many terrorist acts like the hijackings of civil aviation aircraft successfully created terror among the people, it became common occurrence since then. The terrorist activities were so concerning that the internal bodies had to take measures to confront the issue. The international community signed many treaties, the airport security was also increased (Martens et al., 2014).
There are distinctions in the size and political legitimacy of the actors who are using terrorism creates confusion about the exact definition of terrorism, what can be defined as terrorism and what cannot be defined as terrorism. Moral equivalence sometimes creates more confusion regarding the definition of terrorism. The flexible and adaptable nature of terrorism has been creating confusion. In the last 20 years terrorist acts have been increased, this acts were encouraged by various, political and religious reasons (Martens et al., 2014).
The first use of terrorism in the legal terms was around 1931 at the third conference for the unification of Penal Law at Brussels, the definition of act of terrorism was
“The intentional use of means capable of producing a common danger that represents an act of terrorism on the part of anyone making use of crimes against life, liberty or physical integrity of persons or directed against private or state property with the purpose of expressing or executing political or social ideas” (Holland, 2012).
The General Assembly of United Nations was forced to confront the issue of terrorism after the killing of twenty-eight people in the Lod airport, Israel 1972 and the killing of 11 athletes at the Munich Olympic Games in September of the same year. They could not reach to any definition of terrorism because some of the states were supporting and using the terrorism to achieve their political goals. United Nations maintained an institutional commitment to self-determination, blurred the sight of terrorism. Because of polarization of positions due to the division of the world in to the Soviet Bloc and the non-aligned, states made the conflict and disagreement over terrorism worse. All the other endeavors to acknowledge the issue also failed. An ad hoc committee on terrorism was established in the year 1972 but the debates led to no conclusion. The committee was suspended for a period from 1973 to 1976. The issue then shifted to the Sixth legal committee of General Assembly of United Nations (Brulin, 2015). There were many draft conventions for example, the United States established a draft Convention for Prevention and punishment of certain acts of International Terrorism, which failed to define terrorism rather it, had instructed the states to criminalize those acts that has international relevance. These acts were defined as, the acts that intended to damage the state, or to take concessions from a state or international body, acts that involve unlawful killing or acts that cause physical (bodily harm), acts that include adduction of others, acts that are neither by the military forces of against the military forces during the military hostilities situations. The most important resolution of General Assembly till date is the “Declaration on measures to Eliminate International Terrorisms of 1994 (Elimination Declaration)
According to the United Nations, the terrorist acts, methods and practices are against the purpose and principles of United Nations, which damages the peace and security of the nations, risk the friendly relations among the nations, affect the international cooperation and intend to destroy the human rights, fundamental freedoms and the democratic bases of the society. All the criminal cats that aimed to intimidate the citizens, a group of person or any particular person, for political reasons are not justified, in spite of the political, religious, philosophical ideologies are put to justify the acts.
The aim of the research is to provide a transparent idea about the policy and strategy of United Nation to control terrorism. United Nation has taken various notable initiatives to remove terrorism from the world. The study aims at reviewing various literatures to gather knowledge on terrorism and role of active participation of United Nation to control the emergence of terrorism. The researcher wants to study the how actively UN is making their move o stop the development of terrorism on the global perspective. The report and journal related to the topic needs to be evaluated to accomplish this aim. As terrorism has become the most discussed issue in recent time, it is crucial to discuss about it. At the same time, researcher can easily draw the attention to the interested fellow by quality research. The aim of the research is to grab the attention of the future researcher and the interested fellow by providing a quality research work.
The objective of this research study is:
The Objective of the topic is to discuss terrorism and the ways United Nations Organizations are trying to curb out the possibilities of the terrorism. Terrorism has become a global problem. The roots of the terrorism, according to scholars and the power holders, lie on the base of religion. Religious fanatics are considered to be as the state sponsored terrorist, who attacks civilians and the established government to fulfill their own purposes. However, to look deep into the matter, various socio- economic and political aspects are also responsible for the birth of terrorism (Combs, 2015). Since the beginning of the world wars, many new techniques were emerged which were important in the battle field. Since then to the era of cold war, both America and Russia’s relation played an important role to give birth to the concept of terrorism by supplying them with greater techniques for each other. These terror groups are being utilized for the countries benefits to serve the latter by defeating their enemy. With the evolution of time, these terrorist groups got further divided into different segments to carry out the conventional ideas to defeat the people who stand against their ideas and perspectives. To stand against the perspective of terrorism, United Nations since the beginning is taking strong steps to curtail the powers of the terrorists by sending troops to different countries (Combs, 2015). The organization with the help of other countries also adopted certain conventions to curtail the power of terrorism. However, these days, with the growth of population and increasing tension in the middle East, the countries despite their attempts are failing to tackle the global scenario dominated by the terrorists. United Nations are also failing to bring improvements to the scenario (Hyslop & Morgan, 2014).
In this topic Focus has been made on the description of terrorism and the root causes which are enhancing the power of the terrorist groups. This part also talks of the various examples of terrorism and the ways in which United Nations Organizations tried to curb this. Ethical issues is one of the factors which is also contributing to the causes of terrorism (Martin, 2012). The children are being brainwashed at a very early age to join the terrorist groups. Socio- economic causes are also responsible to the rise of terrorism. The underdeveloped and the developing countries mainly suffer from the terrorism. The coming of Al Queda, Boko Haram, ISIS, Taliban and other terrorist groups are growing day by day. On the other hand, United Nations developed certain rules and guidelines to stop terrorism. United Nations sent certain peace keeping forces to the other parts of the world to check the growth of terrorist attacks. However to make the operations more effective, United Nation Organizations should focus on expanding the place to share dialogues with the other parties or the countries (Lewis, 2013) UN also should encourage the ability in the cases of early warnings and responses. United Nations must encourage the engagements of missions of protecting women, youth and civil society. Integrated strategies should be devised to curtail terrorism and violent extremist actions. United Nations should also improve the ways in which the capacity could be monitored and the management of risk should be also undertaken. Training need to be given to the armies about the awareness taking places at different parts of the world. In United Nations, the countries must engage in curtailing the terrorism properly and the decisions which are taken by the countries inside United Nations General Assembly, need to be implemented properly. Other than USA and Japan, other countries should also contribute more money for the armies so that peacekeeping forces carry out the operations against terrorist groups smoothly (Barton, 2014).
This chapter will include the works of the various authors on these particular topics, their findings and the recommendations they have made in this area. Several writers have contributed in writing about the pros and cons of terrorism. It has also been elaborated how the terrorism changed with time and how the international organizations faced challenges by handling this particular global issue. (Crenshaw, 2012) stated in his book, that one of the greatest dangers that the world is facing is the terrorism. Terrorism is basically inspired by religion and terrorism is a state sponsored activities plan to attack the civilians and government to fulfil the needs of their wants. Edited by ( Reinaries and Hoffman, 2014), in their work, “ The evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat” is also covered in this review, it talks of the transforming character of the terrorist group al Queda and how Osama Bin Laden operated the terrorist attack in America. The incident on 11th September, 2009 demarcates the involve of many scholars to study about the nature of terrorism and its impact on the upcoming era. (Stenerson, 2014) talks about the gradual historical evolution of terrorism and also involves the different kinds of tactics used by different terrorist groups on the basis of their own vested interests. The book covers the incidents of the terrorism took place in America at the WTC building in the year 2001. It also covers the reason and the usage of successful utilization of internet facilities in order to draw support from the public and the recruits who are new. According to (Ambrosio, 2016) how the relationship of United States and Russia is transforming the world since the age of the year 1991. In the year 1960 and 70’s, Soviet inspired state sponsored terrorism to unstable the relationship of Italy and Germany with NATO. The author here wanted to describe that the Russia is considered to be the birth region of terrorism. Even the Palestinians participated as the terror group to support Soviet against America. The situation in Afghanistan also one such examples to state that Soviet Union sponsored terrorism. Flawed Diplomacy: (Thakur, 2016) talks of a numerous attempts have been made to involve United Nations against the attacks of terrorism, although the confusing nature of politics made terrorism much difficult to understand. A series of conventions to curtain terrorism was adopted in United Nations. The writer deeply talked about United Nation’s role and it’s implementation of action to curtail counterterrorism. The book also talks of UN’s success and failures. (Jalata, 2016) in the book states that impact of terrorism is going on wrong on different parts of the world like Rawanda, Palestine and many other countries and International organization must come up with the ideas of destroying these organizations. ( Weiss, 2016). In the article, it is mentioned that after the attack of 9/11, Security council took three resolutions which determined Terrorism is a global threat and accordingly, self- defense is necessary to take. The resolution of the Security Council, 1373 is the great example of United Nations action. It includes the financing of terrorists, destroying the safe havens of terror groups. The Security council also created a committee name Counter Terrorism Committee to look after the implementation of the 1373 resolution. The General Assembly also adopted two resolutions on anti-terrorism. The different agencies of United Nations also took actions against the varied terror groups (Strang & Alamieyeseigha, 2017).
Limitations in the workings of the scholars predict in the field of writing about terrorism talks about the fact that, the scholars although described the current position of the terrorism and also elaborated on the happenings which are taking place in this world, the writers tend to avoid the solutions provided to the terrorist affected people, citizens and areas. The scholars should also contribute the various ways in which United nations and other International organizations must take steps to curtail the terror groups. The root causes needed to be elaborated properly in order to understand the causes of terrorism properly. More books should be published on terrorism describing the shortcomings about the ways in which terrorism could be stopped.
Literature review mainly talked about the definition of terrorism and how it it spreading globally. Terrorism has become a global issues and the roots of this issue needs to be understand properly. Different authors gave their views in this particular field and it has been deduced that United Nations need to be strong enough to devise policies for curtailing the terrorism. Limitations in the research were also analyzed in the review that the researches need to be more focused about the solutions, which are important for the global issue like terrorism.
Introduction
This chapter of the research study has analyzed the method or the procedure of the research. The design and approach of the research and data analysis process have been discussed in this chapter. This research is mainly based on the secondary data collection. Secondary sources have been used while conducting the research. All the aspects of the research method have been vividly presented in this chapter.
Terrorism has become one of the major concerns for the whole world in recent time. According to the reports, terrorism has put a great impact on the global context. Some researchers claim that UN has taken several initiatives to control terrorism. The following research has concentrated on the fact. Researcher has relied on the secondary sources to collect the relevant information regarding this issue. It has concentrated on all the interviews and literatures related to the issue. The report of United Nation has been evaluated while conducting the research to get vivid concept about how UN is trying to remove terrorism from the world. The data collection method has taken place after the completion of the literature review. The collected data have been analyzed to reach to the conclusion. It will help the research work to meet the consequence.
Research is based on different contexts. Researcher has chosen research philosophy on the basis of the objective of the research and research method. It depicts the way of thinking of the researcher. Factual analysis is the key element of this study. The feeling of the researcher has got importance in this method.
Pragmatic research approach has been used in this study. It is considered as the scientific method of conducting any research. It is a combination of the qualitative and quantitative study which is suitable for all kind of research (Singer et al., 2014). By using Pragmatic research, researcher can choose any method of the research. Mixed technique, such as- qualitative and quantitative techniques are used to make the analysis. The data have been analyzed according to the techniques and methods that has been used in the research.
The research has concentrated on the rate of terrorism in recent time. It has presented some data that shows the increasing rate of terrorism on the global perspective. Qualitative research result has been used conduct quantitative research analysis. Various initiatives and United Nation have been analyzed to from different perspective to interpret the role of United Nation to control the growth of terrorism (Smith, 2015).
Researcher has primarily used secondary data collection method. Secondary data has collected from the internet, web journals, and the official website of United nation. Many journals and articles have discussed about the role of UN to control the emergence of the terrorism. As per the concept that has been gathered from the part of literature review, UN has taken active part in controlling terrorism in the global context. However, it has failed in many phases. Many researchers have discussed about the success as well as failure of United Nation to remove terrorism. These articles or research works are the resource of this research work.
The key limitation of the study is the limited number of the quality article. Due to this, limitation the study has faced various obstacles. There are small amount of study that has shard relevant information related to the topic. Terrorism is a vast concept. It is not possible o cover all the aspects of terrorism and the role of UN to confront it by using this limited resource. Another limitation is the restriction to discuss all the issues. Terrorism is one of the most controversial topic in the world. It is highly difficult to use it as a research topic. Thus, the researcher has faced various challenges to use the all the information regarding terrorism. It has restricted the scope of the research study.
The chapter has concentrated on the methodology of the research study. It has provided a vivid concept about the process that has been used to conduct the research work. Pragmatism approach has been used in the study where, researcher is free to take any method of research. Qualitative and quantitative both have been sued in the study where the current rate of terrorism has been discussed. At the same time, it has concentrated on the function of United Nation and the initiatives of the UN to control the terrorism. The researcher to construct the study has primarily used secondary research method. Researcher has concentrated on various literatures of various authors related to the issue to provide a transparent idea about the issue.
The data collected from the research were all based on the secondary data, it was found from the researches that the impact of terrorism on the lives of the people. The major terrorist attacks of the world are considered as the attack on the World trade centre, New York on 11 September .More than 2000 people lost their lives on the attacks of the World trade centre on 9 September 2001. The Islamic extremist group al-Qaeda took the responsibility of the attacks, all the deaths due the attack was 2,296 but more than 6000 people were affected by the attack.
Another such terrorist activities was carried on Air India Flight 182 in which Indian passengers were boarded, the flight was destined to Toronto, Canada. The plane was of Boeing 747-237B which was destroyed by a bomb mid air, at a height of 31,000 feet. The flight got crashed on the Irish airspace into the Indian Ocean and took the lives of 329 passengers. The victims included 268 Canadian citizens, 27 British citizens. It is considered as the largest mass murder in the history of Canada. The attack took place in the year 1985 (Gao et al., 2013).
The attack took place in 5 May, 2014, in this attack two towns Gamboru and Ngala in the Borno state or Nigeria more than 336 people were affected, killed by the Boko Haram militia. The duration of the attack was 12 hours and the two towns were severely damaged (Eid, 2014).
Another terrorist activity that took place in the history was Karrada bombing that took place in the year 2016, the attack occurred on Bagdad taking the lives of 341 people, and many were injured in the attack. The Islamic state took the responsibility of the attack. The suicide truck targeted the Shia community (Estrada & Yap, 2013).
In September 1 2004, Belsan Siege started and lasted for three days, 1100 people were held hostage, which included 777 children. In the end it was found that the more than 385 people lost their lives to this siege (Jordan, 2014).
Iraq attacks July 2013, in the first two weeks of July an attack took place in many cities of Iraq, the attacks took the lives of almost (Hafez, 2014).
The analysis of the secondary data is done through qualitative method, according to the topic secondary analysis was the best suited for this topic, the information in this research needed to be explained and described clearly therefore descriptive. After analyzing the secondary data that was collected from various books, articles and journals it was found that terrorism has been one of the serious concerns for all the nations. All the countries have been affected by the various terrorist activities that have destroyed the peace and prosperity of the nations. It is also been doubted that terrorist activities that for their personal gains some of the nations have indulged in the various terrorist activities only to gain more power. If not for the selfish intentions of few nations, terrorism would not have been possible. The warfares, arms, bombs, all included in the terrorist activities indicate that the terrorists are very much costly, it is hence the proof that the terrorist activities are the encouraged by some nations, they fund the various terrorist attacks in order the weaken the economy of their rival nations. Terrorism also weakens the economy of the nations, aftermath of terrorist attacks are so bad that the nations have to put so much money again to recover from the damages to the infrastructures of the vicinity. The Government has to pay compensation to the victims of the war attacks so that they can recover from the loss (Post, McGinnis & Moody, 2014).
Terrorism has become a pain for the world peace. The activity has dramatically destroyed the World Trade Centre. Ever since the collapse, they went on becoming stronger despite of various remedial actions thought by the United Nations. The threat of terrorism is easily understandable as our naked eyes can see distinct news coverage on the different news channels globally. However, this is completely hypothetical to say anything with commandments because the real story is not visible to common people. The different terrorist group can only know the reason behind their attacks. There might be some governing body as well that operates these activities. This is indeed difficult to find the truth behind the incrementing terrorist attacks. The attack on the World Trade Centre was speculated to be controlled by the United States of America itself. Some scientific researches done on the remains of after collapse reveal a different story. The information gathered then revealed the involvement of the US president Mr. Bush in the attack (Griffin, 2012). However, nothing can be claimed as truth. Despite of all the critical analysis of the terrorism truth, it can never be denied that the common people’s life is in danger. Common people who are living across the globe have no clues of terrorism. They have no ideas of why it is incrementing with the passage of time. The numbers of attacks have significantly been increased after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Centre (Yoo, 2012).
Terrorism is such a topic that has attracted a never-ending discussion on it. Some Islamic countries have always been targeted for spreading terrorism across the globe. Pakistan, Afghanistan, Taliban and Iraq in particular were targeted for the spread of terrorism across the globe (Martin, 2012). This is why America did intervene some of these Islamic countries such as Iraq, Taliban and Afghanistan. The reason behind the intervention can be anything but these interventions were cited as just the response to increasing number of terrorist attacks. However, the successful interventions of Iraq, Taliban and Afghanistan proved to be ineffective as well. The cases of attacks have been increased. Surprisingly, the most threatening terrorist groups belong only to Iraq and Taliban. ISIS and Al-Qaeda have become the two most painful groups for the humanity. ISIS in particular is giving tough answers to the peace solutions of UN. They are growing in numbers. They are the deadliest of the terrorist groups now (Perešin, 2015). Their recent attack was on the London Bridge on 3rd of June, 2017. It caused eight deaths and several injuries. This is one of their attacks. Their names are involved in almost every major attack such as in Manchester terror attack on 22nd May, 2017 and in Paris shooting on 20th April in the same year (Zelin, 2014). The series of past and recent attacks simply indicate towards inhuman activities, which are backed up by some unknown power. That unknown power has become a mystery more, which is unanswerable at the moment. This is an undeniable fact that terrorism is one of the most inhuman works on this planet. The severity of threat is expanding with the numbers of talks on the subject topic.
The impact of terrorism on humanity can be divided into two categories such as direct impact and indirect impact. The consequence of any terror attacks is a direct impact on the humanity, which all of a sudden takes away lives of many. On other hand, the intervention of other nation such as the United States of America on the neighbouring countries such as Iraq, Taliban and Afghanistan is an indirect impact on humanity. This is indirect because it is caused citing the consequence as a response to the terror attacks (Holland, 2012). It has been argued by many that the attacks on Iraq and Afghanistan were only for acquiring the control over the oil rich plants in those countries (Lewis, 2017). The United States of America has however tried to show the terrorism as their reason behind the attacks. The intervention is perhaps killing the humanity more than what any terror attack does. It is not only killing the humanity but it is rather weakening the economy of the target country. In addition to this, it is also weakening the education system of such countries. Children in such countries are getting killed by interventions. The health system of people living in such country is getting affected as well. Interventions has been criticised by many; however, despite of all its bad realities it is continually being deployed by developed countries such as the United States of America (Belmont Jr et al., 2012). Both the terrorism and the interventions area threat to humanity. They are disturbing the world peace. The scenarios before the world Trade Centre attacks were not that bad. However, the attack did actually open up doors for never-ending attacks. In some countries people live with fear to lose their lives at any point of time. The most unsecured human lives have been mostly in the Islamic countries such as Iraq, Taliban and Afghanistan. The terror attacks and the interventions are affecting the society as well because these are known things for the school goers. They are getting nurtured in such environment where they are being forced to interact with such inhuman activities through the modes of study or the different media resources. Multi culture integration at the educational places has now become much prevent than it was ever. It is then necessary that students have respects for different cultures in order to avoid any racism clashes. However, the highly incrementing discussions of terrorism might certainly excite some students towards the racist activities for the Muslim students. The terrorism news has now become one of the hottest topics on the different global newspapers and the different news channels. Nevertheless, contemporary students have their access to different media resources, which is significantly covered by news on terrorism. Their mind is getting filled up with hatred to terror attacks and their socio-religious background. Islam is highly maligned religion today just because the terrorists have Muslim names with them. However, this is also not clear that the shown pictures of terrorists have any relation to a Muslim family background. They are just shown with beard on their faces and with Muslim names, which are not alone sufficient to validate the involvement of Muslims in the different terror activities (Alsultany, 2012).
The United Nations has taken certain initiatives that are known as global counter-terrorism activities. The UN had come up with a report on 2nd of May, 2006 stating some important points for mitigating the rising threats of terrorism. Following are the main points mentioned in the proposed strategies (van den Herik & Schrijver, 2013):
The initiatives taken by UN have faced certain challenges apart from gaining some achievements as well. Uniting 190 nations on a single issue is in itself an achievement (van den Herik & Schrijver, 2013). It is a fact that UN has provided a platform for the development of such consensus. However, such consensus development often finds fewer moves. The counter terrorism strategy was able to identify the five core areas to block the progress of terrorism. It had supports from all corners as well. These proposed strategies have been implemented significantly as well (Emma, 2015). However, despite the fact it has not been able to produce the results that were expected at the time of strategy announcements. The numbers of terrorist attacks have not been controlled so far. The challenge ahead of UN is the linkage of the strategies with the desired results. The strategy proposed by UN is still under its initial stages as it has failed to reduce the number of terrorist attacks. The biggest challenge that has come upfront is identifying the root causes behind the origination of terrorist activities (van den Herik & Schrijver, 2013). Countries such as Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan might have different reason for the formation of terrorist groups in their countries. The UN counter terrorism strategy needs to be dealt according to the domestic requirements. The counter terrorism strategy initiated by the UN is potentially a good move; however, it is needed to be reviewed on a regular basis in order to bring more practicality in its productivity. This is highly required for reducing the number of terror attacks (Eiselt, Bhadury & Burkey, 2013).
Conclusion
Terrorism is like a curse to the society, no matter what is the behind the terrorist activities, it cannot be justified. Terrorism cannot be related to the any particular religious group. The objective of terrorism is to create destruction and create terror among the people who carry out the various terrorist activities in the attacks have affected the people to great extent, it can be seen from its impact on the lives of the people and how it affected the lives of the people. Even the children were not spared from the terrorist attacks as in many terrorist attacks the schools were targeted. Terrorism affects the social harmony of the nation, due to the terrorist activities people live in fear and suspicion, international travel and tourism is very much affected. The airport authorities have to make their check-in formalities tighter. People have to waste lot of time on Airports for security checks. Terrorism economically weakens not only the nation that faces terrorist attacks but other nations are also affected, Government have to put a lot of financial resources for the security of the country, which results in increasing of the taxes, inflation. The resources that are invested to counter terrorism could have been used for production purposes and that could have benefitted the nation, hence terrorism affects the economic growth of the nation.
To address the issue of terrorism the United Nations have although addressed and confronted the issue of terrorism but what is required the most in the situation is that all the nations should join hands and fight against terrorism, which have been destroying the lives of the people from time. Many agreements and declarations were signed so that the nations collaborate to fight against terrorism, the United Nation’s main objective behind these measures is to bring global harmony. The UN is taking initiatives to make the people aware about bio terrorism, and the modern day terrorist activities that use the internet technology. They are also enhancing the borderline check on travel documents so that they can check international terrorism.
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