Women survive longer than men, even though several of the social determinants regarding health are found to be worse for females than in males. There is the presence of persistent disparities in terms of health outcomes by gender and ethnicity (Dew, Scott & Kirkman, 2016). There is the presence of no existing proof which accounts entirely regarding these differences in life expectancy. Women tend to outlive males in the majority of societies. Biology and behaviour serve certain possible explanations. The females are found to be more mental health patients and they suffer for depression, anxiety and suicide at a higher rate than male. The main aim of this essay is to highlight that despite the fact that women are more patient than men, women live longer than men. In this essay, it is to be highlighted that the main disease which usually affects the population and the causes behind differences in mortality rate in terms of gender, is to be identified.
Health, in the form of a social experience, makes the offering regarding an effective determination of social determinants that generally impacts health outcomes (Fanany & Fanany, 2012). Women face greater rates of stress, chronic issues, anxiety, and depression as well as they are more victims of violence than males. The earnings of women are generally less in comparison to men and also in most of the countries, the females are not presented with the same human rights as the males get. Authoritative and accessible information should be provided to the people, so that they can remain conscious regarding their wellness and health (Broom et al., 2018). Despite the social inequality that is encountered by females, their rate of survival is longer than males. This is seen to be the case, without the presence of a single exception, in all countries (World Economic Forum., 2022).
Gender is a crucial determinant regarding mental illness and mental health. Women are more likely to exhibit the signs of depression as well as anxiety than are exhibited by men (Nichd.nih.gov. 2022). Depression is the general mental health issue and the diagnosis of more females with mental issues is done per year than men. After puberty, the rates of depression are greater in males than females. It is because, puberty is reached by the girls much prior than is done by the boys, and therefore the occurrence of depression becomes more and faster than it takes place in boys. There is proof to support that this gender gap related depression issue might get continued through the entire lifespan. The inequity in the intergenerational basis gets entrenched via colonization in New Zealand and in the current generation, these ramifications are passed (Hobbs et al., 2019). For the majority of the females suffering from menstrual syndrome, they face different symptoms like anxiety, headache, irritability and many more.
At the times of pregnancy, drastic hormonal transformations occur in females and this can impact their mood. The differences in health outcomes in males and females are due to social and biological basis (Scott, 2015). The risk regarding depression in females might get enhanced at the time of transition to menopause, more specifically in the phase which is termed as per menopause, because at those phases, the level of estrogens gets lessened in a significant manner. The onset associated with mental ill health, comprises suicidal behaviour and depression symptoms (McKenzie et al., 2018). The increased rate of depression in females is not only because of biology, but also due to certain factors such as work overload, unequal status and power and getting physically abused at a greater rate than men.
Millions of women are found to be affected by alcohol abuse. Where men are found to get addicted to alcohol, it is seen that women are affected with addiction throughout their lifespan. This makes the woman prone to enhanced risk of heart issues, brain cancer, fetal alcohol syndrome and many more.
More women are generally affected by heart disease than men. Also, the rate of osteoarthritis is more in females. The risk factors that are associated with knee pain are female gender, unstable and patellar lesions (Hevesi et al., 2020). The most crucial risk factor behind the occurrence of osteoarthritis is obesity. The women who pass through menopause, generally gains weight, thereby they experience more pressure on their joints because of increase in body weight. This makes women suffer more from osteoarthritis than men. On the other hand, the impact of sexually transmitted disease, on the women is found to be generally more serious when compared with men. Also, females exhibit more stress in comparison to males (Hammoud et al., 2018).
According to a survey performed recently, the rate of stress is at an alarmingly high rate in women. For instance, nearly 50% of all the women, were participants of the survey complained that they are suffering from stress, in comparison with 39% of men (Nichd.nih.gov. 2022). More women, compared with men, suffer from strokes each and every year. These are mainly because women generally take birth control pills, have a thick waist and many more causes. Also, women face urinary tract infection issues at much greater rate than men. It is mainly due to the way the urinary tract of females is structured (Nichd.nih.gov. 2022).
However, it is seen from the evidence provided that women generally are more “patient” than men, but women live longer. It is because of several causes. The biological cause is that estrogens is advantageous for women as it reduces the level of low density lipoprotein cholesterol and makes the enhancement in the amount of high density lipoprotein cholesterol, that lessens the risk associated with cardiovascular issues (World Economic Forum., 2022). Testosterone, on the contrary, enhances the level of bad cholesterol and reduces the amount of good cholesterol.
Empirical analysis regarding the accessible data globally, highlights that women have greater lifespan compared to men (Öngel et al., 2021).This makes the males prone to greater risk associated with heart issues, hypertension and stroke. Women and men suffer from varied kinds of chronic disease. However, the difference is that women suffer from non-fatal chronic issues more than men. For instance, women suffer from more arthritis which is not deadly, even though the issue is disabling. On the other hand, men generally have higher rates of chronic issues which are usually killer diseases (World Economic Forum., 2022).
It is revealed by the researches that women are generally more conscious regarding their health than males and are aware regarding their psychological and physical symptoms. It is because of being aware, females usually live a healthier lifestyle and usage regarding better healthcare. Women also develop better communication regarding the issues they face that supports them in the procedure of diagnosis. Women report regarding greater fatigue than men (Fauville et al., 2021). On the other hand, men are not usually aware regarding their health and therefore opt to take support from healthcare on a delayed basis. Men are generally not much adherent to receive treatment. These are the problems which collectively cause men to become prone to therapeutic failure. Masculinity can be termed as the construct that is socially learned and it can develop unhealthy impacts (World Economic Forum., 2022). Majority of the men describe risky as well as unhealthy behaviour as masculine and they perceive the usage of health promotion and healthcare as feminine.
Testosterone not only subjects men to risk in a biological manner, but also in behavioral patterns. Generally, the risks of any kind are overestimated by women, but are usually underestimated by men. Among the pedestrians, it is seen that the violation of regulations are more done by males when compared with females. Accidents are estimated to be more common among males than females. It is because males are of greater risk taking attitudes, risk underestimation, more impulsive and sensation seeking. Among the men who are affected by drug usage issues, men are found to face more severe problems, because men are generally more frequent drug users, using more drugs and exhibit more risky attitudes like the injection drug usage (World Economic Forum., 2022). Men get more involved to exhibit risky behaviour, due to their gender and also because of peer pressure. In addition to greater sensation seeking, it is found that men are present with greater amount of impulsive traits and greater thresholds for punishments. Therefore, it can be seen that gender plays a major role in mortality rates and despite the fact that women are more “patient”, they have longer lifespan than males.
Conclusion
To conclude, it can be stated that the argument which is raised is that though women are more patient than men, but their survival span is greater than men, is found to be truly perceived. From the discussion done, it can be understood that though women are more prone to get affected from varied kinds of disease, their hormonal features and their being conscious regarding their health and wellbeing, helps them to survive more than men. On the contrary, testosterone is the particular hormone that negatively impacts the behavioural features of men and increases bad cholesterol level in their blood and subjects them to fatal disease. Since, women suffer more from non-fatal disease than men; therefore they have a longer lifespan than men.
References
Broom, Dorothy, Maria Freij, and John Germov. 2018. “Gendered Health.” In Second Opinion: An Introduction to Health Sociology, 6th ed., 133–160. South Melbourne, Vic: Oxford University Press. (The 5 th edition version is also fine.)
Dew, K., Scott, A., & Kirkman, A. (2016). Gender and ethnicity in health. In Social, political and cultural dimensions of health (pp. 35-47). Springer, Cham.
Fanany, R., & Fanany, D. (2012). Health as a social experience. Palgrave Macmillan.
Fauville, G., Luo, M., Muller Queiroz, A. C., Bailenson, J. N., & Hancock, J. (2021). Nonverbal mechanisms predict zoom fatigue and explain why women experience higher levels than men. Available at SSRN 3820035.
Hammoud, S., Karam, R., Mourad, R., Saad, I., & Kurdi, M. (2018). Stress and heart rate variability during university final examination among Lebanese students. Behavioral sciences, 9(1), 3.
Hevesi, M., Sanders, T. L., Pareek, A., Milbrandt, T. A., Levy, B. A., Stuart, M. J., … & Krych, A. J. (2020). Osteochondritis dissecans in the knee of skeletally immature patients: rates of persistent pain, osteoarthritis, and arthroplasty at mean 14-years’ follow-up. Cartilage, 11(3), 291-299.
Hobbs, M., Ahuriri-Driscoll, A., Marek, L., Campbell, M., Tomintz, M., & Kingham, S. (2019). Reducing health inequity for M?ori people in New Zealand. The Lancet, 394(10209), 1613-1614.
McKenzie, S. K., Collings, S., Jenkin, G., & River, J. (2018). Masculinity, social connectedness, and mental health: Men’s diverse patterns of practice. American journal of men’s health, 12(5), 1247-1261.
Nichd.nih.gov. (2022). What health issues or conditions affect women differently than men?. https://www.nichd.nih.gov/. Retrieved 22 March 2022, from https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/womenshealth/conditioninfo/howconditionsaffect.
Öngel, M. E., Y?ld?z, C., Akp?naro?lu, C., Yilmaz, B., & Özilgen, M. (2021). Why women may live longer than men do? A telomere-length regulated and diet-based entropic assessment. Clinical Nutrition, 40(3), 1186-1191.
Scott, J. (2015). Raewyn Connell: Hegemonic masculinities, gender and male health. In The Palgrave handbook of social theory in health, illness and medicine (pp. 535-549). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
World Economic Forum. (2022). Why do women live longer than men?. World Economic Forum. Retrieved 22 March 2022, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/03/why-do-women-live-longer-than-men.
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