This chapter will deliver an overview of the research study. This section will provide the details of the research background of the selected topic and will also identify the gaps of the previous research in the section of the problem statement. This section will also outline the aim and objectives of this research study along with the research questions, which have helped in conducting the literature review of this research paper.
The use of AI (Artificial Intelligence) in multiple industries has been increasing since the year 1930. Artificial Intelligence has stayed long within the dominion of science fiction. As with the previous advances in automation, artificial intelligence is leading to the increased levels of specialization in job roles, the increased significance of human skills such as quantitative skills, problem-solving, and creativity along with the increased level of productivity. Artificial intelligence will also increase economic growth. However, the economic gains will not be distributed evenly. The rural communities, which are facing high job insecurity may come under additional stress and strain. Artificial Intelligence technology will benefit the labor in several industries. However, this technology will be challenging for others as this technology will snatch the jobs of thousands of laborers. In the highly growing field such as the healthcare and education sector, automation will be playing the complementary job role, where no substitute for the highly skilled practitioners or teachers will be there. However, this technology will replace the jobs in various industries, which rely on standard routines. For addressing all the gaps, the organizational policymakers need to focus on restricting the practices for reflecting the changing demand of the skills, providing economic relief to the workers forced for leaving the workplace, and addressing the educational gap between the adults of urban and rural areas. While it has multiple benefits, artificial intelligence can prove to be problematic for the economy in the context of the labor market.
A great deal of concern over AI may lead to robotic wars. Several other global problems related to work and workforce are there, which artificial intelligence can solve. Traditional tools are becoming inadequate while helping researchers, scientists, businessmen, teachers, and others to keep pace with the world. In this case, artificial intelligence helps everyone to solve and find relevant insight. A problem in the healthcare sector is predicting the outcomes of the drug treatment, which is still under processing and needs an effective solution. While considering the transportation sector, there are also multiple problems such as crashes of vehicles and other accidents, which can be solved by AI (Coeckelbergh 2020), and AI will also reduce cognition and will increase the conform with the self-driving cars. In the education sector, the teachers and the students face several difficulties due to a lack of technological support. AI in the education sector will usher in the future, where the students will learn in a more personalized way. Consumption of energy is one of the huge concerns, which is also making the price of other necessary goods high. In the context of the identified research gaps, this research study is conducted for analyzing the benefits of AI technology and the challenges of the technology so that people can effectively use the technology considering challenges. Moreover, considering the use of AI in various sectors, this research study will focus on the impacts of AI on the future of work.
The rationale for carrying out this research study is very significant, where the problems and gaps related to the study have been identified based on the gaps of the previous literature. This study has analyzed the problems related to the topics and also conducted a literature review for understanding the use, need, and impact of artificial intelligence. The key rationale for conducting this research study was to expand the knowledge related to AI and its impact on the future of work. This study will provide knowledge on the transformation of the business due to AI and how AI will contribute to economic growth through the contribution to productivity and assistance. AI will also help in addressing the societal challenges in the various area from climate change to healthcare. This technology will also transform the nature of the workplace and the work and will help in carrying out hundreds of tasks to complement the works done by a human.
The key aim of this research study is to analyze the concept and impacts of artificial intelligence in the future of work and to cast light on future skills and jobs through the eye of artificial intelligence.
The objectives of this research study are:
Followings are the research questions of this study:
In summary of this chapter, this can be said that AI will have a striking impact on future jobs, which have been safe relatively from automation at this point. However, besides the advantages of AI, AI will bring challenges and problems for the workforce in the future as this will eliminate the jobs of the workforce, which can be a very concerning factor. This chapter has provided the background of the research study along with the aims, objective, rationale, and research problem that will be solved with the help of the research question by conducting a literature review.
All through the progress of technologies in the last few years, (Dafoe 2018), the paradigms of machine learning and artificial intelligence had already paved the way for every business and non-commercial activity. Nevertheless, the utilization of Artificial Intelligence and its relevant influence over financial standards is a lengthy proposition to discuss (Nishant, Kennedy and Corbett 2020). Subsequent research and data collection are presented in various documents yet there seems to be a void within the research since high-quality data are still lacking. The absence of dynamic requirements of occupations, and substitution of skillsets have emphasized the impacts of intelligence devices and concepts. Filling in the void within this domain of study will significantly lead to prevailing more appropriate apprehension of how AI might impact economic inequality and shape the future of work, and collecting and assessing pre-existing AI literature is a vital first step before making significant recommendations. This review of the literature attempts to present an introduction of AI in connection to the viewpoints of jobs and relevant commercial workplaces by evaluating scientific pieces, academic documents, news items, and proposals from around the world.
The aspects of Artificial Intelligence have their place within the pre-existing theories of human intelligence, in ways that obscure teleological characteristics wherein symbolic AI appear naturally and manifests from efforts displayed throughout centuries specifically targeted towards reducing the human cognitive to a rational formalism (Dick 2019). As per the considerations of Layman’s terms, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the area of computer science, which is able to simulate the human intelligence. AI is utilized in computers to complete activities that would otherwise demand human intelligence. AI is the most intriguing and amazing creations in human history without any doubt. There seems to be a big field that has yet to be investigated since its beginning. In reality, its current use in the actual world is likely only the top of the shovel. The area of AI has experienced extraordinary development in recent years, rendering this one of the most profitable sectors. As per the opinion of Ozkaya, (2020), AI is nothing but algorithms that consists of a certain range of guidelines. The systems possess the capabilities of learning through the repetition of activities where the machine learning algorithms are incorporated within the relevant system. The concept of Artificial Intelligence has made commercial activities flexible and easier to operate, (Soni et al., 2020), several industries and workplaces have already included the systems based on AI to continue their operations and maintain higher grounds of productivity. A study of 2017 conducted by PWC shows that according to their calculation the global GDP will increase by 14% by the end of 2030, due to the increased adoption of AI. This will substantially contribute an extra $15.7 trillion to the global financial standards. The percentage has even gone higher since the notion and aspects of AI have gained more emphasis after the pandemic struck the entire world. Zou, Zhao, and Siau, (2020), indicated that remote and teleworking situations that aroused within every organization leveraged the AI-based tools.
The prospect of robotics eradicating a large portion of the global workforce is now well known. A further round of job displacement is highly anticipated to happen as artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are becoming more advanced (Morady and Levy 2020). An article by Howard, (2019), indicates the fact that web searches, e-commerce websites, products & services recommendation tools, picture and voice recognition, sensing technologies, automated machines, and cognitively decision-supporting tools are all AI implementations enabled by machine learning (ML), an AI subdiscipline (DSSs). AI is expected to get a worldwide disruptive impact on financial and societal systems as even more implementations are incorporated into daily life, comparable to the impact that the existing innovations had on an individual’s life as per the considerations of Wilson and Daugherty, (2018), the first category of jobs, however, will need the human for teaching the AI systems how to operate, how to interpret, and iterate activities. According to the reports of Forbes, posted by Chowdhry, (2018), as per the latest research from the World Economic Forum (WEF) titled “The Future of Jobs 2018,” computers and analytics in the workforce are predicted to produce 133 million additional employments while also displacing 75 million people by 2022. Artificial intelligence’s progress could result in the creation of 58 million direct and indirect employment over the next several decades. With this net favorable employment growth, the new occupations are projected to have a significant shift in caliber, geography, and permanence. Businesses are also anticipated to increase their use of subcontractors for specialized tasks and employ remote workers.
According to Furman and Seamans, (2019), analysis of pertinent data and statistics clarifies the influential position of AI in the economy. Salehi and Burgueno, (2018), also agree on the fact that operations that undergo the capabilities of AI produce a significantly lower error rate which boosts productivity and efficiency. However, Alekseeva, (2021), highlights the major concern regarding AI despite its benefits, the author mentions the fate of human labor in this current scenario where the majority of the activities and functions are carried out by Artificial Intelligence which humans used to do. Webb, (2019), satisfies the concern more with his additional facts over the topic, that artificial intelligence is specifically initiating anxiety about the displacement of jobs. However, the author also mentions that it is still unclear even AI will initiate inequality by say, displacing the manufacturing laborers, and other workers required in several sectors.
Artificial intelligence (AI) involvement has raised concerns about employment possibilities from the perspective of experts’ desirability and willingness to assume advantage of AI’s advantages (Vrontis et al., 2021). There have been speculations regarding technological advances like AI and upheavals in the fields of entertainment, education, transportation, and universal healthcare at the beginning of this century.
For the immediate coming years, AI Potential Vision for employment has served as the driving factor underlying emerging innovations including robots, big data, and the Internet of Things, and will remain to do just that. As Whig, (2021), mentions, for employment, AI Future Reality is a must. Artificial intelligence (AI) advances in an area that is more competitive than ever before and only getting more extreme. In 2018, IBM innovators got 9,100 inventions, with 1,600 (almost 18%) of them that are AI-related, according to Whig (2021). Elon Musk, the creator of Tesla and the globe’s wealthiest man, has donated $10 million to Open AI, a non-profit research organization, which is a trickle in the ocean contrasted to the $1 billion investment he did in 2015. In 2017, Russian President Vladimir Putin addressed the students and stated that “Whoever becomes the leader in this domain (AI) will be the controller of the planet” (Whig, 2021). Overall, it is anticipated that the inclusion of AI in every sector of employability will initiate two important scenarios; the requirement of a highly skilled labor force, and rapid technological unemployment. According to a study conducted by the McKinsey Global Institute, (Mavengereh 2020), robots will have displaced up to 30% of the globe’s existing human working population by 2030. By 2030, technologies that enhance automation will be displacing between 400 and 800 million jobs, imposing as many as 375 million individuals to change job classifications totally, based upon different implementation situations. This is concerning because it would necessitate a total career transition.
The aspects of Artificial Intelligence seem to be extremely crucial and significant more specifically towards the future of humanity since it is the foundation of computer learning. Computers can process large amounts of data and use their acquired intelligence to make informed decisions and breakthroughs in a relatively short time when compared to what is taken by humans. As the authors Dhanabalan and Sathish, (2018), mention, the inception of AI and its relevant features have transformed the operational activities within the workplaces of organizations that implemented systems or platforms based on AI. De Silva and Weerasinghe (2021), also agree on the fact as he mention that appropriate strategies to human resource management systems sustained with AI-based features can significantly assist the organizations in saving both time and money.
Artificial Intelligence has transformed the workplaces by providing perfection in streamlining several business processes. As Kaghyan et al., (2018), mention, tools like Slack bots and e-mail plug-ins have aided in initiating flexible internal communications. Chatbots are often serving as the first touchpoint for consumers who are looking for help, reducing the pressure of activities for the employee responsible for interactions with the relevant consumer. However, the evaluation and results of Sarbadhikari and Pradhan (2020), highlights why several employees within the workplace prevent using AI-based systems specifically due to the concerns of privacy and security. Nevertheless, Artificial Intelligence within the workplaces can aid data-driven departments as well as groups that depend on coordinated managing projects to execute their job efficiently. This is because artificial intelligence technologies can soak in and analyze information in ways that conventional groups will not be capable to do on their own—at minimum not for a long period.
The aspects of Artificial Intelligence in context to business is considered as a range of tools and strategies which enabled the corporations to attain actionable information from data, enhancing their productivity, reducing the costs, larger revenue streams, and prevailing all the corporate, social, and financial objectives. One of the most significant technological advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), is defined as “intelligent systems developed for using information, research, and experiences to execute particular tasks without having to be trained to do so”. When organizations employ AI to generate breakthrough new business opportunities, it disrupts sectors and enterprises. As Lee et al., (2019), mention, businesses like Uber, Amazon, Alibaba, Google, Tesla, and UPS, among many others, have used AI to improve their business strategies and achieve a competitive edge. To maintain a competitive edge and effectiveness, top leaders must adopt entrepreneurship and inventive mindset and implant this throughout their firms utilizing AI.
Artificial intelligence is impacting the purpose of all the sector and every individual person. AI is serving various driving force behind developing advance technologies robotics, Big Data and the IoT (Internet of Things), and it will remain to do so for the near future. The impact of IT innovations, particularly Artificial Intelligence (AI), upon that future of work evolves all along with efficiency – transformation – disruption of the creative trajectory. Technological redundancy could be portrayed as a long-term human project: “Technical efficiency has been increasing faster than the humans can cope with the issue of labor assimilation” (vom Brocke et al., 2018). Marcus, (2020), mentions, since its inception, Artificial Intelligence has experimented with rational and empirical reality principles. The environment of artificial intelligence technologies has evolved over years around the globe, and it is now gaining widespread adoption in a multitude of sectors.
Based on the research findings of Amador Diaz Lopez et al., (2018), recent advances in processing power and Artificial Intelligence are having a significant impact on business organizations and HR departments, and this trend is expected to accelerate considerably in the future years. Though significant benefits are prevailed by the commercial organizations through AI-based business models, the main impacts are upon the economic development of the labor market. According to the opinion of Elon Musk mentioned in an article, Jefferson, (2021), jobs will become pointless in the upcoming days and stated this as a stern warning regarding the prospects of employment and AI. Artificial intelligence aids humans in their current financial and social duties. Considering the disappearance of human workers in numerous organizations, the author, Jefferson, (2021) collected and analyzed specific information, reporting that AI took part in the positions throughout the pandemic.
With the advancements and technological innovations based upon AI and machine learning, the situation will eventually turn worse for employees with no relevant skillsets to find jobs in the market. The entire globe is walking towards the services of technologies and robotic assistance. The global economy will be shaped based upon these considerations, and the need for skilled individuals for training the AI systems will be required more in the upcoming days.
The pertinent involvement of AI-based systems and features within the workforce have entirely changed the commercial dynamics for every sector. Shortly, artificial intelligence will lead to significant productivity improvements predicated on the automation of regular processes, which will certainly influence capital-intensive industries including production, transportation, and health care. Robotics and self-driving automobiles will be used extensively in automated processes. Enhanced cooperation techniques among the workforce and A.I. programs will enhance productivity in all types of enterprises. To create a significant difference, a lot of money has been put into software, networks, and equipment to construct aided, independent, and augmented intelligence.
Khakurel et al., (2018), mentions AI not only creates opportunities but also has negative impacts both in terms of economic development and sustainability. AI might harm the ecosystem, particularly because of its commitment to increasing the development and utilization of modern equipment. Job losses are also a result of technology’s substitution of people. The AI impact will result in substantial working population transitions throughout many parts of the economy, as well as changing patterns and information of jobs that will almost certainly necessitate reskilling.
The rapidity with which managerial jargon transformed from the machine learning technology to Big Data to artificial intelligence is overwhelming. The competition between reality and rhetoric, on the other hand, is a separate topic. The majority of business organizations are having difficulty developing capabilities related to data analytics: Only 4% of CEOs think they are “to a great degree” ready to employ new data analytic techniques, compared to 41% who say they are “to a great extent” equipped (Tambe, Cappelli and Yakubovich 2019). There are certain challenges though that still require effective research and innovation. The first and foremost challenges are the privacy and safety of AI-based systems. Though the Human Resource systems, recruitment through AI systems provide error-free outcomes, the availability of data and the efforts of these power-consuming algorithms does make the engineers and developers in a state where they see the manual intervention of work as still a relevant option.
Data Scarcity, provability, (Castro, Walker, and Glocker 2020), are still challenges for organizations since they are not able to clarify with a demonstration how AI will encounter the aspects of employment in the future. Algorithms are trained for iterative activities but people are yet to understand how AI makes decisions. Data breach and identity theft fundamentals are some severe challenges too that are not too valiant while things are in control within mankind.
The aforementioned facts and pieces of evidence show the review of relevant literature related to Artificial Intelligence and its impact upon the workforce. Academic papers, newspapers articles, journals, and company reports are evaluated in this literature to evaluate the actual results of how Artificial Intelligence is shaping the future specifically in the field of employment. Relevant aspects like how the labour market, economics, and development of AI-based technologies are discussed such that a relevant answer to the research question is attained. Overall, the entire chapter highlights the concerns and benefits related to AI in the workforce, organization, and employment and how people and companies should include activities to cope with the advancements of such technology and maintain a balanced economy.
Research methodology is an effective way for solving any research problem. Research methodology can be understood as the science of conducting and studying how research is carried out scientifically (Pandey and Pandey 2021). The research methodology consists of multiple steps, which are adopted by the researchers while studying the research problems and the concepts behind the problems. This section will discuss the various steps of research methodologies, which have been used for conducting this research study and helped in collecting, analyzing, and using the data in this study.
Research philosophy is related to the knowledge, nature, and the assumption of the study, where it deals with some ways of knowledge development. This thing should be addressed as there can be multiple assumptions regarding knowledge, philosophy, and truth, which helps in understanding the assumptions. There are four types of research philosophies, which are positivism, pragmatism, realism, and interpretivism (Mauthner 2020). In this research study, the interpretivism philosophy has been used. In this study, interpretivism integrated the interest of the human, which is being carried out in this research study. With this research philosophy method, accessing reality through the social construction was very easy (Ryan 2018), which included instruments, consciousness, shared meaning, and language as well. Interpretivism philosophy has been chosen this study is inclined to the qualitative analysis. The interpretivism philosophy is dependent on the secondary data collection approach (Saxena 2019), which includes the data from the existing research. The interpretivism philosophy in this study has focused on the meaning and also employed multiple methods for reflecting various aspects of the research problems.
The research approach is the plan and process for conducting research, which initiates from the broad assumptions of the data collection method and this also follows the interpretation and analysis of the data. Various types of research approaches are there such as quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. The mixed research philosophy includes both quantitative and qualitative attributes (Basias and Pollalis 2018). However, in this study mixed method has not been used. The attribute that has been used in this research study is qualitative. This research study is more aligned to the qualitative attribute and therefore in this context inductive approach has been used for conducting the study. In this research study, the interpretivism and inductive approach have been selected, where no hypothesis has been stated but the data collection method has focused on the research question and the research objectives. The inductive approach in the study helped in measuring the concepts and also made research findings specific. The inductive approach involves data collection, theorizing the data as well as observing the patterns of the data. As this research approach was more aligned with the qualitative approach this approach is much more concerned with the development of a rapid form of data collection. The key aim of using the inductive approach in this research was to make the research theory-based using the collected data. This approach also generated the meaning from the collected data for identifying the relationships and patterns for building a theory and this approach did not prevent from using any existing theory.
In this research study, only secondary data has been used. Secondary data refers to information that is obtained from existing research sources like articles, research journals, online books, or PDFs (Sileyew 2019). Secondary research in this study has been reflected in the literature review section, where various sources have been used for collecting the data. The information that has been gathered from the secondary sources has been taken from various valid and trust-able websites like Google Scholar, IEEE, Web of Science, Science Direct, and other reliable websites. Thematic analysis, (Castleberry and Nolen 2018), has been used in this research study, themes like an advantage, disadvantage, security issues, impact, and use of Artificial Intelligence in the future of work have been used from the literature review. Various reasons are there for choosing the secondary data collection method such as it was a free and time-saving method of data collection. The secondary data sources were very easy to access because of which it became very easy to collect the data and use it in the research study.
Research design is the overall strategy, (Bloomfield and Fisher 2019), that has been chosen to bring the proper integration of various elements of a research study logically and coherently. Research design can be considered as the blueprint of the entire process of data collection starting from finding valid and relevant data to making a proper analysis of the data. As this research study aligns with the qualitative research attribute, the explanatory research design has been used and this research design comes under the horizon of qualitative research. Explanatory research design has been used in this study because this design focused on explaining various factors of the research study (Bhaludra 2019). This design has helped in providing many details even from the small amount of information from certain research papers. This research design has not been used for giving the people conclusive evidence but helps in understanding the research problem more effectively and efficiently. While adopting this research design, it was also easy to adapt the new insight and the new data. The key aim of the exploratory research design was to increase the understanding of the topic effectively.
Ethics in research is very significant. Therefore, while conducting a research study, considering ethics is also very necessary for the researchers. The information of the literature review which has been taken from various websites, articles, and journals has been given a proper citation for giving the credit to the author. While collecting the data for this research study, this has been ensured that the data is valid and reliable.
In summary of the section, this can be stated that research methodology encompasses the process in which a researcher intends to conduct the research, which methodology includes how one can plan to handle things like data collection data and data analysis. This section has identified and discussed research philosophy, research design, research approach, and the data collection method which have helped in conducting a literature review related to the topic. In this research interpretivism research philosophy, inductive research approach, explanatory research design, and secondary data collection have been used.
This section aims to narrate findings from the literature review without evaluating or interpreting the data as well as provide the direction to the research discussion. The result of the research study has been reported as well as revealed the analysis of the collected data. This chapter presently analysis the data as well as outline the themes of the data based on which the data has been collected. The empirical findings are analyzed using thematic analysis. This section will discuss the themes of the literature review such as the impact of AI on future work, advantages, disadvantages, and security issues related to artificial intelligence.
This theme has been chosen as the key point of the research study, where the impact of artificial intelligence in future work has been discussed. According to the reports of Sima et al., (2020). the human workforce will reduce to a substantial percentage specifically in the sectors of manufacturing and automation. Bessen (2018) said that employment will decrease for the workers who were needed for manufacturing and automation tasks, and will substantially result in an irregular dispersal of income. Here, this can be agreed with the author and also with the ideas of Agrawal, Gans and Goldfarb, (2019), that elimination of the manual labor work because of the automation technology assisted by AI will bring challenges and difficulties for the workforce. Therefore, hundreds of the workforce may not be against the adoption of artificial intelligence technology to ensure their monthly income. Nevertheless, Artificial intelligence is also the subject of a never-ending discussion over the future workforce. Rather than promoting the obsolescence of the human workforce, artificial intelligence will drive massive innovation, which will fuel multiple existing industries and will have the potential for creating various new sectors for ultimate growth. Here, this can be agreed with Mélypataki, (2019), that while artificial intelligence has multiple benefits, this will prove to be the problematic aspect for the economy about the labor market. The adoption of artificial intelligence technology in multiple industries like healthcare, education, and the automobile industry can shift their production process from labor-intensive to capital-intensive. This may lead to the decrease in demand and need of the workforce than the worker with the specific skill set and this can lead to the increase in unemployment or elimination of the workers and uneven distribution of the income. While artificial intelligence has made major strides in replicating the efficacy of the human workforce while executing some of the tasks, where multiple limitations will be there as well. Artificial intelligence has become the catchall term for describing the advancement in technology, computer, and system, where a computer program can perform any tasks as can solve any problem, which needs various reasons people are connected. With the help of artificial intelligence, people will be able to learn from past processes. This ability for learning is the key element of artificial intelligence. Beyond the industrial advanced robots and traditional automation, (Demir and Paksoy 2020), a new generation of capable autonomous systems is appearing in the environment ranging from the automatic check out in the grocery stores to the autonomous vehicles on the roads. Much of the progress has been driven by the improvements in the AI and related elements where are AI had made the strides effectively. Artificial Intelligence is generating values in various services and products and also providing depersonalized product recommendations to companies.
This has been found from the literature review that the fast advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in recent times has caused a significant deal of anxiety about its consequences for the future of work (Vom Brocke et al., 2018). The accessibility of effective facilities as well as the quick creation of flexible and comprehensive algorithms are both critical. Techniques like supervised and non-supervised learning, as well as many forms of deep learning and reinforcement learning, are significant drivers. In the multiple parts of business innovation strategies, the projected repercussions of Artificial intelligence on business transformation would be significantly more severe. As a result, attempting to develop a comprehensive perspective of how businesses, especially those that use AI technology, create value and conduct the tasks required to do so, is altering the broader employment market and its relevant requirement within the economic scale. Everything from cancer research to cutting-edge technologies, to studies related to biology, and climate has been linked to artificial intelligence. According to the paper by Lengnick-Hall, (2018), the prominent inclusion of one such system is within the operations of Human Resources. AI is one of the most crucial contraptions utilized for the analysis of data and appropriate administration of organizational resources. Jain et al., (2021), opines that there is currently a great deal of ambiguity concerning the ultimate influence of AI-based technology incorporating areas and relevant employment currently held by humans, as well as on the lives of individuals in general. As a result, whether AI will produce a utopian or dystopian future has always been a point of contention among optimists, pessimists, pragmatists, and skeptics. Artificial intelligence will impact the future of every industry as well as every human being. AI technology has acted as the main driver of emerging Technologies such as IoT, Robotics, and Big data, as well as this technology, will continue to act like the technological Innovative for foreseeable future. Artificial intelligence technology can be projected for having a lasting impact on every industry when artificial intelligence will be in every smart device, health system, favorite application, and car. The user of the AI technology can see the influence permeate deeper into multiple other industries effectively. AI technology will be very important to the future as this technology Farm the foundation of computer learning. Through AI technology, a computer system will have the ability for harnessing the maximum amount of information and they will be able to use the Learned intelligence for making the optimal decision as well as for discoveries. AI technology will become responsible for everything from cutting-edge climate change research to the medical breakthroughs in the cancer research center. The AI-powered robots will work alongside the humans for performing a limited range of activities such as stacking and assembling as well as the predictive analysis sensor of the AI technology will keep the equipment running seamlessly and smoothly.
From the literature review, this can be said that certain challenges still require effective research and innovation. The first and foremost challenges are the privacy and safety of AI-based systems. Even though the use of artificial intelligence and the subsequent impact on the global economy is a huge topic that has been researched. From the research, this has been found that the majority of businesses are having difficulty developing data analytics capabilities. The typical analysis mentioned in the paper by Aghion, Antonin, and Bunel, (2019), states that the creation of jobs after the initiation of AI and advancements that are anticipated for the future will substantially stay inclined towards automation. The jobs that will be provided by the companies will substantially raise a conflict between the skilled and the non-skilled workers. Artificial Intelligence technology will still face multiple challenges. The limitation of the AI technology can be technical partially like the need for the massive training data as well as difficulties in generalizing the algorithms in the use cases. However, recent advancements and innovations have started to address the issues. Other disadvantages of AI technology are in the use of AI technology. For example, explaining any decision made by artificial intelligence can be very difficult and challenging in a technological context. Various other disadvantages can be there such as the high cost of the implementation of artificial intelligence technology. Setting up the AI machines, systems and computers can entail huge costs provided by the complexity of the engineering and technology, which will go into building the system. All the AI system-based programs will need frequent upgrades for catering to the requirements of changing environment as the AI system has to become smarter. In case of any software breakdown, the recovering process may lose the codes and the users may have to reinstall the system, which can take huge time and money both. There will be a risk of unemployment. According to the author Wirth, (2018), with the rapid development being made in the Artificial Intelligence field, the question, which plagues the intuitive brain is whether an AI system will replace the human or not? This cannot be surely said that AI-based systems will lead to a higher rate of unemployment but AI-based system is likely to take over the majority of repetitive tasks that is binary in nature as well as involve the least subjectivity. From the literature review, this can be stated further that AI technology will displace between the 400 million and 800 million jobs by the year 2030 (Meyers 2017), needing as many as workers to change their job categories completely. Human upskilling will be the key concern in this case as human upskilling can be one of the ways for solving the problem of unemployment.
From the literature review, this can be said that several security issues can be there. With the advancement of technology, security issues will also increase. Artificial Intelligence technology is a strategic technology for all data-driven organizations and this is why securing the organization is very important for the business. Therefore, developing a robust cybersecurity plan may be expensive. AI technology holds opportunities for exploitation and misconfiguration like other technologies. However, this has its own risk. As more organization focuses on major digital transformation there will be a risk related to the vulnerability of the organization. Since artificial intelligence technology needs a higher volume of complex data, multiple ways will be there, where the AI-based system can be exploited. While multiple mechanisms will be there in place for detecting as well as thwarting the attacks that the organizations can leverage, there will be a concern related to the application of AI that how organizations can leverage the existing principal for the confidential computing for developing secure AI-based applications. There can be multiple opportunities for the attackers to attack the AI-based system in every step of the implementation. From making inferences regarding the confidential training data to poisoning the training data or learning how to perturb any input, a multitude of attack vectors will be there which will lead to exploitation of the Artificial Intelligence-based system. One of the key security threats associated with the AI-based system is system manipulation, whose impact can be very catastrophic and the effect can be both freaking and long-lasting. Safeguarding the confidentiality and privacy of the large data set is very necessary for the researchers. This is very important mainly when the data is built right into the AI-based model. In this case, the attackers may launch the inconspicuous data extraction attack that places the AI-based system at risk. Another attack vertical related to the AI system can come from the small sub-symbolic function extraction attacks that need fewer resources and less effort.
In summary of this chapter, this can be said that organizations must be very careful while implementing AI technology in their organization. Besides the benefits of the technology, several disadvantages and challenges will be there, which can cause a great impact on the people and the workforce. The organizations, that are planning to implement the AI technology should leverage the security solution, which will provide a hyper-secure confidential environment. This chapter has revealed as well as presented the analysis of collected data, which have been used in the literature review. This chapter also discussed the literature review according to themes as this research is based on the thematic analysis. This chapter has discussed the use of AI technology in the future of work, the advantages of using AI technology in future work, disadvantages of AI technology in future work, and the security issues, which have been considered as the themes of this research study.
Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion
In this chapter, revisiting the topics and issues discovered in the paper are completed, along with the conclusion of the evidence and notions attained from the survey and literature review. The subsequent section of this report also includes a brief recommendation on the topic and how the evidence highlights fundamental aspects for the future are also depicted in the future work section.
Conclusion
RQ.1 How AI will shape the future of work?
As per the analysis and review of the literature, it is evident that Artificial Intelligence is intended towards shaping the future of work specifically for all commercial organizations. The inclusion of systems like human resource management systems, automation in manufacturing and production units have already initiated the reduction of human employees. According to the literature review, and analysis of the survey results it can be concluded that the features of artificial intelligence along with the machine learning algorithms have produced effective productivity for the commercial organization and companies are looking to sustain with such systems in the long run. The speedy design of adaptable and comprehensive algorithms, as well as the availability of effective facilities, are both crucial. Artificial intelligence is expected to have a long-term effect on every sector when this is integrated into every smart device, health system, favorite application, and automobile. The user of AI technology can successfully observe the influence go further into a variety of other sectors.
RQ.2 Will AI lead to a highly skilled and more productive labor force or technological unemployment?
Based upon the existing literature and analysis of previous research papers and articles, it can be concluded that Artificial Intelligence is more likely to create a sector for employment that is required for assisting the system to learn at its initial stages and make them more productive in terms of decision making and more. With the tremendous advancements in the field of Artificial Intelligence, the intuitive brain wonders if an AI system will be able to replace humans or not. Although it is impossible to predict whether AI-based systems would increase unemployment, AI-based technologies are expected to take over the majority of repetitive jobs that are binary in character and entail the least subjectivity. The results extracted from the literature review clearly states that an average of 400 to 800 million jobs are on the verge of getting displaced by the end of 2030. Therefore, it is clear to conclude that unemployment will occur at a certain stage, but individuals need to shift their career and skillset completely towards such new categories to persist within the marketplace.
RQ.3 How AI will impact the dynamic of the emerging and currently developed market?
From the discussions highlighted above, it is evident that AI will substantially influence the working dynamics of the emerging and currently developed market that is concentrated more towards the utilization of cutting-edge technologies and features. The initiation of AI has resulted in the acceptance of systems like Robots, IoT, smart and intelligent systems, and more. All of these systems have significantly assisted the companies and the market in gaining efficiency and productivity amongst their commercial operations. Nevertheless, it can be concluded that the influence of AI will be more on how individuals work and how well they cope up conglomerating with the AI-based systems. The change in market dynamics will necessitate employees to have a much-advanced skillset and knowledge to maintain the balance within organizations.
RQ.4 What are the challenges that the workforce can face due to the implementation of AI in the future?
According to the findings and analyses of several studies and articles, AI will have a significant impact on future jobs that have been relatively secure from automation up to this point. Furthermore, in addition to the benefits of AI, it will pose obstacles and concerns for the workforce in the future, since it will remove jobs, which might be a major concern. Moreover, as Castro, Walker, and Glocker, (2020), mentioned, the ultimate challenges that the employees within organizations face while utilizing AI-based systems are data security, privacy, and provability. Future implementation of AI within the workforce can only be feasible once the challenges like data security, manipulation of data get rectified. Lastly, it is necessary to conclude that AI will initiate a change in the working dynamics and it is the human labor who needs to improve their skill set or need to see the face of severe technological unemployment.
AI is driving efficiency gains in the business, employment, and workforce, and will undoubtedly have a substantial impact on the future of employment. Whether it’s utilizing natural language processing to derive important data from huge quantities of documents, utilizing algorithms to forecast supply demands, or by using machine learning to recognize results or items, these technologies are increasingly emerging as essential parts in modern businesses. However, the major issues that are related to artificial intelligence are how it might result in a declination of human labor, and also how the systems are vulnerable to security threats and privacy. The individual workforce needs to increase their skillsets related to machine learning and AI for sustaining the relevant requirements needed by the companies who are operating with the assistance of AI-based systems. One of the most serious security threats to Artificial intelligence systems is the possibility that attackers will disrupt the validity of its decision-making mechanisms, causing them to make decisions differently than their creators intended. One approach to accomplish this might be for opponents to take complete control of an AI program, allowing them to dictate the platform’s outcomes and conclusions.
Going through the survey results, evaluating and analyzing the existing literature on the topic certainly indicates the fact that Artificial Intelligence is the key to operational success for the upcoming years. Though certain activities will necessitate manual intervention, the majority of the commercial activities can be completed through AI-based systems that will eventually provide them optimum productivity and efficiency. Companies and governments should make use of automation and AI to reap the rewards of improved efficiency and profitability, and also benefits to society. These innovations will generate economic surpluses that will aid societies in managing workforce shifts. Instead, the emphasis should be on how to make worker changes as seamless as feasible. This will almost certainly necessitate practical and scalable solutions in several important areas to meet future needs.
Ensuring a strong economy and growth in productivity is one such alternative, (Manyika and Sneader 2018), for the challenges of AI since the growth of productivity is an important driving factor to economic growth. Similarly, fostering business dynamism will initiate the scenario of job creation, and the evolution of education systems and learning will enhance the changes required within the workplaces. Lastly, the future work of AI needs to include investment in human capital will counter the distress of unemployment and displacement of human labor.
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