In the urban areas, air pollution contributes to the majority of the health problems. Lately, the status of air pollution in India has undergone several changes and at the different levels and due to this several control measures have been considered. The database released by the WHO has revealed that the PM10 has exceeded the maximum levels set and it is almost 10 times more than the maximum levels (198 mirogram/m3). The outdoor and the indoor pollution in Delhi is caused by the both the industrial and the vehicular emission. several studies on the residents of Delhi have showed that the majority of the mortality and morbidity is caused due to the elevated level of deteriorating air quality. Although it has been seen that to reduce the levels of air pollution, Delhi government along with the federal government has taken several measures to reduce the impact the air pollution on the residents of Delhi. In the year 1997, a report was published by the Ministry of Environment and Forests and it reviewed the environmental condition prevailing in Delhi due to the deteriorating condition in Delhi. Pollution is major concern in the town and cities and is caused due to the input of contaminants in the environment (soil, water and air that might cause adverse conditions in the environment). The Delhi government has taken a wide array of steps to address issues that are related to improper waste disposal, industrial pollution, vehicular pollution and air, water pollution in the metropolis, towns and cities. Delhi along with the neighbouring states includes the Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana. These regions have been under a constant cover of smog for several weeks. The pollution levels have been recorded to be severely high and some areas like Ghaziabad, Noida, Bhiwadi and Anand Vihar are considered as hotspots in Delhi. The four areas are the worst sufferers and are under the scanner of Environmental Pollution Control Authority (EPCA). The EPCA gave direct orders to the Delhi government to have a time bound plan so that the air over the hotspots can be cleaned.
State governments as well as the various city authorities took steps to reduce the air pollution that are making it difficult for the residents that are residing in the Delhi-NCR. Some of the major steps that are taken for the reduction of pollution in Delhi are as follows:
Reports published by Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi has shown that higher percentage of death has occurred due to diseases in the circulatory and respiratory systems. The data showed that in the year 2009 (24.9%) the percentage of deaths is far more in comparison to the deaths occurring in the year 2005 (16.4%). Both the percentages have been found to have a direct link with air pollution. Studies and researches have highlighted that the exposure to the vehicular pollution has increased the pollution thrice and along with it the occurrence of health issues relating to allergy, heart diseases and asthma. The effect of the particulate matter on the age, gender and health have been found to be significant. Young people aged 24 years when exposed to the 300 micrograms of PM10 have shown elevated levels of neutrophil and platelet in the peripheral blood. The exposure of PM2.5 in young girls have shown elevated levels of RBS in the haemoglobin while similar kind of observation was noticed in the young men. While it has been found through researches that the there is a decreased level of fibrinogen, RBC and platelet in people aged above 60 years.
Due to the hazardous level of pollution in Delhi, Indian Medical Association (IMA) called for a public health emergency and the various health experts have warned people of avoiding activities like jogging and cycling. Air pollution is a major health risk for the people living in Delhi and its outskirts. The air quality index is found to be severely high with high levels of 2.5 particulate matter at several places. Air pollution has potential to cause acute respiratory disease, chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, stroke. According to World Health Organization, 92 percent of the population lives in places where air quality is below the standards of specified by WHO. About 88 percent of the premature deaths occur in middle to low income countries, where pollution increases at an alarming rate. The air pollution is a major cause of concern for the Delhi residents because of the various health effects that arise from the elevated levels of smog in the area. The various harmful effects are: high levels of smog aggravate the existing cardiac and lung functions and this occurs along with the shortness of breath, wheezing, and chronic coughing; decreases the functioning of the lungs across all types of age groups; causes premature deaths; high levels of smog decreases the immunity of lungs, aggravates exiting allergies and onset of allergies. A draft was released by the ministry of environment, forests and climate change on the National Clean Air Program (NCAP). This plan was to formulated to address the problem of air pollution in major cities. The environmentalists initially welcomed the program as the primary focus lied on the Delhi-National Capital Region. However, the major issues were the lack of clearer targets and timelines. The deterioration of air quality in Delhi led to the constitution of a body called Environmental pollution (prevention and control) Authority (EPCA). EPCA issued a severe plus graded response plan and it was highlighted by the environmentalist that the air pollution beyond anybody’s control. Prominent environmentalists pointed that government must put effort in to stopping the air pollution to reach an emergency level. While the environmentalists also emphasized that the government must focus on the long term plan to reduce the emissions. Delhi government took a series of steps for the reduction of the air quality index from the very poor category to the moderate range. Majority of the pollution reduction is played by the Delhi government and the strategies include are: pollution checking by the transport department, tightening the emission standards of the new vehicles, phasing out the older vehicles, rapid mass transport system, implementation of the catalytic converters, increasing of public awareness.
The various strategies taken up by the Delhi government in the reduction of pollution are phased out at different time depending on the need. The first strategy formulated was based on the checking of pollution by the transport department. Mobile enforcements teams are posted in various road section on a regular basis and they are deployed at the various location so the polluting vehicles can be prosecuted and whether the vehicles are having the PUC certificates is checked. The second strategy emphasises on increasing the public awareness. Public awareness is increased through the various campaigns that are conducted by raising the social consciousness on varying issues and at the same time educate the motorists regarding the engine maintenance, engine tuning, statutory provisions, spreading awareness on the health hazards. The third strategy is the application of the catalytic converters for the 4-wheel petrol vehicles that are registered and sold in Delhi. The 4th strategy is the inclusion of the rapid mass transport system which is used with the objective of making less pollution or zero pollution and this will have the affordable and efficient rail based transport system. This transport system will be integrating with the other modes of transport. The 5th strategy emphasizes on the phasing out of the commercial vehicles that are old. With the view to reduce the pollution in the Delhi, the transport/commercial vehicles that are older than the 15 years are banned along with the taxis, autos and buses that uses conventional fuel and diesel respectively. The 6th strategy pertains to the tightening of the emission standards in the vehicles. The norms of mass emission are tightened for all the categories in the year 1996 and 2000.
The people that reside in Delhi are the worst sufferers and due to this several views of the people are considered in the study as well. People have expressed that they only step outside of their house inly when it is very important; the present state of condition is considered as a state of emergency and this is considered as a business as usual; the atmosphere smells like petrol and this makes horrible to breath. Environmental regulation is one of the renowned theory which is based on the pollution control and the conservation management. The governmental policies are targeted towards the management and control of the polluting sources that causes the majority of the pollution. The proper management and mitigation policies help the residents that are the worst sufferers of pollution.
Rationale for the policy analysis
Considering the present and worsening condition of air quality it is important to carry out a policy analysis. The policy analysis will provide an insight into the impact of the air quality on to the respiratory and cardiovascular mortality in Delhi, India. While at the same time policy analysis will help to address the problem of air quality in depth. Additionally, the policy analysis will help in examining the arguments that are related to a specific policy, and the ways of implementing a policy. There is a need for the policy analysis because the existing policies in Delhi were unable to manage and mitigate the air quality. This led to show respiratory tract dysfunctions as the most commonly reported problems. The health issues ranged from chronic conditions (COPD and asthma) to acute infections (bronchitis and pneumonia). Other studies have also shown that the air pollution has a significant association with eye irritation, dizziness, headache, cardiovascular events, hypertension, COPD, bronchial asthma, sinusitis, allergic rhinitis, chest tightness, phlegm and cough. Studies and researches have highlighted that the exposure to the vehicular pollution has increased the pollution thrice and along with it the occurrence of health issues relating to allergy, heart diseases and asthma. The effect of the particulate matter on the age, gender and health have been found to be significant. Young people aged 24 years when exposed to the 300 micrograms of PM10 have shown elevated levels of neutrophil and platelet in the peripheral blood. The exposure of PM2.5 in young girls have shown elevated levels of RBS in the haemoglobin while similar kind of observation was noticed in the young men. While it has been found through researches that the there is a decreased level of fibrinogen, RBC and platelet in people aged above 60 years. Generally, it has been noticed that exposure to air pollution has led to high count of haemoglobin and RBC in men while the oxidized protein in plasma, fibrinogen, and platelets are high in women. Thus, it can be seen that the health issues arising due to the worsening air quality calls for reassessment of efficacy of the existing policies. The existing strategies related to controlling air pollution in the Urban centres or specifically in Delhi included the application of several strategies. The strategies pertained to controlling and the negative aspects of the urbanization which included city management and planning; controlling the burning of refuse; maintaining a clean and quality road; controlling dust at the construction sites; management of travel management; management of the transportation sector; public transportation; non-motorized transport; vehicle emission norms and fuel quality norm; maintenance and inspection program, retrofit and scrap programmes, improvement of the of congestion and promotion of driving cycle; transit bypass; electric mobility; transition from road to rail freight movements; environmental fees and taxes; vigilance and enforcement within the industries; negating challenges in the power sector; managing the agricultural activities properly.
Air pollution acting through the general mechanistic pathways have led to heart and lung-related diseases that include the inflammation, systematic oxidative stress, pulmonary oxidative stress and this promotes atherosclerosis, alters the normal cardiac functions. There is a consensus among the studies that say fine and the coarse particles are the primary contributors to the overall toxicity of the airways and the lungs. While the ultrafine and the fine particles contribute to the toxicity of the blood vessels and heart. However, it was later found that beside air pollution not only affects the respiratory system but also affects the cardiovascular system. The long-term exposure has shown to increase the risk of the cardiovascular disease and chronic pulmonary diseases and even to death. Even studies have shown a greater number of deaths have due to death from the cardiovascular disease rather than the pulmonary diseases. A study was conducted to find out the effect of air pollution on the residents of Delhi. The annual average data were monitored and estimated by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in Delhi. The health risk was estimated district wise after monitoring the concentration data in each station. In New Delhi, a majority of the hospital admission has been registered due to the respiratory mortality and cardiovascular mortality and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The cardiovascular mortality rates have been registered to be 27 for the year 1991, 51 in the year 1995, 23 in the year 2000, 35 in the year 2005, and 42 in the year 2010. While the results reveal that the particulate matter has been the main cause for the majority of the cardiovascular mortality. In Central Delhi, the highest number of mortality rates are found to be all-time high due to the elevated levels of pollutant in the year 1991. This increasing trend in the mortality rates is also observed in the year 1193, 2006 and the year 2008. While it has been noticed that there was a decreasing trend from the year 1994 to 1997 and for the year 2001 to 2005. Government at this time implemented the clean fuel technology as per the EURO norms and this led to the reduction in the reduction of the mortality rates. In North Delhi, from the year 1991 to the year 1997, a reduction of the trend has been noticed while from the year 1997 to the year 2002 an increasing trend has been noticed. In the northern Delhi, an increasing trend in the mortality rates due to the cardiovascular diseases has been noticed from 2006 to 2010. Mortality rates due to the elevated concentration of SO2 is seen in the year 1991 and due to this hospital admission have been registered due to COPD (2.3%), respiratory mortality (7.7%) cardiovascular mortality (7.7%). In east Delhi, from the year 1991 to the year 1996 an elevated levels mortality is registered for the cardiovascular diseases due to air pollution. The number of the cardiovascular cases registered are 228 (1991), 381 (1995), 260 (2000), 317 (2005), 636 (2010).
In the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, the ministry responsible for the protection of the environment is the Ministry of Environment and Forests and the Depart of Environment at the central and the NCT region of Delhi. In the year 1974, when the Water Act was passed, led to the establishment of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Later on CPCB became the principle governmental agency that carried out the functions which was mentioned in the implementation of National Air Quality Monitoring programme, environmental acts and the other related activities. At the state level, the Delhi Pollution Control Board is the governmental body that looks after the environmental affairs in Delhi. In response to the public litigations, the Judiciary has taken vital steps in controlling the deteriorating environmental conditions in Delhi. In the year 1985, in response to the writ petition the Supreme court of India passed a judgement that dealt with the vehicular pollution in Delhi. This landmark judgement led to the shutdown of the brick kilns, hot mix plants, noxious and hazardous industries that are operating in Delhi.
Vehicular pollution- in the year 1998, control measures taken up were directed towards the introduction of unleaded petrol, catalytic converters were introduced in the passenger cars in the year 1995, in the year 2000 the benzene content was planned to be reduced, the content of sulphur in the fuel was reduced in the year 2000. The steps that were taken up include the construction of subways and flyovers to smoothen up the movement of traffic. This was augmented by the introduction of commercial vehicles (auto rickshaws, taxis and buses) that ran on compressed natural gas (CNG), phasing out of the old commercial vehicles, stringent enforcement of the norms that comply with the Bharat stage II or the Euro-II norms (higher norms are also used), introduction of the pollution under control certificate for the vehicles this certificate will have 3-month validity. Another policy was introduced that emphasized on the air ambience fund and was levied from the sale of diesel, along with the setup of emission norms for the thermal power stations and industries and other sorts of awareness. At the regular intervals, environmental campaign was carried out. The Delhi Pollution Control Board conducted an Ambient Air Quality Monitoring monthly at the 40 locations in Delhi. Later on the after the analysis of the air quality data necessary steps were taken.
Industrial policy- in the year 1982, the first industrial policy was introduced. Subsequently, for the year 2010-2021 an industrial policy was introduced and it was issued by the department of Industries Government of Delhi. This document contained a comprehensive information on the higher industrial development for the Delhi region. The major mandate was to take detailed steps towards the development of non-pollution and clean industries and the details of the step was mentioned in the document. There were several organizations that worked together towards the reduction of the air pollution. The other organizations that were part of this venture were Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, include Confederation of Indian Industry, Indian Association for Air Pollution Control. Representatives of the industries, The Energy and Resources Institute, Centre for Science and Environment, Factories Inspectorate (government organization that was also involved in the pollution control program). The academic and the research institutes that were also involved in the pollution control program are Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research institutions, Indian Institute of Technology, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute and other institutes in and around Delhi. The professional organizations were also involved in the pollution control and they were Indian Institute of Engineers, Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers, Indian National Science Academy.
Decision parameters- Delhi is the capital territory of India and when the condition of air quality started to deteriorate, the environmental organizations, local groups filed limitation which alarmed the Supreme Court of India and several judgement regarding controlling the air quality in the Delhi due to the high levels of pollution. There was a general outcry among the general public which forced the government to frame policies and devise strategies so that the level of air pollution and the severity reduces. It is important to mention that several strategies and the management plan taken up by the Government were mainly based on the rising levels of particulate matter in the ambient air. The high level of particulate matter in ambient air led to the deteriorating health conditions across people belonging from different age groups. Large number of hospital admissions occurred due to the rising cardiovascular diseases and increased number of mortality deteriorated the health condition of the Delhi residents. The level of particulate matter increased to such an extent where schools and office remained closed due to the elevated levels of air pollutants. This was hampering the day to day functions of the Delhi residents and the government was accruing heavy losses due to the partial closure of the government office and the government work processes.
Constraints- The execution of a plan in a national capital region is not an easy task, a clear and synchronized action was required between the Delhi residents, industry owners, law enforcers and the governmental policies. The strategy that was implemented by the government include many constraints. Firstly, the sources of pollutions were caused by several factors, identification of all the major sources will require a lot of time and man power. After the successful identification of all the sources, not all sources can be controlled due to the deep integration of the several factors such as economy, research and development, everyday life, governmental operations and process, agricultural procedures, governmental jurisdictions, and the several sources of pollution that requires a close coordination between many agencies and factors.
Contingent factors- the contingent factors that can come to the forefront is the uncertain nature of the weather, fall in the economy, administrative changes and downfall, identification of the new sources of pollution that cannot be managed and controlled easily.
Context- Delhi is the National Capital Territory which houses the places like Rashtrapati Bhavan, Prime Minister’s Office, Supreme Court, The Indian Parliament. The pollution of the Delhi region is 24 million and along with it Delhi houses some of the premium institutes which have nationwide prestige. Leaving the status quo will only worsen the situation and it will lead to further deterioration of air quality. Studies have shown that the rate at which the air quality has deteriorated will impact the health of the millions and jeopardise the normal functioning the of the administrative procedures.
Effectiveness- effective strategies are a need of the hour to mitigate the issues. Delhi being the national capital region falls under the jurisdiction and the obligation of the Central Government and the Delhi Government to mitigate the issue on air pollution. The effectivity of the alternatives depends on the execution of the alternative strategies and how well they are integrated into the having a feasible end result. It is an obvious fact that no government will allow its capital city to suffer from the elevated levels of air pollutants and high load of particulate matter.
Capacity of Delhi, India- Considering the fact that the majority of the pollution is caused by the commercial, private vehicles. The majority of the policies that will be framed other the existing strategies will largely focus on upgrading the engine grade which will produce less pollutants. India already has BS-IV stage vehicles running and in order to compete and comply with the European standards (Euro-VI), it is important for India to consider shifting of the engine standards to BS-VI. The Delhi government needs to take up strategies that will the prevent the old vehicles from running on the roads and further pollute the air over Delhi. Not only the vehicles but the building construction works, industries and other activities that can deteriorate the environmental condition must be controlled and checked.
The various policies that can be proposed to the ministry for the effective management of the Delhi ait pollution are as follows:
Conclusion
From the above discussion it can be concluded that in the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, the ministry responsible for the protection of the environment is the Ministry of Environment and Forests and the Depart of Environment at the central and the NCT region of Delhi. In the year 1974, when the Water Act was passed, led to the establishment of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Later on CPCB became the principle governmental agency that carried out the functions which was mentioned in the implementation of National Air Quality Monitoring programme, environmental acts and the other related activities. At the state level, the Delhi Pollution Control Board is the governmental body that looks after the environmental affairs in Delhi. The proposed policy for better outcomes are: policy of odd-even for the vehicles; banning the civil construction projects and compliance with the governmental standards; National Green Tribunal can restrict the burning of the waste and industrial activities in Delhi.
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