Change is inevitable not only in demographic factors but also in nature and even in engineering technology, to mention but a few. As a result of evolution and in response to it, Engineers and technologists together with other people involved in design and making of structures need not only rely on past technologies but opt to also come up with new ways of doing things. One of the areas affected due to changes in demographic factors and climate is housing. Therefore, a significant need arises to modify the style of house design and construction.
Increase in population, which is part of the change in demographic factors, results in increased demand for housing facilities in the regions [1]. Constructors may, therefore, opt to add additional storeys to houses that have not reached the height limit legally accepted by the government. It is suitable for homeowners needing more space to accommodate their families and are facing a lack of extra land. This will also help people to live closely together in urban or suburban areas rather than living elsewhere where transport and other community facilities are not well developed. Moreover, it will save space for the construction of other storey buildings that will eventually accommodate the growing population and reduce the demand for housing. As witnessed in some areas of the San Paolo, Constructors have opted to construct storey building apartments such as Vitra. Even in the outskirts the town, such projects are on the rise.
With the aim of meeting the increased need for houses, constructors may opt to go for the renovation of old buildings that were once in use and were abandoned by the owners. Various traditional buildings can be refurbished and used as a settlement for people in need of houses. It would also help save on space and resources and also preserve cultural heritage [2]. The renovation also increases the anesthetic beauty and the value of a building that would otherwise lie unused. Due to these, people who prefer living in classic and good buildings would consider the renovated buildings, and to some extent, this would offer a solution to the need for housing. Sao Paulo is full of people who love renovation out of there experience and tastes. This coupled with availability of various design and building companies would make renovation of old buildings effective. The renovation of Prestes Maia in Sao Paulo is a good example of renovating buildings instead of putting the old buildings in the periphery of house development.
Housing development should also not be made on large tract housing construction but instead in smaller projects [3]. Moreover, designers should come up with integrated housing facilities which can not only be used for housing, but also other activities such as office work so that house owners can sometimes work from their homes. The kind of house design project would be complemented by a change in the working style of people. Edificio Sampaio Moreira is an example of integrated building in Sao Paulo. If such design is taken up more, then it will be of great importance.
In areas that are highly populated and have enough space, fast building technologies can be applied to construct the houses [4]. One of them is integrated homes in which various units are manufactured in the factories and then assembled. The house can be quickly assembled resulting in a meeting of urgent housing demands. An example of an integrated house is one made of structural insulated panels in construction. They can be constructed easily with less labor because everything is made in the factory before assembly in the construction site. Moreover, home panels are; made of light materials, fire resistant, energy efficient, of low utility costs, earthquake resistant, versatile, soundproof, storm resistant, of superior strength and flexible design. They also allow for easy installation of piping and electrical systems. Fluor Daniel Brasil, Ltda. is one of the companies in the country that can manufacture the panels for such construction.
Considering climate change, building constructors should include ceiling features in buildings. The ceiling may be made of plasterboard as used in some parts of suburban San Paolo homes. Alternatively, it may also be made of the slab, plywood, pressed metal such as tin or even timber. But to curb climate change, climate ceilings should be used. Climate ceilings consist of metal with water carrying elements through which cold or hot water can be transmitted depending on whether heat or cold is required in a particular part of a building [5]. Heat exchange is then achieved by radiation. The climate ceilings can be used just to regulate the temperature of a specific space rather than the whole structure depending on personal preferences. The process is achieved through the operation of an automatic water supply valve in the climate ceilings. Considering the average hot and wet climate in Sao Paulo, these climate ceilings would be of importance. The climate ceilings also have a low operation and maintenance cost and are a long-term investment. Climate ceilings, therefore, help regulate the internal temperature of a building regardless of climate change [6].
Climate change may also result to flooding. In order to deal with such situations, building constructors in such areas opt to build using flood resistant materials. A flood resistant material is that which can sustain water contact for 3 days without being damaged to the extent that it will require repair [7]. Flood-resistant building materials include ceramic tiles; concrete closed cell and foam insulation. Also, a waterproof material can be added to walls of low flooding to reduce damage. Constructors should also opt to construct buildings with elevated buildings which involve the building of houses in raised positions with supporting beams in which the living space is located above the flood levels hence preventing the building from being damaged by floods. Still, a building that was constructed without being elevated can still be elevated. First, utility lines are disconnected then the building is raised with hydraulic lifts to the desired height. The new foundation is then built, and the house lowered onto the new foundation. Such measures would protect buildings in case floods like the one experienced in March 2016 in Sao Paulo occurs again.
The study shows that the speed of wind increases with time due to climate change. Tropical cyclones and storms are sometimes associated with climate change [8]. This may be great news to wind firm developers but very sad news to building owners because strong winds pose a great danger to the buildings. To curb such problems, external structures of buildings should be made of materials that are wind resistant such as brick. Buildings should also be made of a strong structural framework built on strong frameworks in high places if possible. The aerodynamic properties of a storm or wind resistant storm should also be great; the roofs should slope gently, and the building should be dome-shaped [9]. Further still, more buildings in Sao Paulo should be built with brise soleil such as the Oscar Niemeyer’s Prodam Building.
Climate change is linked to increase and decrease in temperature in. Therefore, buildings have to be built with the guarantee of thermal comfort [10]. To achieve this natural ventilation, artificial cooling and lightweight construction can be used in the design and construction of buildings. Furthermore, buildings in Sao Paulo should be built with louvres such as some museums in Sao Paulo.
In conclusion, various design and construction of buildings putting into consideration climate change and also in response to increased demand for housing facilities have great advantages more than curbing climate change and providing houses. It also results in the proper utilization of available space, saving building resources, reduction in the cost of construction and also results in the utility of fast construction method.
References
S. K. K. G. Annett Steinführer, Residential Change and Demographic Challenge: The Inner City of East Central Europe in the 21st Century, 3rd ed. London: Routledge, 2016, pp 165-284.
C. e. a. Koo, A CBR-based hybrid model for predicting a construction duration and cost based on project characteristics in multi-family housing projects, 3rd. ed. Quebec: Routeledge, 2010, pp 500-567.
H. Kerzner, Project Management Case Studies, 9th ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2017, pp 211-300.
R. M. W. Chan Kim, Blue Ocean Strategy, Expanded Edition: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Make the Competition Irrelevant, 2nd ed. Massachusetts: Harvard Business Review Press, 2015 pp 155-213.
M. R. Dudzinska, Management of Indoor Air Quality, 2nd ed. New York: CRC Press, 2011 pp 148-160.
H. Jonsson, Production Strategy in Project Based Production within a House-Building Context, 1st ed. Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2017 pp 55-80.
S. S. Jaco du Preez, Millimeter-Wave Power Amplifiers, 1st ed. London: Springer, 2017 pp 150-265.
C.-P. Chang, The Global Monsoon System: Research and Forecast, 1st ed. Tianjin: World Scientific, 2011 pp 5-21.
A. Gupta, Tropical Geomorphology, 2nd ed. London: Cambridge University Press, 2011 pp 253-311.
D. H. Vivian Loftness, Sustainable Built Environments, 1st ed. Koln: Springer Verlag Gmbh, 2013 pp 440-656
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