Among all the deaths occurred by cancer, the number of lung cancer is the highest in count. Almost 25% cancer patients in USA die due to lung cancer(Cardarelli et al., 2017). Early detection of the disease provides around 5 years to survive and that too in 55% cases only, but if the cancer has been spread into the body of patients, then the chances of surviving reduces to half(Cardarelli et al., 2017). LDCT which is low dose computed tomography is a screening method which is expected to reduce lung cancer mortality by 20% when compared to standard X-ray methods used for cancer detection(Cardarelli et al., 2017). But, the main problem is many people are not aware of the benefit of LDCT for screening cancers(Cardarelli et al., 2017). So, there was a need of campaigning to let them know about LDCT screening method. Screening examinations are performed before the appearance of the symptoms of any disease. In LDCT screening, a sufficient quality image is produced and any abnormalities in the lungs can be detected. In this method, 90% less ionization radiation is used. This paper is going to described how research method has been implemented and what the research outcomes are. It will also depict how the research considered the outcome variables. The limitations and requirement of further research will also be discussed in detail.
Implementation research is a multi-method and mixed-method approach in which qualitative as well as quantitative data analysis technique can be used. This research investigates research plan is implemented throughout the study. Any research paper keeps a target to set a research question that concerns about the research implementation. At the time of reviewing any paper it is important to check if the paper clearly described the answer of the question set for implementation research method.
The research was organized in a real-world setting and thus three Eastern Kentucky Regions were selected in this research method. The sequential mixed method approach was implemented in the research paper which was conducted in October 2014. In the early studies it was found that people were not aware of LDCT screening. The research paper depicted a lung cancer screening campaign was organized. So, the paper was clearly depicting the concern regarding the research question of implementation strategy.
Primary audiences are basically the target audience and they receive a direct communication in the research strategy. As a primary audience for the research study, two different focus groups from each region were identified. In the groups, there were people of 55-77 years old men and women both who were either former or current smokers. A total number of fifty-four individuals had participated in the study. Even LDCT screening effectiveness was available in the internet searches, television and newspapers to reach a larger audience (Craig et al., 2013).
The main target of the research was to make awareness among the people about the screening benefit of LDCT to detect cancer in an earlier stage to increase the life expectancy. Community awareness campaigns were conducted to increase knowledge about the importance of screening in the detection of lung cancer. The primary goal was to motivate people so that they can convince their doctors to use LDCT in the screening of cancer. In this purpose, distribution of 54600 postcards, community newspapers and radio coverage has been made to reach a wider audience while campaigning for the awareness on LDCT into the medical practices of cancer patients. The research involved an implementation strategy. Two different regions were selected, in those regions hospitals provided the data for the LDCT screening, the benefits and usefulness of LDCT were published via awareness campaigns and media and other elements were also utilised for this purpose. People were asked via telephone about their knowledge on LDCT. Physicians and non-physicians both were involved in the implementation strategy of the research (Dotse-Gborgbortsi et al., 2018).
Relation with the real-world(you are also required to identify the implementation outcome variables (e.g. acceptabilities, adoption, etc.). The sources are below:Lecture 3: Slides 6-12, 18-20 )
The research was conducted in a real-world setting and a telephonic survey was conducted to find the outcome measurements. All the participants of the telephonic survey were asked if they have listened about the screening process earlier via any advertisements or television or any other media. The acceptability from the stakeholders has been achieved to confirm that the intervention is agreeable. The hospitals of that region were also included as a part of the study to check the outcome of using LDCT screening in the medical practice of lung cancer detection. The sample population included in the research was not enough as only two specific regions of Kentucky was involved in the measurement process and in the awareness campaign program. An initial discussion has been conducted as an outcome variable adoption. The appropriateness of the study has also been checked in order to know the relevancy of the study with the target audience. The research paper is also looking for further research analysis to cover up the gap by involving more regions to increase the sample size to get the more accurate result (Field et al., 2016). Due to limitation in cost, the TLC campaign also did not include any advertisement for television.
Factors affecting the implementation of research ( pls answer all sub questions and This question requires you to identify the context or factors influencing on implementation program and provide some further discussion on how the authors looked at these contexts and factors. Sources are below:
Context plays the main role in an implementation research. Contextual factors can influence the outcome of the research intervention. The cultural, social, educational as well as economic context is very much important in any implementation research and in this research analysis, the economic, educational and significant behavioural disparities have been considered as context. Various factors are there which influenced the research procedure. First of all, the location of the study was not enough to produce a generalized result. Secondly, advertising methods were targeted to a specific area or region which was a great barrier to the openness of the research.However, some external ads were discouraging for the smokers, but this campaign brought courage to the smokers to discuss their health issues with physicians to completely recover (Infante et al., 2015).
In this research paper many changes have been considered as an outcome over time. The research has shown many consequences which can take place in the future and the main positive result is people will be aware of the usefulness of LDCT, but the main negative outcome is all the hospitals or healthcare organizations should integrate LDTC screening method into their medical practice if all the people demand for it.
Conclusion
The main aim of the implementation research was to create the awareness among people about the effectiveness of LDCT as a screening method of lung cancer for the early detection to reduce the death rate. In the research implementation strategy, a sample area and participants were chosen, and the hospitals of that region were also included to find the outcome variables. Media campaigning along with radio coverage has also been considered in this research paper. However, true control community was not possible for the research and the hospitals which were involved were unable to show their maturity enough in finding the best analysis result but still, a wide a was covered for this campaign and the paper is looking for further research to establish the fact among a larger audience by involving a greater sample size and area into the method of research (Moyer, 2014).
What are the different ways to prevent the effects of schistosomiasis on human body of Indonesia; A mixed method approach.
This research question will support in the controlling as well as elimination of the disease across Central Sulawesi Highlands of Indonesia. The objective of the research will be finding out the root cause of schistosomiasis and the effects of this disease on human body. The research will then proceed towards finding different ways to prevent it.Implementation research question is made generally based on real world setting, and in this research question, the focus will the people of a particular region of Indonesia (Paci et al., 2017). So, this question is a perfect implementation research question.
B, This question requires you to identify the appropriate study design (mixed method) to address your research questions/objectives. The sources are below:
A triangulation design which involves both qualitative as well as quantitative research design is used. It is generally termed as mixed method in research approach. A mixed method research design is basically a research method where various steps are involved in implementing the result and the steps include, data collection, data analysis, integrating of data with quantitative or qualitative research method and interpreting the result. For this research question I would be used a quantitative as well as qualitative research strategy in the mixed method research analysis to find the result (Satrija, Ridwan & Rauf, 2015). As the research objective is to find out the result through real world setting and many people will be involved in this research, so a both the qualitative and quantitative research design will be helpful in finding the absolute result which will be more accurate.
C, This question requires you to identify the outcome variable of your research (e.g. cause-specific disease, morbidity, mortality, etc.) and explain little further on what extent the question concerning implementation
Implementation outcome variables generally depict the intentional actions to deliver services (Sestini et al., 2015). Outcome variable is helpful to assess the research method that how well the implementation has occurred in the research process.In an implementing research strategy, primary outcome variable plays a major role. Primary outcome variables are the most important variable in a research method (Sestini et al., 2015). In this research method, the objective of the research question is to find out the different ways of preventing schistosomiasis. It will also focus on the cause-specific disease to find out the main reason. Apart from that, the outcome of the study will help to reduce the mortality rate caused by the disease. The morbidity will be considered as an outcome variable to find the condition of being diseased. So, the various ways of prevention are the primary outcome variable in this case. In this case, the appropriateness has been considered as the main outcome variable which shows how the types of preventions of schistosomiasis are appropriate. At the same time research will analyse how people are getting affected by the disease and what are the root cause for the disease also.
Target population is mainly the entire group of audience who are considered for the research methods and who will be directly involved with the outcomes of the study. The target population for this research will be the people living in Central Sulawesi Highlands of Indonesia irrespective of their age and sex because the disease not attacks people as per their age or sex. Mainly 28 villages of that region of the valley were affected by the disease.All the people of those areas will be considered in this study as main primary and pain target audience (Sozzi et al., 2014). But the result is expected to be beneficial for a wider audience across the world. The study sample will be the randomly selected subset within the study population where the research will be organized to find the answer of the research question.
Based on the research question, in this research method, a one-sample situation will be considered. It will help to measure the prevalence of the disease and its effect among the sample size. The findings will describe the ways of prevention of the disease and at the same time it will also depict how people are getting affected and what are the main causes of the issue (Greer, Singh, Blake & Stockton, 2018). Among the total population size, it is being expected that there will be 80% frequency and 95% error-free result will be achieved. To calculate the minimum required sample size, EPI Info software will be used. While determining the sample size, some assumptions will be taken which is, the design effect and the cluster will be kept equal to 1. The expected frequency is shown 80% which means the percentage of people of overall population of the discussed area or region.
Please justify why you chose to go for this sampling strategy
The simple random strategy has been used as the disease affects the people of that region, irrespective of their age and gender. So, all the people were eligible to participate in this study. In the sampling method, all the people will have equal chance and therefore random sampling which is a part of probability sampling strategy will be considered (Wille et al., 2016). The administrative structure for the sampling strategy is shown n the flowchart below.
A purposeful sampling strategy will be considered in the case of qualitative sampling strategy as it is the most common sampling strategy where data is collected irrespective of the age as well as gender of the participants to get a desired outcome of an implementation research analysis. In this sampling strategy, the participants were chosen from that region irrespective of their age and sex. So, purposeful sampling in qualitative data analysis sampling strategy will be the best for this method (Chen, Sun, Shi, & Hong, 2017).
The study result will be assessed in descriptive analysis and for the statistical analysis method, chi-square analysis technique will be appropriate for this. In thisresearch this statistical analysis technique will be helpful in finding the answer of the research question which will be statistically significant (Sefer, Kleyman & Bar-Joseph, 2016). It will help to find out the difference between what we observe and what the expectations were.
Qualitative data will be presented in the form of observational data and records of responses for the questionnaires of the interview. Statistical analysis will be helpful in analysing them. Here grounded theory will be used for the analysis of qualitative data.
Before the integration of the findings of the result, it is necessary to address the consistence of two types of data analysis method which is qualitative as well as quantitative. Integration of the result improves the strength of it and at the same time it also enhances the value of mixed method approach used in the research analysis (Hampton, & Doostan, 2015).
The qualitative data will be collected from the observations as well as the semi-structured interviews. The data found from the qualitative research method will address the quantitative research approach. Researchers attempt to merge the data from the two types of analysis which qualitative and quantitative. For the integration of the research outcomes, the results should be merged together. Various approaches are there for integrating data and in this case contiguous approach will be better by using appropriate tables and graphs to show the result outcome (Ronayne & Ezcurra, 2016).
References
Cardarelli, R., Reese, D., Roper, K. L., Cardarelli, K., Feltner, F. J., Studts, J. L., … & Shaffer, D. (2017). Terminate lung cancer (TLC) study—A mixed-methods population approach to increase lung cancer screening awareness and low-dose computed tomography in Eastern Kentucky. Cancer epidemiology, 46, 1-8.
Chen, T., Sun, Y., Shi, Y., & Hong, L. (2017, August). On sampling strategies for neural network-based collaborative filtering. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (pp. 767-776). ACM.
Craig, P., Dieppe, P., Macintyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I., & Petticrew, M. (2013). Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. International journal of nursing studies, 50(5), 587-592.
Dotse-Gborgbortsi, W., Wardrop, N., Adewole, A., Thomas, M. L., & Wright, J. (2018). A cross-sectional ecological analysis of international and sub-national health inequalities in commercial geospatial resource availability. International journal of health geographics, 17(1), 14.
Field, J. K., Duffy, S. W., Baldwin, D. R., Brain, K. E., Devaraj, A., Eisen, T., … & Ledson, M. (2016). The UK Lung Cancer Screening Trial: a pilot randomised controlled trial of low-dose computed tomography screening for the early detection of lung cancer. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 20(40), 1.
Greer, E., Singh, K. H., Blake, G., & Stockton, M. D. (2018). Schistosomiasis in a returning international traveler with cyclic fevers and diarrhea. Canadian Family Physician, 64(2), 123-126.
Hampton, J., & Doostan, A. (2015). Compressive sampling of polynomial chaos expansions: Convergence analysis and sampling strategies. Journal of Computational Physics, 280, 363-386.
Infante, M., Cavuto, S., Lutman, F. R., Passera, E., Chiarenza, M., Chiesa, G., … & Scorsetti, M. (2015). Long-term follow-up results of the DANTE trial, a randomized study of lung cancer screening with spiral computed tomography. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 191(10), 1166-1175.
Moyer, V. A. (2014). Screening for lung cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of internal medicine, 160(5), 330-338.
Paci, E., Puliti, D., Pegna, A. L., Carrozzi, L., Picozzi, G., Falaschi, F., … & Carozzi, F. M. (2017). Mortality, survival and incidence rates in the ITALUNG randomised lung cancer screening trial. Thorax, 72(9), 825-831.
Ronayne, E. E., & Ezcurra, M. D. (2016). Testing the effect of different terminal sampling strategies in phylogenetic analyses using morphological data matrixes. In XXXV Willi Hennig Society meeting and XII Reunión Argentina de Cladística y Biogeografía (pp. 60-61).
Satrija, F., Ridwan, Y., & Rauf, A. (2015). Current status of schistosomiasis in Indonesia. Acta tropica, 141, 349-353.
Sefer, E., Kleyman, M., & Bar-Joseph, Z. (2016). Tradeoffs between dense and replicate sampling strategies for high-throughput time series experiments. Cell systems, 3(1), 35-42.
Sestini, S., Boeri, M., Marchiano, A., Pelosi, G., Galeone, C., Verri, C., … & Pastorino, U. (2015). Circulating microRNA signature as liquid-biopsy to monitor lung cancer in low-dose computed tomography screening. Oncotarget, 6(32), 32868.
Sozzi, G., Boeri, M., Rossi, M., Verri, C., Suatoni, P., Bravi, F., … & Marchiano, A. (2014). Clinical utility of a plasma-based miRNA signature classifier within computed tomography lung cancer screening: a correlative MILD trial study. Journal of clinical oncology, 32(8), 768.
Wille, M. M., Dirksen, A., Ashraf, H., Saghir, Z., Bach, K. S., Brodersen, J., … & Rasmussen, J. F. (2016). Results of the randomized Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial with focus on high-risk profiling. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 193(5), 542-551.
Among all the deaths occurred by cancer, the number of lung cancer is the highest in count. Almost 25% cancer patients in USA die due to lung cancer(Cardarelli et al., 2017). Early detection of the disease provides around 5 years to survive and that too in 55% cases only, but if the cancer has been spread into the body of patients, then the chances of surviving reduces to half(Cardarelli et al., 2017). LDCT which is low dose computed tomography is a screening method which is expected to reduce lung cancer mortality by 20% when compared to standard X-ray methods used for cancer detection(Cardarelli et al., 2017). But, the main problem is many people are not aware of the benefit of LDCT for screening cancers(Cardarelli et al., 2017). So, there was a need of campaigning to let them know about LDCT screening method. Screening examinations are performed before the appearance of the symptoms of any disease. In LDCT screening, a sufficient quality image is produced and any abnormalities in the lungs can be detected. In this method, 90% less ionization radiation is used. This paper is going to described how research method has been implemented and what the research outcomes are. It will also depict how the research considered the outcome variables. The limitations and requirement of further research will also be discussed in detail.
Implementation research is a multi-method and mixed-method approach in which qualitative as well as quantitative data analysis technique can be used. This research investigates research plan is implemented throughout the study. Any research paper keeps a target to set a research question that concerns about the research implementation. At the time of reviewing any paper it is important to check if the paper clearly described the answer of the question set for implementation research method.
The research was organized in a real-world setting and thus three Eastern Kentucky Regions were selected in this research method. The sequential mixed method approach was implemented in the research paper which was conducted in October 2014. In the early studies it was found that people were not aware of LDCT screening. The research paper depicted a lung cancer screening campaign was organized. So, the paper was clearly depicting the concern regarding the research question of implementation strategy.
Primary audiences are basically the target audience and they receive a direct communication in the research strategy. As a primary audience for the research study, two different focus groups from each region were identified. In the groups, there were people of 55-77 years old men and women both who were either former or current smokers. A total number of fifty-four individuals had participated in the study. Even LDCT screening effectiveness was available in the internet searches, television and newspapers to reach a larger audience (Craig et al., 2013).
The main target of the research was to make awareness among the people about the screening benefit of LDCT to detect cancer in an earlier stage to increase the life expectancy. Community awareness campaigns were conducted to increase knowledge about the importance of screening in the detection of lung cancer. The primary goal was to motivate people so that they can convince their doctors to use LDCT in the screening of cancer. In this purpose, distribution of 54600 postcards, community newspapers and radio coverage has been made to reach a wider audience while campaigning for the awareness on LDCT into the medical practices of cancer patients. The research involved an implementation strategy. Two different regions were selected, in those regions hospitals provided the data for the LDCT screening, the benefits and usefulness of LDCT were published via awareness campaigns and media and other elements were also utilised for this purpose. People were asked via telephone about their knowledge on LDCT. Physicians and non-physicians both were involved in the implementation strategy of the research (Dotse-Gborgbortsi et al., 2018).
Relation with the real-world(you are also required to identify the implementation outcome variables (e.g. acceptabilities, adoption, etc.). The sources are below:Lecture 3: Slides 6-12, 18-20 )
The research was conducted in a real-world setting and a telephonic survey was conducted to find the outcome measurements. All the participants of the telephonic survey were asked if they have listened about the screening process earlier via any advertisements or television or any other media. The acceptability from the stakeholders has been achieved to confirm that the intervention is agreeable. The hospitals of that region were also included as a part of the study to check the outcome of using LDCT screening in the medical practice of lung cancer detection. The sample population included in the research was not enough as only two specific regions of Kentucky was involved in the measurement process and in the awareness campaign program. An initial discussion has been conducted as an outcome variable adoption. The appropriateness of the study has also been checked in order to know the relevancy of the study with the target audience. The research paper is also looking for further research analysis to cover up the gap by involving more regions to increase the sample size to get the more accurate result (Field et al., 2016). Due to limitation in cost, the TLC campaign also did not include any advertisement for television.
Factors affecting the implementation of research ( pls answer all sub questions and This question requires you to identify the context or factors influencing on implementation program and provide some further discussion on how the authors looked at these contexts and factors. Sources are below:
Context plays the main role in an implementation research. Contextual factors can influence the outcome of the research intervention. The cultural, social, educational as well as economic context is very much important in any implementation research and in this research analysis, the economic, educational and significant behavioural disparities have been considered as context. Various factors are there which influenced the research procedure. First of all, the location of the study was not enough to produce a generalized result. Secondly, advertising methods were targeted to a specific area or region which was a great barrier to the openness of the research.However, some external ads were discouraging for the smokers, but this campaign brought courage to the smokers to discuss their health issues with physicians to completely recover (Infante et al., 2015).
In this research paper many changes have been considered as an outcome over time. The research has shown many consequences which can take place in the future and the main positive result is people will be aware of the usefulness of LDCT, but the main negative outcome is all the hospitals or healthcare organizations should integrate LDTC screening method into their medical practice if all the people demand for it.
Conclusion
The main aim of the implementation research was to create the awareness among people about the effectiveness of LDCT as a screening method of lung cancer for the early detection to reduce the death rate. In the research implementation strategy, a sample area and participants were chosen, and the hospitals of that region were also included to find the outcome variables. Media campaigning along with radio coverage has also been considered in this research paper. However, true control community was not possible for the research and the hospitals which were involved were unable to show their maturity enough in finding the best analysis result but still, a wide a was covered for this campaign and the paper is looking for further research to establish the fact among a larger audience by involving a greater sample size and area into the method of research (Moyer, 2014).
What are the different ways to prevent the effects of schistosomiasis on human body of Indonesia; A mixed method approach.
This research question will support in the controlling as well as elimination of the disease across Central Sulawesi Highlands of Indonesia. The objective of the research will be finding out the root cause of schistosomiasis and the effects of this disease on human body. The research will then proceed towards finding different ways to prevent it.Implementation research question is made generally based on real world setting, and in this research question, the focus will the people of a particular region of Indonesia (Paci et al., 2017). So, this question is a perfect implementation research question.
B, This question requires you to identify the appropriate study design (mixed method) to address your research questions/objectives. The sources are below:
A triangulation design which involves both qualitative as well as quantitative research design is used. It is generally termed as mixed method in research approach. A mixed method research design is basically a research method where various steps are involved in implementing the result and the steps include, data collection, data analysis, integrating of data with quantitative or qualitative research method and interpreting the result. For this research question I would be used a quantitative as well as qualitative research strategy in the mixed method research analysis to find the result (Satrija, Ridwan & Rauf, 2015). As the research objective is to find out the result through real world setting and many people will be involved in this research, so a both the qualitative and quantitative research design will be helpful in finding the absolute result which will be more accurate.
C, This question requires you to identify the outcome variable of your research (e.g. cause-specific disease, morbidity, mortality, etc.) and explain little further on what extent the question concerning implementation
Implementation outcome variables generally depict the intentional actions to deliver services (Sestini et al., 2015). Outcome variable is helpful to assess the research method that how well the implementation has occurred in the research process.In an implementing research strategy, primary outcome variable plays a major role. Primary outcome variables are the most important variable in a research method (Sestini et al., 2015). In this research method, the objective of the research question is to find out the different ways of preventing schistosomiasis. It will also focus on the cause-specific disease to find out the main reason. Apart from that, the outcome of the study will help to reduce the mortality rate caused by the disease. The morbidity will be considered as an outcome variable to find the condition of being diseased. So, the various ways of prevention are the primary outcome variable in this case. In this case, the appropriateness has been considered as the main outcome variable which shows how the types of preventions of schistosomiasis are appropriate. At the same time research will analyse how people are getting affected by the disease and what are the root cause for the disease also.
Target population is mainly the entire group of audience who are considered for the research methods and who will be directly involved with the outcomes of the study. The target population for this research will be the people living in Central Sulawesi Highlands of Indonesia irrespective of their age and sex because the disease not attacks people as per their age or sex. Mainly 28 villages of that region of the valley were affected by the disease.All the people of those areas will be considered in this study as main primary and pain target audience (Sozzi et al., 2014). But the result is expected to be beneficial for a wider audience across the world. The study sample will be the randomly selected subset within the study population where the research will be organized to find the answer of the research question.
Based on the research question, in this research method, a one-sample situation will be considered. It will help to measure the prevalence of the disease and its effect among the sample size. The findings will describe the ways of prevention of the disease and at the same time it will also depict how people are getting affected and what are the main causes of the issue (Greer, Singh, Blake & Stockton, 2018). Among the total population size, it is being expected that there will be 80% frequency and 95% error-free result will be achieved. To calculate the minimum required sample size, EPI Info software will be used. While determining the sample size, some assumptions will be taken which is, the design effect and the cluster will be kept equal to 1. The expected frequency is shown 80% which means the percentage of people of overall population of the discussed area or region.
Please justify why you chose to go for this sampling strategy
The simple random strategy has been used as the disease affects the people of that region, irrespective of their age and gender. So, all the people were eligible to participate in this study. In the sampling method, all the people will have equal chance and therefore random sampling which is a part of probability sampling strategy will be considered (Wille et al., 2016). The administrative structure for the sampling strategy is shown n the flowchart below.
A purposeful sampling strategy will be considered in the case of qualitative sampling strategy as it is the most common sampling strategy where data is collected irrespective of the age as well as gender of the participants to get a desired outcome of an implementation research analysis. In this sampling strategy, the participants were chosen from that region irrespective of their age and sex. So, purposeful sampling in qualitative data analysis sampling strategy will be the best for this method (Chen, Sun, Shi, & Hong, 2017).
The study result will be assessed in descriptive analysis and for the statistical analysis method, chi-square analysis technique will be appropriate for this. In thisresearch this statistical analysis technique will be helpful in finding the answer of the research question which will be statistically significant (Sefer, Kleyman & Bar-Joseph, 2016). It will help to find out the difference between what we observe and what the expectations were.
Qualitative data will be presented in the form of observational data and records of responses for the questionnaires of the interview. Statistical analysis will be helpful in analysing them. Here grounded theory will be used for the analysis of qualitative data.
Before the integration of the findings of the result, it is necessary to address the consistence of two types of data analysis method which is qualitative as well as quantitative. Integration of the result improves the strength of it and at the same time it also enhances the value of mixed method approach used in the research analysis (Hampton, & Doostan, 2015).
The qualitative data will be collected from the observations as well as the semi-structured interviews. The data found from the qualitative research method will address the quantitative research approach. Researchers attempt to merge the data from the two types of analysis which qualitative and quantitative. For the integration of the research outcomes, the results should be merged together. Various approaches are there for integrating data and in this case contiguous approach will be better by using appropriate tables and graphs to show the result outcome (Ronayne & Ezcurra, 2016).
References
Cardarelli, R., Reese, D., Roper, K. L., Cardarelli, K., Feltner, F. J., Studts, J. L., … & Shaffer, D. (2017). Terminate lung cancer (TLC) study—A mixed-methods population approach to increase lung cancer screening awareness and low-dose computed tomography in Eastern Kentucky. Cancer epidemiology, 46, 1-8.
Chen, T., Sun, Y., Shi, Y., & Hong, L. (2017, August). On sampling strategies for neural network-based collaborative filtering. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (pp. 767-776). ACM.
Craig, P., Dieppe, P., Macintyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I., & Petticrew, M. (2013). Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. International journal of nursing studies, 50(5), 587-592.
Dotse-Gborgbortsi, W., Wardrop, N., Adewole, A., Thomas, M. L., & Wright, J. (2018). A cross-sectional ecological analysis of international and sub-national health inequalities in commercial geospatial resource availability. International journal of health geographics, 17(1), 14.
Field, J. K., Duffy, S. W., Baldwin, D. R., Brain, K. E., Devaraj, A., Eisen, T., … & Ledson, M. (2016). The UK Lung Cancer Screening Trial: a pilot randomised controlled trial of low-dose computed tomography screening for the early detection of lung cancer. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England), 20(40), 1.
Greer, E., Singh, K. H., Blake, G., & Stockton, M. D. (2018). Schistosomiasis in a returning international traveler with cyclic fevers and diarrhea. Canadian Family Physician, 64(2), 123-126.
Hampton, J., & Doostan, A. (2015). Compressive sampling of polynomial chaos expansions: Convergence analysis and sampling strategies. Journal of Computational Physics, 280, 363-386.
Infante, M., Cavuto, S., Lutman, F. R., Passera, E., Chiarenza, M., Chiesa, G., … & Scorsetti, M. (2015). Long-term follow-up results of the DANTE trial, a randomized study of lung cancer screening with spiral computed tomography. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 191(10), 1166-1175.
Moyer, V. A. (2014). Screening for lung cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Annals of internal medicine, 160(5), 330-338.
Paci, E., Puliti, D., Pegna, A. L., Carrozzi, L., Picozzi, G., Falaschi, F., … & Carozzi, F. M. (2017). Mortality, survival and incidence rates in the ITALUNG randomised lung cancer screening trial. Thorax, 72(9), 825-831.
Ronayne, E. E., & Ezcurra, M. D. (2016). Testing the effect of different terminal sampling strategies in phylogenetic analyses using morphological data matrixes. In XXXV Willi Hennig Society meeting and XII Reunión Argentina de Cladística y Biogeografía (pp. 60-61).
Satrija, F., Ridwan, Y., & Rauf, A. (2015). Current status of schistosomiasis in Indonesia. Acta tropica, 141, 349-353.
Sefer, E., Kleyman, M., & Bar-Joseph, Z. (2016). Tradeoffs between dense and replicate sampling strategies for high-throughput time series experiments. Cell systems, 3(1), 35-42.
Sestini, S., Boeri, M., Marchiano, A., Pelosi, G., Galeone, C., Verri, C., … & Pastorino, U. (2015). Circulating microRNA signature as liquid-biopsy to monitor lung cancer in low-dose computed tomography screening. Oncotarget, 6(32), 32868.
Sozzi, G., Boeri, M., Rossi, M., Verri, C., Suatoni, P., Bravi, F., … & Marchiano, A. (2014). Clinical utility of a plasma-based miRNA signature classifier within computed tomography lung cancer screening: a correlative MILD trial study. Journal of clinical oncology, 32(8), 768.
Wille, M. M., Dirksen, A., Ashraf, H., Saghir, Z., Bach, K. S., Brodersen, J., … & Rasmussen, J. F. (2016). Results of the randomized Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial with focus on high-risk profiling. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 193(5), 542-551.
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No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download
