Every project irrespective of its size and structure includes certain levels of complexity. Irrespective of the complexities, every project irrespective of its size is continued to be maintained. Complex project management is a process of managing the projects which has certain level of complexities. These complexities are needed to be addressed or managed in order to ensure successful project completion. In management of the projects in complex environment, it becomes necessary to evaluate the complexities of the project in its inception phase so that the identified complexities can be managed. There are a number of causes due to which the complexity of a project is increased (Turner, 2016). The uncertainty and ambiguity in the requirements of a project can increase the complexity of a project. A complexity of the project can be measured with the number of variables that the project needs to address (Johansen et al., 2014). Ambiguity in the project can occur due to the lack of awareness of events associated with a project. Uncertainty in project can arise mainly due to the inability of the project team in pre evaluating the project actions. The unpredictability in the project outcome or unpredictability in the accurateness of the chosen methodology of a project might result in increase of the project complexities (Leach, 2014). With the increase in the interdependencies and the interconnections, the project complexity increases. Therefore, proper assessment of the complexity of the project is essential in order to properly manage a project. Effective teamwork is significant in management of the complex project. Every project has certain unique challenges that become amplified when a complex project is considered. In order to manage the projects associated with complex environment, identification of the environmental awareness in complex situations by the project manager is needed to be identified. Project management is a stable and non dynamic process that incorporates the risk analysis in order to understand the complexities and the risks associated with a project (Walker, 2015). A well planned risk analysis helps in management of the complex projects by identifying the risks associated with the project. The traditional tools of project management include work breakdown structure and network planning that can be used in proper project scheduling. Risk management is another significant tool of management of the complex projects as it ensures that the issues, uncertainty and the ambiguities associated with a project are properly addressed. The increase in the complexity of the project results in chaos in the project. Chaos is a situation in a project where the plans of the project are changed frequently and on top of that, no new plans are made for the project (Harrison & Lock, 2017). Therefore, the process of management of the complex projects is quite complex and the aims of this essay is to evaluate the process by which projects in a complex environment can be managed.
The essay will shed light on the causes, environment of the complex project. In order to do so, proper identification of the causes, theories, tools and techniques that are relevant to the complex projects are needed to be evaluated. The essay will further evaluate the different tools and techniques that a project manager can use to manage complex project. The essay will provide an overview of the management of the project in a complex environment.
Researches prove that revolutionary improvements in the process of project execution are necessary in order to deliver the projects in a complex environment. The current theory of project management was developed in the time when the projects could be decomposed more readily and was well bounded. However, with the increase in the complexity of the project there is an increasing need bring on certain reforms in the theories of project management. However, change in the fundamental theory of project management will inevitably mean that the new theories that are to be developed will need to consider policy, innovation, legal framework and knowledge management. Strengthening the current theory of project management is necessary to address the unique characteristics of large and complex projects. A structured project management theory helps in management of the complex project.
Chaos Theory: Chaos theory is a branch of mathematics that focuses on the behaviour of the complex and the dynamical system that is highly sensitive to slight changes. This theory refers to the complex condition of the complex projects where small alteration and the changes in the condition will give rise to the strikingly great consequences (Stacey, 2012). Chaos theory is a science of surprises and it helps in managing the unexpected. Chaos theory helps in predicting the behaviour of the inherently unpredicted system and therefore it can be used in analysing the behaviour of the complex projects. This in turn can help in proper management of the complex projects.
Complexity in the complex projects can arise due to a number of reasons. PMI says that human behaviour or the behaviour of the team members is a big source of complexities in the projects. This is a big source of complexity in the project as every project is mainly affected by the human behaviour. For example, if the stakeholders of a particular project have unrealistic expectations, the complexities and the issues associated with a project increases. Often there are conditions when the stakeholders of the project disagree with the set project goals. Stakeholders might often analyse the goals or deliverables of the project in a wrong manner (Hanisch & Wald, 2012). The complexity in the project might further increase as a result of the hidden agendas associated with the project that might creep in during the execution of the project. With the increasing complexities in the project the ethical dilemmas associated with the project increases as well that delays or effects the successful execution of a project. The chaos theory therefore helps in addressing the complexities and the uncertainties in the different projects and can be used for managing the projects that has lots of parts and interconnection, projects with a great deal of uncertainty and certain heavily time constrained projects.
Complexity Theory: The complexity theory is a subset of chaos theory that focuses on the process by which the project teams behave. The complexity theory addresses the emergence of the complexity in management of different projects. The inability of the project managers in following every parameters of the project might result in increase in the complexities of the project. The complexity theory therefore aims in defining the process by which a better process can be developed in order to address the complexities of the project (Walker, 2015). The complexity theory defines the order and the pattern that seemingly arises out of the complex projects. This theory therefore helps in determining the process by which a system or a project that consists of a number of elements can be lead in an organized manner. This theory is therefore considered as one of the significant guides in management of the project that has a lot of interconnections and the projects that is needed to deal with a certain level of uncertainty. Although it becomes quite difficult to identify or calculate the chaos that is associated with a project, it is possible to study or make use of the complexity theory in dealing the projects of a complex environment. One of the significant points in including the context of complexity theory in the context of project management is that a project team can be considered as a social structure of nodes that are interrelated with some form of relationship (Kerzner & Kerzner, 2017). The Project Management Institute or PMI considers that the complexities in the projects results from the interaction among the individuals and the groups. The interaction among the project team members can be influenced by the stakeholders that results in increase in the complexities in the project. One of the techniques of managing complex projects as indicated by the complexity theory is to set predefined project goals. Along with that the quantitative measures of the project helps in management of the project. Furthermore, it is necessary to identify the key factors that distinguish a complex project from an easily executable project. This distinction is quite necessary in order to manage the projects with lot of parts and interconnection.
There are a number of causes that increases the complexity of a project. The increase in the project risks increases the complexity of the project. The increase in the complexity of a project might result in failure of the project. The need of better technology and perpetual global expansion provides the opportunities in increasing the success the project. The failure in the complex project might result due to failure in accessing the accurate goals of the project (Lindkvist, Stasis & Whyte, 2013). Scheduling and timing is a significant issue that adds to the complexities in the project. Setting up of unrealistic project goals and the objectives will result in addition of the project complexities (Thamhain, 2013). Furthermore, lack of executive support and commitment might result in the increase in the complexities of the project. Cost overruns and the schedule delays add to the complexities in the project. Unexpected events although adds to the complexities of the project, it might have the potential to be positive. A project might need to include certain random things in the project in order to bring much needed improvement in the project.
Measurement of the complexities associated with the project in an early stage helps in properly addressing the cause of the complexity. Complexity in a project often becomes difficult to define since it has a number of connotations. Projects, mainly the constructions projects are often considered as complex or risky as there are a number of risks associated with this type of projects. The projects that consist of varied or interrelated parts are therefore considered as complex project as they hold certain level of interdependency (Braglia & Frosolini, 2014). The projects that have certain level of difficulty in its execution can also be considered as a complex project (Loosemore et al., 2012). In these projects, there exist certain levels of interdependencies that result in the increase of the operational issues associated with a project thus increasing the complexity in the normal execution of the project.
However, the complexity of a project can be considered as an important criterion of selection of a proper project management methodology that will help in successful project execution.
Increasing project complexity generally has a negative impact on the performance of a project. The lack of the consensus on the project complexity is considered to be a crucial problem since the project complexity is closely correlated with the project management processes and the performance of project (Lee & Yu, 2012). Therefore understanding the complexity of the project will is significant in addressing the problems associated with the project and the project management performance. Therefore, complexity of a project is considered as an essential factor in the field of project management. Complexity of a project is although not clearly defined in literatures, the extent to which certain factors influences a project might help in determining the complexity of the project. Since project complexity has negative influence in a project, it becomes essential to evaluate the complexities of the project (Teller & Kock, 2013). The sources of the project complexity can be uncertainties associated with the project, it is essential to emphasize on the context of analysing the importance of prerequisites of the project. Considering the fact that a project can be complex due to a number of reasons, the influence of the complexities in different types of projects vary as well (Hwang & Ng, 2013). For example, if there is a high level of complexity in a large sized construction project, the project will surely get delayed or might fail as well. On a contrast, if there is complexity in a project of small sized, the effect or the influence of the project will be quite less or negligible Therefore, the limit to which project complexity influences a project varies with the size and type of the project.
A project can be characterized on basis of the people, process and technology. These components of a project are interrelated and the changes are amplified in the complex environment (Meng, 2012). Each and every project has unique challenges and therefore, the environment in which a project is implemented plays a significant role in understanding the complexity of a project. Therefore, proper identification of the environmental awareness by the project manager is essential in managing the complex project situation.
The external drivers of the project that includes the resources, external stakeholders and the other resources of the project is to be considered in setting the desired business outcomes as these external contexts often adds to the complexity of the project (Mir & Pinnington, 2014).
The properties of the complex projects are as follows-
Complex projects mainly has a lot of parts and interconnection thus addressing the issues associated with such projects need the use of certain tools and techniques that will in turn help the project manager in managing the complex projects (Schwalbe, 2015). The complexities in the projects that are heavily time constraint increases and therefore the need of certain tools and techniques by the project manager is essential in order to manage the projects of complex environment. Controlling the level of uncertainty associated with a project helps in management of the complex project. An effective project planning can help in reducing the issues that are associated with the management of the complex projects. The project plan is to be made by considering the issues and the risks associated with the project.
The uncertainty is perceived due to chaos in the project and the change in the project environment can lead to the reinforced planning and control. Excessive project planning and change in project plan in random interval can negatively impact the project and adds to the complexity of the project. The complexity in the projects can cause project delays, which is considered as one of the significant reasons of project failure. Strategic and timely planning can further help in reducing the uncertainties in the project. The advanced project management processes are therefore designed keeping in mind the complexities of the project so that the issues associated with the complex projects can be addressed with certain tools that project managers can use to address the complexities of the projects.
One of the essential needs of managing a complex project is proper project governance. One of the project control techniques that a project manager can use include PERT that helps in proper project monitoring (Muller, 2017). PERT is a tool of project management that helps in calculating the actual time that is required to control a project. Proper scheduling is an important consideration for complex project management that the project managers make use of (Giezen, 2012). Apart from this, there are a number of tools and technique that is recommended to the project manager which the project managers can make use of in managing the complex projects.
SWOT analysis is a technique that can be used by the project manager to determine the strength, weakness, opportunities and the threats associated with the complex projects (Anca, 2013). SWOT analysis is a technique that is recommended to the project managers as it helps in identifying the key issues that increases the complexity of a project (Antony, 2012). Although the identification of the key issues associated with the projects does not guarantees the solution to the issues, it will at least help the project manager or the project team members in having a proper idea about the different issues associated with the project. SWOT analysis therefore helps in identifying and understanding the key issues associated with a project and aims in establishing the balance between the internal resources, external threats and the capability of a project team in addressing the issues associated with the project (Ahern, Leavy & Byrne, P2014). SWOT analysis is therefore can be defines as the balance sheet of the organization that defines the strength, weakness and the opportunities associated with a project.
As evaluated earlier, stakeholders of a project might pose a certain risk or adds to the complexities in a project. Therefore, keeping the stakeholders engaged with the project is essential in addressing the issues associated with the project (de Carvalho, Patah & de Souza Bido, 2015). The tools that are recommended for a project manager to address the issues associated with the stakeholders of the project include the use of stakeholder’s matrix that can be used to map the stakeholders in terms of their importance and the potential impact on the programme or the project activity (Sheffield, Sankaran & Haslett, 2012). Effective management of the stakeholders can help in addressing the different issues associated with the project including unclear project goals and the improper identification of the project requirements. Effective management of the stakeholders will therefore help the project manager in managing the complexities of the project.
Risk management is an effective technique that project manager can use to address the issues associated with the project. Development of a risk map helps in prioritizing the risk on basis of their severity and will therefore help in addressing the issues associated with the project. Risk map is a tool that is mainly used in process of risk management that represents the risks in terms of likelihood and impact (Too & Weaver, 2014). A risk map helps a project manager in understanding which areas, issues or risks associated with a project might need an immediate attention. Summarising the risk profile can be considered as a simple mechanism that can increase the visibility of the risks associated with the project. In complex projects such as a high level construction project, the increase in the visibility of the risks will helps in addressing the issues associated with the project (Zou et al., 2014). However, the project manager or the risk manger needs to properly monitor the risk registers to update the risks on a regular basis so that the mitigation of the risks can be done in order to address the issues associated with a complex project (Hill, Jones & Schilling, 2014). Decision tree is a tool of project management that the project manager can use in order to address the issues and take proper decision.
Apart from that, certain scheduling tools such as Gant chart and work breakdown structure further help the project manager in managing the complexities associated with the projects.
One of the significant causes of increase in the complexities in a project is the presence of interconnection and redundancies in the project. A project that has a lot of parts becomes complex to handle mainly because of the fact that interconnection between the different parts of the project is often found to be missing. This gives a proof of improper project management that often adds to the complexities of the project. Interconnection among the different processes of the project is bound to exist in complex projects as the project as a whole often involves certain parts with redundancy. The redundancies and the uncertainties in the project is a reason of increasing complexities in the project. This is evaluated in the previous sections of the essay. The complex environments and complex project properties are related to the project with lot of parts and interconnection and these types of projects are mainly executed in a complex environment.
In order to manage the complex projects, it is essential in order to identify the interdependencies associated with the project. Proper identification of the interdependencies and the issues associated with the project helps in managing the projects in a better way. When a project is implemented in the complex environment it needs proper project governance and the monitoring of the project (Thamhain, 2013). Proper project monitoring is an important aspect of management of the project in a complex environment. Furthermore, streamlining the interconnection and the interdependencies associated with a project is essential in order to address the issues associated with the complex project.
Adequately managing the interdependencies associate with a diverse project is deemed critical for successful project implementation. The challenge is significant as management of the complex network is essential in management of the interdependencies associated with the project. In this case, there is an emerging need for project portfolio management. However, the subsequent characterization of the project interdependencies will help in management of the project in an effective manner. For that, barriers to the effective management of the project are needed to be identified so that the interdependencies in the project can be addressed.
Identification of the correlation among the interdependencies identified is mainly the responsibility of the project manager and therefore, the use of the project management tools that are identified for the project manager will help in effective management of the project.
Uncertainty is a significant reason that adds to the complexities of a project. The uncertainty associate with a project might affect the decision making ability of a project manager. It is evaluated that the estimates that are associated with the project are subjected to uncertainty. One of the significant project estimates is the estimation of the schedule of the project. Proper execution of a project is largely dependent on the resources of the project. A project schedule mainly consists of a list of tasks that will be executed one after the another in order to achieve the set goals of the project (Remington & Pollack, 2016). The change in the project scope or requirement of the project might often result in the uncertainty in determining the actual goal of the project. Uncertainties might occur mainly due to certain other issues such as stakeholders’ conflict, issues with the resources availability and so on. Therefore uncertainties can be considered as a significant reason behind the increase in the complexities of the project.
The uncertainties associated with the project are a significant project risk that is needed to be addressed. Proper evaluation of the scope of the project helps in addressing these major issues associated with the complex projects. Increase in project uncertainty is a property of the complex projects that often results in project failure. Imperfect understanding of the project objectives often result in the increase in the issues and uncertainties of the project.
The uncertainties associated with the project can be identified in the initial stages of the project. It is the responsibility of the project team and the project managers to identify the uncertainties associated with the project so that the complexities in the project can be reduced. SWOT analysis is a technique that can be used by the project manager or the risk assessor of the project to understand the uncertainties and the ill effect they might have on the project. SWOT analysis is a technique that is widely used by the different business organization to evaluate the strength, weakness, opportunities and the threats associated with their business (Pryke & Smyth, 2012). Proper addressing of the issues associated with the project in a key solution to address the project uncertainties. Since the uncertainties of the project might vary with the environment in which the project is implemented, it is necessary to evaluate whether the environment in which the project is implemented is adding to the complexities of the project.
Apart from SWOT analysis, the risk register can be used to evaluate the risk that a project might face due to the implementation of the project in a complex environment (Martinsuo, 2013). Proper scheduling is necessary in order to address the uncertainties associated with the time of project completion.
Although the uncertainties associated with the complex project cannot be eliminated, it is essential to ascertain the level in which the uncertainties might have a direct impact on the project.
Time constraint is another significant issue that adds to the complexities of a project. Project managers often need to deal with a number of constraint out of which, time is the most important constraint associated with the management of the project. It is essential for the project to ensure that the individual tasks or the critical tasks of the project are not delayed. Knowledge about the complex project environments helps in proper identification of the constraints and the uncertainties associated with the project (Bryde, Broquetas & Volm, 2013). The use of different tools and techniques helps in proper management of the issues associated with a project. The projects that are heavily time constraint is difficult to manage as this type of project often suffers the risk of delayed project delivery.
The schedule risks that are associated with the project can be more risky in projects that follow a sequential approach of project implementation. This is mainly because of the fact that delays one stage or phase of the project can result in delay in the entire project. Therefore, time constraints can begin as early in the initial stage of the project. While the goal of the project is to begin a task on schedule, the issues associated with the project might often result in project delays. Proper scheduling although confirms that the project will start in the proper time, it is very difficult to assess whether the project will be implemented without any delay in the later stage. This implies that time constraint in the critical project can result due to the number of reason, proper evaluation of which is very necessary. The type of the project often determines the complexities that a project can face. The choice of proper project management approach is therefore necessary in order to address or eliminate the different issues associated with the implementation of the complex project.
Project managers therefore make use of scheduling tools in order to address the issues associated with the project, which includes the non completion of the project in scheduled time. Addressing the time complexity of the project is essential in order to reduce the complexities of the project. Along with the use of proper scheduling tools that project managers make use of, it is essential to enforce proper project governance that will help in addressing the issues. Time complexity is one of the major issues associated with the projects that are implemented in a complex environment. However, proper knowledge about the complexities of the project helps in addressing the different uncertainties associated with such project.
Therefore, it can be said that the project that is associated with time complexities should be managed in a planned manner. The type of the project largely determines whether the issues such as time constraints of the project can be properly addressed or not. Project manager needs to ensure proper project governance and ensure proper monitoring of the project in order to address the time constraints associated with the project.
Conclusion
The essay discusses the different issues associated with the management of the complex projects and the process by which these issues can be addressed. The essay considers the causes, environment and the issues associated with the complex projects so that the tools and techniques that a project manager can use in management of the complex projects. With the increase in the project complexity, it is essential to address the issues that add to the complexities of the project. The project that is associated with a lot of interconnections is expected to have a lot of complexities. This is mainly because management of the project with a lot of parts and interconnection is a difficult task. The issues associated with the interdependencies in the project can be evaluated with the help of proper project governance. Uncertainty is another reason due to which a project might face increasing complexities. The uncertainties in the projects can arise mainly due to stakeholders’ unrest and setting up of the unrealistic goals of the project. The choice of the project management methodology helps in managing the project in a proper manner. The essay gives an idea of the different tools that the project manager might use in order to address the uncertainties associated with a project. The essay considers the causes, environments and the properties of the complex projects in order to address the issues associated with the projects that have a lot of parts and interconnection. The essay evaluates the process by which a project manager can manage a project that has lots of parts and interconnections. The essay establishes the fact that proper project governance is necessary in order to deal with the project that has a great deal of uncertainty. Apart from that it is essential to perform the risks assessment of the projects that contain a great deal of uncertainty. The essay will evaluates the process by which the heavily time constraint projects can be manages and recommends certain tools for the project manager to address the issues associated with the uncertain nature and the issues with the time constraint nature of the project. The essay therefore helped in evaluating the processes by which complex projects can be managed and further evaluates the need of certain project management tools and techniques that can readily provide a helping hand to address the issues associated with the management of complex projects.
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