Corporate culture is defined as the assumption or behaviour that determines how company’s employees and management conduct, and handle outside business operations. It develops over time and corporate culture of any organisation (Guiso, Sapienza, and Zingales, 2015). It is characterised as office hours, working conditions, dress code, leave schedule, employee turnover, hiring decisions, and treatment of clients. Culture characterises the company and guides about its practices (TechTarget, 2013).
MNCs (Multinational Corporations)
MNC’s (Multinational Corporations) is a large organisation with its headquarters based in one country and which operates in more than one country (Global Negotiator, 2018).Culture of an organisation has an effect on the organisation, both positive as well as negative. If the culture is adaptive in nature, employees will be satisfied and hence, it will lead to increase in productivity also they will not resist to any change in the organisation.
Cross Cultural Team refers to the achievements and goals of people from different cultural and native backgrounds working together for a common purpose in a cooperative and coordinated manner (IGI Global, 2018).
MNCs have global operations that mean they operate in more than one country and that require people from different social and cultural backgrounds to work together. As the company grow in size and expand its operations in international markets, cross-cultural teams are formed which manages the operations worldwide.
Culture of an organisation relates to the system of shared values that guides the member’s behaviour, assumptions, beliefs and idea to conduct the business. It is also known as business culture, workplace culture or very commonly corporate culture (gothamCulture, 2018). Cross-cultural team management or diverse culture is given due importance as it tends to increase organisational effectiveness and it is essential for the organisation to be socially and cultural responsible, as to ensure smooth functioning and survival in the market.
A company which earns maximum revenues from outside of the home country, is said to be known as MNC. There can be four forms first is decentralised corporation with a strong home-country base for its successful operations, global corporation obtaining advantage over costs through the centralised production, a company with the worldwide operations based on the parent company’s technology or it can be a transnational enterprise that sums up all of these approaches. The true multinational corporation focusses group performance rather than individual performance and for the purpose of carrying operations around the globe, it requires cross-cultural teams and the diversity can be seen at both organisational level as well as individual level (Brewster, et.al, 2018).
The way cross-cultural teams are managed in corporations describes that every country has own rules, values, norms and traditions, which guides the way society, behave (Singh, 2018). The pace of increasing employment globally is often due to cultural differences among different nations. There are stereotypes of work obsessed Americans, polite Japanese and many other which often create cultural difference because every nationalities has different set of values which can affect the way an organisation is managed and HRM varies according to the place of conducting business (Mach, and Baruch, 2015).
For example, China having multi-trade activities is seen as growing as twice fast as seen in japan along with South Korea. Human resource play an important role in MNCs because they form teams through which work is to be done and management of HRM is a key to success in MNC or MNE (Multinational Enterprise), as the cost of hiring people in the organisation is one of the largest operating costs in many organisation because the capabilities and knowledge of the employees in an organisation contributes to the success of business operations and leads to better performance. Therefore, HRM is important to organisation in terms of both costs and benefits (Wilton 2016). Diverse team management is a process that is used by the management of an organisation to create an atmosphere, which helps in increasing the productivity of employees, by creating a positive work environment, where the differences and similarities are observed on a similar scale (Barak, 2016).
Promoting workplace diversity and inclusiveness by overcoming cross-cultural barriers among people in the organisation, and the successful management of the diverse cultural leads to improved performance, employee satisfaction, betterment in financial performance of the organisation, gain in recognition (Patrick and Kumar, 2012). There are certain implication to MNCs, cultural implications that affect interpersonal relationships in an organisational context (Jager and Raich, 2013).
For example, Vodafone, which is a British multinational telecommunications company headquartered in London operating its services in the region of Asia, Africa, Europe and Oceania, therefore it operates in 26 countries. Vodafone follows a collaborative culture, also it varies in nature as it respects the values, norms and traditions of every country or region, which transformed and helped them managing their leaders and team. In addition, it follows a HSW policy (Health Safety Well Being) of the workers in the organisation, which also supports the cultural diversity.
Therefore Vodafone has different strategies according to the place of conducting the operations aiming to earn maximum profits along with achieving customer satisfaction which is often related to cultural diversity of the organisation. As Vodafone has identified and determined for Ericsson to manage and operate the trade and distribution of the spare parts of the mobile networks across some of the major European nations for its successful operations and profit earning, whereas Vodafone identifies its African business market for future growth and success and strategies to achieve them because the customers are targeted more in this region (Morris, 2013). In addition, Vodafone is associated with the traffic police departments organizing safety week, therefore it contributes to the society as well. There are challenges or some specific issues to maintain a balance between the needs at both the global as well as local level. The challenge for a MNC is to create such a system which efficiently and effectively in multiple countries with the aim to achieve positive results.
Some of the examples, describing culture or where Vodafone proves to be a responsible corporation facing different cultural traditions or aspects towards diverse team management in home nation such as in March 2011, Vodafone served people to cope up with the natural disaster that is – VODAFONE HUNGARY. To help people fulfil their essential needs Vodafone provided them with food, detergents and other important things. Vodafone is committed to meet the needs of people that means human resource of the organisation by implementing such policies, practices without discriminating people on any basis, and focus on their abilities (Harzing, 2016).
For example, To meet the needs of ‘disabled people’, they offer specialised services to upgrade communication access for the people who are blind, deaf or physically impaired and provide them full and fair consideration by creating job vacancies for the human resource of the organisation (Crawley, Swailes, and Walsh, 2018). Also, for the Health, Safety and Welfare of the people in the home nation ensuring a proper and controlled health safety system, in order to minimise the risks and health issues faced by the people and communicating the outcome to the workforce in the company (Vodafone, 2018).
Recruitment is not only the matter of concern for the organisation. It focusses on “employee education, training and development”. Programmes are initiated for providing the business related education to the employees and to impart necessary training directed towards making employees skilled to promote professionalism. Vodafone provides Equal opportunities to the people for employment irrespective of the gender, age, race, colour, ethnic background, national origin, religion, disabilities or marital status (Mishra, Sarkar, and Singh, 2012).
Looking at the strategy adopted by the MNCs’, a company can become either globally standardised or locally responsive to achieve its goals and objectives in the end. Global standardisation refers to a marketing strategy, which is used internationally and it conforms to work across different cultures and countries for promoting a product ensuring diverse team management that means working with people from different culture or background towards a common goal. It is a market –oriented approach aiming to gain efficiencies treating people equally, whereas Local Responsive refers to the adaptation of MNC or MNEs (Multinational Enterprises) operations to the local needs, which means catering to the needs of the people of the home nation. It focusses on situational circumstances at subsidiary level; as at each level there can be unique needs of customers, suppliers, and stakeholders. Thus, the need for local responsiveness may arise according to the varied situations (Chung, 2015).
According to the contribution made by the company, towards the employees in the organisation or the stakeholders and society, it can be stated that Vodafone strives to maintain an act of balance between global and local needs thus, implementing the strategy of global standardisation and local responsiveness.
Cultural or diverse team management can be further demonstrated with the help of a model. The way the business organisations or management views the world is described as management orientations internationally or the organisational culture (Rick, 2015). According to the Perlmutter, these orientations are classified, as he described one of the four ways in which businesses operate, these are as follows-
Ethnocentric companies or people believe that home country is superior and focusses more on domestic production. Under ethnocentric, companies tend to overlook the opportunities available outside the home country. They believe that products of home country are best in terms of quality and will be acceptable, to be sold everywhere in the world, that means the home country products are superior than others. In contrast, it is stated that Polycentric organisations have a belief that each country or region is unique, those can best run locally, and the head office exerts little control on the activities of each market (Sag, Kaynak, and Sezen, 2016). Regiocentric organisations sees differences in a world region, or two regions within a same country (Djordjevic, 2014).The last strategy or the element Geocentric orientation are called as ‘global players’ as they view the world as a potential market for their products. Geocentric organisation recognizes the similarities and differences in the domestic market and international markets. It is a hybrid of both ethnocentric and polycentric as it exclaims, “Think global, act local” (Management, 2018).
Therefore, as per the above statements Vodafone is considered to be a ‘Geocentric’ organisation as it aims to create and establish a global strategy, which is fully directed towards fulfilling the local needs and wants of people that means Vodafone caters to the needs of the whole world as a region treating as a single market.
Multinational or cross-cultural team management are becoming ever common, and the global marketplace is becoming commonly accessible for both small as well as large businesses. So, along with opportunities there are certain challenges faced by the diverse cultural team (Caligiuri, and Lundby, 2015).
Challenges can be related to Communication (Language barrier), due to differences in background of the employees they may face problems in communicating with others in the organisation (Tenzer, Pudelko, and Harzing, 2014). Other barriers can be the differences in the working style or workplace .For example, Japan has a very strict culture in the workplace, whereas it is different in China. Workplace etiquette can be the difference in organisations .There are different ways of greeting , concept of punctuality, working hours, rules and regulations. Organisational hierarchy is also a matter of concern for the differences such as Japan values social values, traditions, respect for seniors where Norway emphasises more on social equality. Attitude towards work and productivity, variation in currency and different management philosophies for the organisational members.
As per the above context, it can be stated that despite the challenges faced by the organisations internationally, Vodafone maintains the balance by fulfils the needs locally as well globally which enhances organisational performance in the end. They do not emphasize on the parent company’s approach to diverse team management but also it is centralized towards accomplishing the needs of the international market as well, so it is known to be a hybrid management system, comprising both the aspects.
Conclusion
To conclude from above discussion, it can be understood that corporate culture in MNCs, has been an important feature, which defines the working of the organisations. It can be defined as any corporation which conducts its business activities in more than one nation, due to the operation of activities in more than one country, cross cultural team management is required which consists of people from different cultural and social background working together. Such teams often faces some challenges and opportunities in the organisation. Workplace diversity is advantageous because it creates opportunities and leads to success in the long run which is observed at both the individual level as well as organisational level. Diverse team management thus, creates a positive work environment, which enhance employee’s morale and productivity. However, this kind of environment may also create problems to some extent, such as it may affect the performance of the multinational because people may face language barrier, difference in lifestyle, customs, workplace rules and regulations, which have an effect on the human resource of an organisation known as international human resource management. A company can become either globally standardised or locally responsive, to the needs of the people, and which ensures to act in a balanced way leading to the success of the organisation.
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