Contingency contracting is a kind of intervention that is utilized in order to increase the behaviors that are desirable or the decline of the ones that are undesirable. A contingency constrict can be entered among the student and the teachers, the client and the other parties (Wang et al., 2015). It explains the fact that the target attitude and the behavior, the scenarios within which the behavior would take place and the consequences and the benefits that comes out after the meeting or the incompetency to reach the target.
The contingent contracts takes place when the parties that are negotiating are unable to reach the agreement. The contract is featured to be contingent as the terms are not final and are reliant on specific events or the scenarios that are taking place. Contingent contracts can be likened unto the fact that if the agreements that explains that explain, which actions under a specific scenario will lead to distinct outcomes (Tatham, & Rietjens 2016).
Contingency contract can be looked upon as the protection against the future alterations of the plans. Contingent contract even leads to efficient agreement when each of the party has variable time preferences. Contingent contracts is helpful in the development of better relationships and the development agreements that would be helpful in the development of actions and performance.
In the recent time, contingency contract has been one of the significant issues that has come into existence. The first utilization of contingency contracting in the country of United States goes back to the time of the American Revolution. At the time of extremis and when the requirements and the demands were overwhelmed by the resources that were existent, the government of United States has on a frequent manner has looked to commercialize the sources to the contract for the services and the products (Fleischer, & Calzonetti 2016). During the time of revolution, the factors and the things that are inclusive of transportation, food and weapons have been frequently contracted for and from the sources that are commercial in nature.
The conflicts that are American and the anticipated number of contractors assisting the wars have been explained in order to have an idea about the process of contingency contracting. After the time of revolution, there has been variable extent of reliance on the contractors during the assistance at the time of wartime.
The first utilization of contingency contracting has been during the time of CONUS disaster relief has been very complex to ascertain. The first disaster legislation that was associated with the relief was passed in United States was the Congressional Act of 1803 and this act provided an assistance to New Hampshire town which was followed by a very fierce fire. After 100 years after the 1803 Act, the ad hoc legislation was passed in accordance to almost 100 times in response to the floods, earthquakes and other natural disasters. An explained information on the contingency contracting at the time of emergences and disasters at the time of the 19th century and the 18th century has been mostly been unrecorded (Neaves, & Royer 2017). Conversely, because of the magnitude of the events, it has been reasonable to anticipate that the efforts related to the relief were inclusive of the contracting for the services like the removal of the debris, shelters that have been temporary and the medical assistance. Even though the policies related to the contingency contracting and the regulations at the federal and the state level were probably close to the non-existent at the time, contracting actions almost specifically took place due to the requirement to act fast in order to save property and lives (Chan, & Ho 2018). These have been the aspects that have motivated in the development of research that is based on contingency contracting in order to have an idea about contingency contracting and how these process has been used in United States in order to take care of the relief efforts in relation to the disasters and the calamities that have been taking place (Sun et al., 2017).
Introduction
It is seen that if a key theme is shown from the Northridge earthquake in the year 1994 and the hurricane Katrina in the year 2005 and the hurricane Sandy that occurred in the year 2012, there would be evolution with respect to the preparations and planning in relation to contingency contracting. By looking into these events that has spanned for over 18 years it is seen that contingency contracting and its execution and planning is still developing. All over the past decade, there have been challenges and successes that have been faced by the agencies and the companies who have been associated to the disasters of contingency contracting (Yang, 2017). Hence, the assessment of contingency contracting is vital in recognizing where the companies have gone wrong, the aspects where they have excelled and the kind of changes and the transformations that have taken place with the advent of time.
The establishment of FEMA goes back to the time of Congressional Act of 1803. This act has been regarded to the primary piece of the legislation related to disaster and have been assistance to the town of New Hampshire after the dangerous fire. For over 100 years after the development of the Act, the ad hoc legislation was passed for over 100 times in respect to the floods, earthquakes and other natural disasters. It was seen that United States has the idea of re-inventing the wheel with every kind of disaster (Adeagbo et al., 2016). It was not before the year 1930, that the federal process towards the disasters became more and more consistent. In the year 1930, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation was given the power and the permission to make the loans related to the disasters for the reconstruction and the repair of distinct facilities related to the public after certain kinds of disasters.
All over the years, the disaster and the emergency activities was fragmented and several parallel events and policies have been existent at the local and the state level that compounded the complexity of the federal relief efforts related to disaster (Lou, & Yu 2014). It was not till the year 1970 that the national Governor’s Association looked to reduce the several agencies within which the local and the state governments were compelled to work. Hence, an executive order was established in the year 1979, and this merged several kinds of disaster associated accountabilities into the “Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)”.
FEMA started the development of an “Integrated Emergency management System” an all hazardous processes that is inclusive of the warning systems, control and direction which are in general to the entire range of the emergencies from the small isolated programs to the extensive emergencies like war.
The congress of United States sanctioned the Homeland Security Act in the year 2002 and the Department of Homeland Security came into existence that became a standalone department in order to unite and coordinate the efforts of the national homeland security that initiated in the year 2003. The office had the duty of overseeing and coordinate a comprehensive nationalized strategy in order to defend the nation against any kind of terrorist activity and react to any kind of future attacks (Lu, & Xue 2016).
The existent contingency contracting direction has been attained from the Stafford Act. In order to serve in a better way to the ones who are in need, the government performed the “Robert T Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Act”. In accordance to FEMA, this act had several amendments and this comprises of the statutory body and the authority for most of the federal disasters and the response operations essentially as they pertain to the programs of FEMA.
The Post Katrina Acts and the Stafford Act provides the DHS with the supervision that is essential in order to undertake their operations. By making a drill down through the DHS, one is able to identify that the laws have supervised DHS to establish a several tier process in order to take care of the national emergencies (Linnenluecke, & McKnight 2017). In this circumstances, it not only has implemented “Federal Emergency Management Sytem (FEMA)” and a “National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP)” but even has the “Emergency Service Sector”.
The “National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP)” comprises of 18 “Sector Specific Plan (SSPs)” that is distinctively created in order to concentrate on the safeguarding of the assets of the country. It assists in the prioritization of the “Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CIKR)” of the country and the resources that have been assigned to every CIKR. The NIPP is helpful in providing the network that is unifying in nature that assimilates the extent of the efforts constructed in order to develop the safety of the critical infrastructure of the country. The goal that is overarching in nature of NIPP has been to construct a safer, resilient and more secured America by deterring, mitigating, safeguarding and neutralizing the impact of the terrorist attack and even the natural disasters and even to enhance the preparedness of the country, the recovery and the response in the case of any kind of emergencies (Aslam et al., 2017).
The findings that is in relation to this topic would be assessed with the help of the acts and the strategies that have been undertaken in case of several natural disasters and the calamities that have taken place all over the country at various periods of time.
In case of any kind of natural disasters, contingency planning has a significant role to play in accordance to the responses and the rate of preparedness. It is known that California is prone to face several kinds of calamities and therefore the contingent planning and contracting is developed and amended on a continuous basis in order to take care of the disasters that are taking place from time to time (Tafti, & Tomlinson 2015). The state and the government has been looking to make extensive efforts in order to take steps with the help of which state has been able to mend the roads and the highway networks immediately.
After the disaster of Hurricane Katrina, the future planning for the disaster has been taking place with the help of which the infrastructure that has been damaged by the hurricane can be reconstructed and thereafter can be rebuild so that normal life can be sustained. The responsibilities and the tasks were divided among several parties and organizations with the help of which all the works the restructuring process can be undertaken in an effective manner (Zúñiga et al., 2015). There have been several challenges that have been faced by the state and the nation and therefore several actions and measures that would be taken with the help of which fast actions could be taken in order to reconstruct the damages that have taken place. The actions have taken place with the help of the prior contingency contracting process of the state as well as the nation
The previous disasters that have taken place in the country had made the government aware of the steps and the actions that have taken in order to reduce the impact of such disasters. After the disaster that have taken place after the Hurricane Sandy, the government was ready for events and the damages and therefore all steps and actions were already taken and therefore all the damages that have taken place were amended and normal lifestyle started more rapidly. This has indicated that the contingent contracting in this time was fast and therefore has been helpful in the development of the economy after the disaster.
Conclusion
The result that has been discovered in this paper has been able to express the fact that contingent contracting is an essential agreement that has been undertaken by the government of United States in order to take care of the damages that have taken place due to emergencies and natural disasters. The state and the local government has been taking measures by amending the contracts from time to time in accordance to the changes in time so that this contracting process would be helpful in reconstruction and the rebuilding process and therefore the infrastructure of the country would be sustained even after any emergencies and natural disasters and therefore the country will remain developed and all their activities would remain normal.
References
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