1 A
|
Label |
Identity/ structure |
Function |
|
A |
Body Of Uterus |
· It provides nourishment to the foetus during pregnancy. · Responsible for hormonal changes within the body. · It is the part of the passage for sperm to reach ovum. · Takes part in menstruation. · Implementation of zygote. |
|
B |
Cervix |
· Cervical mucus which is the main part of cervix provides a favourable passage and storage for sperm, also stop microbes and spermatozoa’s to grow (Nott, Bonney, Pickering and Simpson, 2017). |
|
C |
Uterine (fallopian) tube |
· It provide passage for egg from ovary to reach uterus · The part of FT called ampulla, plays important role in Fertilization of an egg by sperm in Ampulla (Freeman and England, 2013). |
|
D |
Ovary |
· Takes part in gamete production and storage of female eggs (Rosdahl and Kowalski, 2008). · Secretes sex hormones oestrogens, progesterone etc. |
|
E |
Fimbriae |
· Help to move ovum. · Peritoneal fluid produces by fimbriae on the edge of fallopian tube that helps in transporting eggs to uterus |
|
F |
Vagina |
· Sexual intercourse · Childbirth · Works as a pathways for fluids during menstruation. |
1B
|
Label |
Identity/structure |
Function |
|
A |
Prostate gland |
· It provides additional fluid for ejaculation. · Helps to nourish sperm. |
|
B |
Epididymis |
· Transport and stores sperms produced in testes. · It also plays important role in maturation of sperm. |
|
C |
Seminal gland |
· It produce fluid rich in sugar (fructose) which provides an energy source to the sperm to move · Most of the volume of man’s ejaculatory fluid made up of seminal glands fluid makes up. |
|
D |
Corpus cavemosium |
· It works for penile erections · It allows the blood to flow in open spaces inside the corpora cavernosa and expends the penis. |
|
E |
scrotum |
· Contains testicles · Acts like a system to control climate · Maintain temperature for normal development of sperm (DiSanto, 2013) |
|
F |
Ductus deferens |
· Serves to ejaculate sperm from epididymis · peristaltic contraction has been controlled by sympathetic tone Throughout ductus deferens, that triggers spermatozoa to the ampulla of ductus deferens which acts as a reservoir (Clement & Giuliano, 2015) |
1C
Fallopian Tube (FT) also known as oviduct and uterine tube. These are the narrow ducts situated in abdominal cavity of females, favourable environment to the egg provided by them. The fallopian tube also lined with mucus membrane layer that has many folds and papillae. There are three layers of muscle tissue on the mucous membrane: innermost layer contains spiral fibres, middle one has round shape and outermost has longitudinal fibres endings in fimbriae. Close to the ovaries a funnel shaped infundibulum is there, which catches and transfer the released eggs. By a 2 cm long isthmus the long central part of FT called ampulla is connected to uterus. Last part of FT called intramural or uterine located in the top portion of uterus which is known as fundus. Secretions with essential nutrients from fallopian tube help in transportations of sperm and egg by linings of mucous membrane. The fine hair like structures (0.25 micrometre in diameter) known as Cilia which help egg and sperm to move throughout the fallopian tubes (Hunter, 2012).
2).
a) Oogenesis-
Oogenesis is the formation of an egg in female foetus. It starts in foetus at nearly seventh weeks of gestation. Newly formed ovary grouped by primordial germ cells and called oogonia.
Now these oogonia undergo mitosis process or multiplication. The number of oogonia increased from 43,740 to nearly 148,785 and 5.5 million in 14-15 week’s gestation. At nearly 20 weeks of gestation, oogoina changes in to primary oocytes and their development continues in the prophase 1 meiosis. Until the start of ovulatory cycle at puberty oocytes, development stays in the arrested state. At gestation of 28th week, mitosis stopped follicular atresia’s instant rate. The number of oocytes decreases with the age for example at 18 -24 of age there is only 158,900 oocytes remains and female with the age of 32-38, there is only 63,000. Nearly 300-400 oocytes reached to ovulatory state and atresia takes place in other oocytes. The increase in level of LH initiates continuation of the first meiotic division of an egg or oocyte. After the completion of first meiosis there are two cells in oocyte and after that meiosis 2 started. After that follicle raptured and the egg is released.
b) Spermatogenesis
Formation of spermatozoa or sperm is called spermatogenesis. It starts at puberty when the androgens production started by Leydig cells under the effects of sex hormones FSH and LH. These hormones controlled by Gonadotropin releasing hormone. These are produced by hypothalamus. Spermatogenesis stops after the low level of androgen in the absence of LH and FSH. Spermatogenesis initiates by spermatogonia sperm cells, which is derived from embryonic germ cells divide in mitosis. During meiotic stage, spermatocytes changes in to primary spermatocytes. Testosterone level increases at puberty and meiosis first begins. Now primary spermatocyte produces two secondary spermatocytes and after that second phase of meiosis started. Each secondary spermatocyte generates 2 haploid spermatids and results in four spermatids. At the final stage of spermatogenesis spermatids turn in to mature spermatozoa.
3). Menstrual cycle is carried out by Luteinizing hormones, follicle- stimulating hormone, and oestrogen and progesterone hormone.
The menstrual cycle is divided by 3 stages
Follicular stage – In this stage there is a low level of progesterone and oestrogen. Because of this the endometrium (lining of uterus) damaged and shed which results in bleeding. Level of the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) slightly raises and several follicles have been developed in ovaries. After this phase only one follicle developed due to low level of LH. Oestrogen is produced by this follicle.
Ovulatory stage- It started by the sudden increased level of LH and FSH hormone. The temperature is also increases during this phase. Ovulation (egg release) is stimulated by LH, which is occurred after 16 to 32 hours of surge begins. During the surge stage level of progesterone started to increase.
Luteal stage- during this phase, level of LH and FSH decreases. After releasing the egg the ruptured follicle closes and a corpus luteum formed which produces progesterone. Oestrogen level remains high during most of this phase. Lining of the uterus becomes thick due to progesterone and oestrogen which makes it prepare for fertilisation. If egg does not fertilized, corpus luteum breaks down and progesterone production is stopped. Decrease in oestrogen level occurred, upper layers of luteum degenerated and shred, which results in menstrual bleeding (Oosthuyse and Bosch, 2010).
4).
Follicular phase
It started on the first day of bleeding. The uterus linings becomes thick, contains fluids and nutrients to provide nutrition for embryo. If the egg is not fertilized, level of progesterone and oestrogen decreases which results in shed and bleeding in upper layer of endometrium. During this time pituitary gland slightly increases the production of FSH which stimulates growth of follicles. But after this phase only one follicle is continues to grow. Oestongen produces and follicles started to break down. This phase is lasts nearly 13 to 14 days. It stopped after the sudden increased level of LH and results in ovulation.
Ovulatory Stage:
It begins after LH surge. This hormone stimulates the dominant follicle to rupture and releasing egg. This phase lasts sixteen to thirty two hours and ends when egg released. During the time of ovulation some of the women’s complaint of pain in lowers abdominal area. The pain may be occurred due to the rupture of follicle.
Luteal phase
It occurs after ovulation phase and stays for 14 days and stopped just before menstrual period. Increased quantity occurred due to formation of corpus luteum after ruptured follicle closes. Endometrium becomes thick, filled with fluid and nutrients because of progesterone. It also takes part in thickening of mucus in the cervix. Progesterone also plays important role in increasing the body temperature during this phase. The milk ducts in the female breast become widen due to the increase in oestrogen and progesterone level.
5).
Ovulation steps
Ejaculation
There are two steps in ejaculation process
1 phase: This stage is also called emission stage sperms moved from epididymis to the urethra with the help of seminal fluid.
2nd phase: Proper ejaculation takes place in this phase and semen moved from urethra and exits the body.
Fertilisation process
6).
Week 1
This first week is actually the menstrual period. This week included in part of 40-week pregnancy, baby hasn’t been conceived at this stage.
Week 2
Near the end of this week, fertilisation of the egg occurred by the sperm.
Week 3
After thirty hours of conception, the cell is divided into two. Three days after, the cell (zygote) cleaved into 16 cells. Seven days after the zygote burrows itself into the plump uterine lining (endometrium). The zygote is now called blastocyst.
Week 4
The developing foetus is smaller than a grain of rice. The instant dividing cells are now starts forming body systems, including digestive system.
Week 5
The neural tube is now became central nervous system (brain and spinal cord of the baby).
Week 6
The baby is now called embryo. It is nearly 3 mm in length. During these stage specific hormones has been secreted which stops the mother from having the menstrual period.
Week 7
The heart starts beating in this week and development of placenta & amniotic sac takes place. The placenta is now excavated into the uterine wall to allow transfer of oxygen and nutrients from the mother’s bloodstream.
Week 8
During this period of time the embryo is nearly 1.3 cm in length. The growing spinal cord looks like tail and the head is improperly large.
Week 9
The eyes, mouth and tongue starts forming after the 8th week. The embryo started to move in this week. Liver started to make blood cells during this period.
Week 10
The embryo is now called foetus and is nearly 2.5 cm long. All of the organs of the body are formed at this stage. The hands and legs are now evolving fingers. The brain with brain waves is active now.
Week 11
Inside the gums teeth are budding. The small heart starts developing further.
Week 12
The fingers and toes are recognisable at this stage, but still stuck together.
Week 13
The foetus starts swimming vigorously. Length of the foetus is now more than 7 cm.
Week 14
The eyelids are fused with eyes. Since it has vocal cords, the baby can mutely cry at this time. It may even start sucking the thumb and kicking. Nails growth is started on fingers and toes.
Week 16
The foetus is now around fourteen cm in length. Eyelashes and eyebrows appeared and taste buds appeared on the tongue.
Week 18-20
At this time the grasping motion might be occurred. The might be able to hear sounds in 19th week. In 20th week the baby is nearly 6 inches long at this stage. At this stage the mother can feel the movement of baby like kicking and starts moving facial muscles.
Week 20
The foetus is nearly 21 cm long at this stage. The ears are now fully functioning and start hearing sounds from the outside world. Fingertips have prints. The genitals can be screened at this time.
Week 24-27
The foetus is nearly 33 cm in length in this week. The fused eyelids now divided into upper and lower lids which enable the foetus to open and close its eyes. The skin is covered with fine hair and protected by the layer of vernix. The baby starts making breathing movements with its lungs.
Week 28-31
The baby weighs about 1 kg and about 25 cm in length. Length from the crown-to-toe is around 37 cm. The growing body has screened with the large head and the baby is now looks more in proportion.
Week 32-35
The baby used to sleep most of its time during this period. The movements get strong and coordinated. Head down position assumed by now to be prepare for birth.
Week 36-39
The baby is around 46 cm long during these weeks. The head is nestled into mother’s pelvis that means the baby is ready for birth. Chances for survival are higher, if the baby is born at this time. Lungs development is rapid over the next few weeks.
Week 40
The baby is around 51 cm in length and ready to get out of the mothers body. It is most likely a combination of hormonal, physical and emotional factors between the mother and baby (Schoenwolf, Bleyl, Brauer and Francis-West, 2014).
7).
8).HCG-
It is produced in placental layers and plays an important role in suppressing the immune system for supporting growing foetus. The rising level of HCG may indicate: multiple pregnancies, molar pregnancy, low level related to loss of pregnancy. The normal value of HCG during pregnancy is 25mIU/ml. The given graph shows that levels of HCG rise during the 1st to 20th week and maximum in week of 10 (Kumar and Magon, 2012).
Oestrogen
The increased level of oestrogen may cause nausea and milk duct development during second trimester. The normal level of oestrogen is 17 to 146 ng/ml in 2nd trimester and 49 to 300 ng/ml for third trimester. The graph shows that oestrogen level increases during the last weeks of pregnancy and raises up to 100 IU/ml in the last few weeks of pregnancy
Progesterone-
The level of these hormones remains high during pregnancy. Laxuty and loosening of ligament may be caused due to these changes. High level cause internal structure to improve size for example uterus. As shown in the graph the progesterone level rises in starting weeks and remains high nearly 25 IU/ml.
Prolectin
The level of the prolactin increases with the time and reach to the maximum level in last few weeks. Prolactin stimulates breast tissues to make milk. The normal value of prolactin during first trimester of pregnancy is 36 to 213 ng/ml and during pregnancy trimester two the level is raises between 110 to 330 ng/ml.
9).
The lungs become distended and capillary network dilated after cutting the umbilical cord. The resistance is decreases in the process to increase blood flow. By cutting umbilical cord, low resistance of placenta also disappear and peripheral resistance increases in blood circulation (Downey & Bewley, 2012). pO2 pressure increases in aorta.
References:
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