With the ramified changes in economic condition and increasing investment options, each and every investor could use the international investment options to create value on the investment. In this report, design basket of goods has been prepared. After that interview with the two people and survey of the kind of expenditure made by them in last three months will be discussed. After that products have been selected for the international finance analysis. After that, purchasing power parity of the client in different countries will be assessed. In the end, computation of the arbitrage profit will be done by following proper formula and computation method.
DESIGN A BASKET OF GOODS
A. INTERVIEW OF TWO PEOPLE AND THE SURVEY OF THE KIND OF EXPENDITURE DONE BY THEM IN PAST THREE MONTHS
On the basis of survey done in Australia of two households, the following expenditures were found expended by the people. This included expenditure incurred for bread and butter, milk, cheese, fruits, vegetables, tea, coffee, honey, wine, oil, ice creams, cakes, breakfast cereals, beef and veal, garments and footwears, chicken breasts, rice, housing rent, water, electricity, carpets, furniture, glassware, childcare, healthcare, maintenance and repairing of vehicles, fuel charges, communication, postal charges, newspaper, travel and holiday, education, insurance, eggs, soft drinks, electrical equipment, magazines, stationary, pets, sports participation (Li, Lin, & Hsiao, 2015).
B. PRODUCTS SELECTED FOR ANALYSIS AND REASONS FOR SAME
There are several products have been listed below to formulate and design a basket of goods, the following ten products are being selected:
The above products are being selected for the current study due to a few reasons. All these products are highly used in day to day life and that way are able to properly reflect the scenario prevailing in both Canada and Australia. Another reason is the easy availability of data required for study for these products as they are commonly used necessities (Huang, & Yang, 2015).
c. PRICE OF EACH PRODUCT IN AUSTRALIA AND THE PLATFORM FOR PICKING PRICE
The below given table will reflect the products and its price value in the AUD currency value.
|
PRODUCT |
PRICE IN AUD |
|
Bread (500 grams) |
2.51 |
|
milk (1 litre) |
1.41 |
|
Cheese (1 kg) |
8.99 |
|
Rice (1 kg) |
2.65 |
|
Egg (1 dozen) |
4.29 |
|
Water (1.5 litre bottle) |
1.79 |
|
Wine |
15 |
|
Beef and veal (1 kg) |
15.40 |
|
Chicken breasts (1 kg) |
10.17 |
|
Apples (1 kg) |
4.06 |
The price of the above products has been taken from the average prices reflected for Australia on the basis of a survey. The table given reflects the average prices of around 40 household items.
D. PRICE OF EACH PRODUCT IN CANADA AND PLATFORM FOR PICKING THEM
|
PRODUCT |
PRICE IN CAD |
|
Bread (500 grams) |
2.77 |
|
milk (1 litre) |
2.18 |
|
Cheese (1 kg) |
11.68 |
|
Rice (1 kg) |
3.82 |
|
Egg (1 dozen) |
3.27 |
|
Water (1.5 litre bottle) |
2.22 |
|
Wine |
15 |
|
Beef and veal (1 kg) |
13.71 |
|
Chicken breasts (1 kg) |
12.7 |
|
Apples (1 kg) |
3.85 |
The price of the above products has been taken from the average prices reflected for Canada on the basis of a survey. The site presents the average prices of around 40 household items (Huang, & Yang, 2015).
E. CONCEPT OF ‘LAW OF ONE PRICE’
This law states that the price of any currency in international market remains same. It means that the price of a commodity is equal in every country if the effect of exchange rates is taken into consideration. This law stands as another name for concept of purchasing power parity. This concept stands for eliminating arbitrage profits. This is so because if a commodity is cheaper in one market and costlier in another market, then the consumer can buy the commodity in one market and sell in another to make profits. This law states that the price of common basket of goods should be same all over the world (McKinnon, & Ohno, 2016).
Purchasing power parity of Exchange rate
It is evaluated that Purchasing power parity is the theory which reflect the exchange rates between currencies are in equilibrium when their purchasing power is same in both countries.
FORMULA FOR COMPUTING IMPLIED PURCHASING POWER PARITY EXCHANGE RATE:
The formula used for computing the implied exchange rate is the Price Ratio.
i.e. PRICE OF A COMMON BASKET COMMODITY IN CANADA
PRICE OF A COMMON BASKET COMMODITY IN AUSTRALIA
This ratio gives the exchange rate CAD/AUD.
E.G. if we consider the price of bread in both the countries, the following exchange rate is obtained (McKinnon, & Ohno, 2016).
= PRICE OF BREAD IN CANADA
PRICE OF BREAD IN AUSTRALIA
= 2.77
2.51
= 1.1036 CAD/AUD
After evaluating the data given in this assignment, it could be inferred that this figure is almost equal to the given spot rate of CAD/AUD 1.0344. It means that if the purchasing power parity concept holds good, then the exchange rate should have been equal to CAD/AUD 1.1036, in order to eliminate arbitrage profits.
But the figure cannot stand completely equal to the given exchange rate due to certain practical implications being:
A. COLLECTION OF DATA USED FOR PREDICTION
The model to be used for computing the change in the exchange rate is already provided and mentioned below (McKinnon, & Ohno, 2016).
Change in exchange rates (CAD/AUD) = 0.0001 + 0.5723*GDP growth rate differential
(CAD-AUD) + 0.4521*expected inflation rate differential (CAD – AUD)
This formula uses the following data:
The data used for analysis was collected from the Australian Bureau of Statistics website and the statistics Canada website. The following results are obtained (Jolliffe, & Prydz, 2015).
THE ISSUES IN CONSIDERING SELECTED DATA
Being a layman and not an economist or trend analyser, it’s difficult to rely on the selections made as the story behind the figures is unknown. It’s kind of taking a leap of faith to reach a conclusion, by using the data mentioned in form of statistical information. Another issue lies in ignorance of factors that affect these figures when international markets are being considered (Huang, & Yang, 2015).
B. PREDICTION OF EXPECTED CAD/AUD SPOT EXCHANGE RATE AT 31 DECEMBER 2018
The data required for the same is gathered as shown above. The calculations made are done in separate excel sheets and are shown here in brief for reference (Bahmani-Oskooee, Chang, & Wu, 2015).
First of all, the difference that exchange rate will face shall be computed using this formula:
Change in exchange rates (CAD/AUD) = 0.0001 + 0.5723*GDP growth rate differential
(CAD-AUD) + 0.4521*expected inflation rate differential (CAD – AUD)
= -.0037 (calculation shown in excel file)
SPOT RATE TODAY: 1.0344 – 1.0352 CAD/AUD (BID-ASK RATE)
EXPECTED SPOT RATE: 1.0307 – 1.0389 CAD/AUD
This is so because the bid and ask rates are assumed to have changed with the same exchange rate difference.
The changes in the exchange rate may result to profit and loss to the investors which may directly and indirectly impact the arbitrage profit and loss had by the investors from its investment (Pelagatti, & Colombo, 2015).
Change in exchange rates (CAD/AUD) = 0.0001 + 0.5723*GDP growth rate differential
C. EXISTENCE OF ARBITRAGE OPPORTUNITY
Arbitrage opportunity exists in case where there are three currencies. In this we start with one currency and sell it to pass through the other two currencies, in order to land on the currency that we started with. The arbitrage opportunity is used to increase the overall outcomes and profit of the investors. There are several investors who are using the arbitrage opportunities to create value on their investment (Kim, et al. 2015).
This could be understood by using the below given example effectively.
E.G. if the currencies are x, y and z then we are required to start with x to land on x back again. The two paths could be:
y z x
x
z y x
In the given analysis, it is assumed that the future forward rates calculated for CAD/USD and USD/AUD shall be same as the expected spot rates on that date, i.e. on 31st December 2018.
The forward rate one year after as computed in excel file is 1.2812 – 1.2817 CAD/USD and 0.8046 – 0.8052 USD/AUD. If investors want to create value on its investment then they needs to use proper forward and future contract and book them by using the different spot rate (Taylor, & Taylor, 2014).
THE ARBITRAGE PROCESS CAN BE CARRIED OUT IN TWO PATHS,
PATH ONE: Starting with CAD 12817, selling it to buy USD @ 1.2817 CAD/USD, selling the USD obtained @ 0.8052 USD/AUD and selling the AUD @ 1.0307 CAD/AUD.
PROFIT/LOSS: (16 CAD)
PATH TWO: starting with CAD 12817, selling it to buy AUD @ 1.0389 CAD/AUD, selling AUD to buy USD @ .8046 USD/AUD and selling USD to buy CAD @ 1.2812 CAD/USD.
These two paths are used to evaluate the profit and loss of company in all the investment opportunities.
PROFIT/LOSS: (99 CAD)
As clear from above, there is no arbitrage profit. The reason is the presence of BID-ASK spread, or transaction cost to the arbitrager. If there had been a single transaction rate, chances are there of making arbitrage profit. Due to the presence of bid-ask spread, both the paths have resulted in making loss to the arbitrager, leaving no space for making profit.
It is observed that if investors select for the path one then he will have loss of AUD -16 (Gabaix, & Maggiori, 2015).
|
COMPUTATION IN PATH ONE |
|||
|
TRANSACTION |
RATE |
QUANTITY |
AMOUNT |
|
SELLING CAD TO BUY USD |
1.2817 |
12817 |
$ 10,000.00 |
|
SELLING USD TO BUY AUD |
0.8052 |
10000 |
$ 12,419.27 |
|
SELLING AUD TO BUY CAD |
1.0307 |
12419 |
$ 12,800.55 |
|
NET PROFIT/LOSS |
$ -16.45 |
This shows that use of the exchange rate while making investment is utmost required if international investors want to create value on its investment.
However, if path two is selected for the investment then in this case as well investors have to bear loss in its international investment (Rogers, Scotti, & Wright, 2016).
|
COMPUTATION IN PATH TWO |
|||
|
TRANSACTION |
RATE |
QUANTITY |
AMOUNT |
|
SELLING CAD TO BUY AUD |
1.0389 |
12817 |
12337 |
|
SELLING AUD TO BUY USD |
0.8046 |
12337 |
9926 |
|
SELLING USD TO BUY CAD |
1.2812 |
9926 |
12718 |
|
NET PROFIT/LOSS |
-99 |
Hence, the law of one price or purchase power parity stands significant in this case. This could be inferred that the law of purchasing power parity may be used by investors to determine whether the investment in one particular product may increase the overall outcomes and efficiency of the busienss at large. It will also assist investors to create value on the investment will save it from the possible losses (Cavusgil, et al. 2014).
D. WAYS TO TEST THE PERFORMANCE OF MODEL AND WAYS TO IMPROVE IT
One most significant way to test the model is to change the amount of CAD initially used. If the arbitrager is still making loss with the changed amount, then the model proves its efficiency. The arbitrage profit and loss arise due to the changes in the spot and bid prices given and contracted rate at the particular stipulate rate. It is observed that if these models are performed effectively and there is made changes in the identified model by shuffling the investment in buying currency from the particular bank then it might help investors to reduce the loss incurred on the investment. The way to test the performance of model is to analysis the investment choices and options offered by the different banks on international level. if the spot and bid price of the currency is highly variable and showing the differences in the amount charged by the one bank to another then investor could use the swap model to create value on the investment (Mueller, Stathopoulos, and Vedolin, 2017).
The way the model can be improved, for the favour of arbitrager is to remove the bid-ask spread, or to remove the transaction cost. This way there will be a single exchange rate used for buying and selling of the currencies. In that case, there will be profit surely on one path and loss on another. However when there are both bid and ask rates, chances stand for the loss making in both paths as we have already seen. The single exchange rate for buying and selling currency will save the investors from the possible busienss losses (Cenedese, Sarno, and Tsiakas, 2014).
It is analyzed that removing the transaction cost and bid and ask spread is not feasible. Each and every foreign transactions and investment requires transactions cost and the same will be paid by the investors. However, investors may increase the overall profitability of their investment if they select only those projects which offer higher return and accompanied with the less transaction costs. Ideally, differences between the bid and ask rate arises due to the high volatility of the market.
Creating arbitrage profit in the market is only possible when the international investment capital market is highly volatile and banks are quoting different bid and ask rate in market ( Blanchard, and Adler, 2015).
Conclusion
In this report, several facts and international market risk have been analyzed which not only assist in identifying the best possible time off the investment but also increase the value of the investment at large. There are several international risks which have been faced by the investors whenever they make investment in particular currency. In case, if the international finance market is highly volatile and banks are quoting different bid and ask rate in market then this situation could be used by investors to create value on their investment. This could also be used by investors to create arbitrage profit in their investment. It is also stated that price of a commodity is equal in every country if the effect of exchange rates is taken into consideration. Therefore, by using the purchasing power party, investors could determine the value of the one commodity in context with the other countries. Now in the end, it could be inferred that changes in the exchange rate throughout the time might result to profit and loss to the investors which may directly and indirectly impact the arbitrage profit and loss had by the investors from its investment.
References
Bahmani-Oskooee, M., Chang, T. and Wu, T.P., 2015. Purchasing power parity in transition countries: panel stationary test with smooth and sharp breaks. International Journal of Financial Studies, 3(2), pp.153-161.
Bahmani-Oskooee, M., Chang, T. and Wu, T.P., 2015. Purchasing power parity in transition countries: panel stationary test with smooth and sharp breaks. International Journal of Financial Studies, 3(2), pp.153-161.
Bahmani-Oskooee, M., Chang, T., Chen, T.H. and Tzeng, H.W., 2017. Revisiting purchasing power parity in Eastern European countries: quantile unit root tests. Empirical Economics, 52(2), pp.463-483.
Blanchard, O. and Adler, G., 2015. Can Foreign Exchange Intervention Stem Exchange Rate Pressures from Global Capital Flow Shocks? (No. w21427). National Bureau of Economic Research.
Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014. International business. Pearson Australia.
Cenedese, G., Sarno, L. and Tsiakas, I., 2014. Foreign exchange risk and the predictability of carry trade returns. Journal of Banking & Finance, 42, pp.302-313.
Gabaix, X. and Maggiori, M., 2015. International liquidity and exchange rate dynamics. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(3), pp.1369-1420.
Huang, C.H. and Yang, C.Y., 2015. European exchange rate regimes and purchasing power parity: An empirical study on eleven eurozone countries. International Review of Economics & Finance, 35, pp.100-109.
Jolliffe, D. and Prydz, E.B., 2015. Global poverty goals and prices: how purchasing power parity matters.
Kim, H., Fujiwara, I., Hansen, B.E. and Ogaki, M., 2015. Purchasing power parity and the Taylor rule. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 30(6), pp.874-903.
Li, H., Lin, Z. and Hsiao, C., 2015. Teing purchasing power parity hypothesis: a semiparametric varying coefficient approach. Empirical Economics, 48(1), pp.427-438.
McKinnon, R. I., & Ohno, K. (2016). 7 Purchasing power parity as a monetary. The Future of the International Monetary System: Change, Coordination of Instability?: Change, Coordination of Instability?, 42.
Mueller, P., Stathopoulos, A. and Vedolin, A., 2017. International correlation risk. Journal of Financial Economics, 126(2), pp.270-299.
Pelagatti, M. and Colombo, E., 2015. On the empirical failure of purchasing power parity tests. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 30(6), pp.904-923.
Rogers, J.H., Scotti, C. & Wright, J.H., 2016. Unconventional monetary policy and international risk premia.
Taylor, A.M. and Taylor, M.P., 2014. The purchasing power parity debate. Journal of economic perspectives, 18(4), pp.135-158.
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