Discuss about the Coal Mines in India.
The question the essay will try to address is how can the government do to relieve the environmental issue caused by coal mining in India? This is by regulating the mining industry through proper rules and measures to take care of the environment since it has already become a danger zone. The coal mines are causing huge environmental issues in India. Some of the issues it has caused are air pollution, contamination of the ground water, and the wildlife being affected by the coal mines (Saini, Gupta & Arora, 2016). Based on the claim by the World Health organization in 2008, coal particulates pollutions are generally anticipated to lessen to an approximation of one million lives globally (Arora, 2014). The India government can help solve these problems by provision of proper rules, which measures to take care of the environment because it is already in the danger zone (Riazi & Gupta, 2015). The environmental legislation in India has been long standing in nature especially in the implementation at the state level due to political issues over the years, but this has improved enormously over time and if the government help to implement appropriate measures and regulation, the sector could improve to a great deal (Chadwick, Highton & Lindman, 2013). The Coal mines are causing huge environmental issues in India, some of these issues are air pollution, ground water contamination and impact to the wildlife. These are devastating issues especially to the economy of the country, and the well-being of individuals who are living next to those mines.
Based to the research done by Arora (2014), she has highlighted that coal mines has caused a lot of Air emission in India over the years. The waste products such as the fly ash , and boiler stag generates approximately twenty percent of toxic chemical which include mercury , cadmium , copper , beryllium as well as arsenic which are hazardous is these are released into the environment . These types of substances usually are impurities whenever coal continues to be burnt they are released (Chadwick, Highton & Lindman, 2013). Throughout the process of combustion, the reaction, which is available between the coal and air it generates oxides of carbon including the carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas, oxides of the sulphur and nitrogen of oxides (Kowalska, 2014). Whenever sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxide react in ambiance so that you can form particles and a ground ozone level that are delivered for long distances, rendering it hard it very hard for other of the states to attain a healthy levels of control of the pollution (Riazi & Gupta, 2015). The high levels of the suspended particles could increase the respiratory ailments for instance the chronic bronchitis or maybe asthma whilst the gaseous emissions might lead to the worldwide warming apart from them leading to the well-being hazards to the population that has been exposed.
From the research from different authors I have come to understand air pollution control measure refers to the planning as well as implementation of a series of preventive measures which to enable the levels of pollution are maintained with a given level (Kowalska, 2014). Some of the measure to control air pollution are emission standard and the air quality management. The air quality management entails regulation of the location, time and the amount of the pollutant emission to achieve defined set of air quality standards (Singh, Singh, Singh, Chandra & Shukla, 2007). The quality standards involves the control of the pollutant emission in order to ensure that the level does not exceed the limit that is accepted. The emission standards is usually distinguished for the specific group of the emitters (Pandey, Mohalik, Mishra, Khalkho, Kumar & Singh, 2015). The emission standard is usually derived from consideration of the quality standards, which becomes the emission strategy. These approaches might help to reduce the level of air pollution to a significant level. Other measures that India government could use is the economic based method through providing financial incentives for the emission sources to pursue the most cost effective means to reduce pollution. The firms should be urged to find new methods and new products that provide lower level of pollution.
It has been known that the ground water is becoming the primary concern with respect to the surface mining of coal in India. The major concern has been the quality and the quantity of the ground water (Pandey, Mohalik, Mishra, Khalkho, Kumar & Singh, 2015). The ground water pollution usually occurs either directly or indirectly because of the surface mining. Direct degradation might happen in the event that the ground water continues to be located down gradient from the surface mine by the flow of the polluted drainage from the coal mine (Mukhopadhyay, Masto, Cerdà & Ram, 2016). The ground water pollution could result from the coal materials, which causes the surface water contamination. The indirect degradation of the ground water might results from the blasting that may cause the shaking of the rocks temporary in the fractures near the working areas of mines. The ground water contamination may also results from various chemistry from the polluted surface level before the treatment of the chemicals.
Several actions can be taken to lessen on the chances of the ground water pollution from occurring because of the issue of surface mining (Mukhopadhyay, Masto, Cerdà & Ram, 2016). The ground water in India should be directed away from the mine sites both during as well as after mining. In the event that the ground water pollution has been detected, one of the first issue is to locate and stop the discharge from the specific pollution sources on the sites of the mine. Additionally, there should be installation of the impermeable barrier in the backfill to the streams channel that are nearby.
The wildlife animals we all know they are great significant to a countries economy and the government should put measures to keep them away from any danger. The surface mining of coal in India causes a direct as well as indirect damage to the wildlife. It affects the wildlife primarily from the disturbance, removing as well as redistributing the land surface (Martinez-Alier, Temper & Demaria, 2016). The immediate impact on the wildlife is fundamentally from the destruction or maybe the displacement of the species particularly in the regions of excavation along with spoil piling. The primary affect of the surface exploration is degradation. The impact of the sediment on the aquatic wildlife differs with the species and amount of the contamination. In the event there exists high sediment amounts, it may kill fish directly, reduce light transmission as well as alter the gradient temperature.
I think the solution this situation is to abandon the mines that are in the habitat of the wild life. The mined areas should be backfilled and then rehabilitated for the purpose of the development of vegetation (Vinoth & Kumar, 2014). The void that is formed by the open pit of mining usually causes land degradation it could be utilized to serve as the reservoir for water thus providing moistures for the vegetation in the surrounding areas.
Conclusion
There should be proper rules as well as measures in order to take care of environment that is in the danger zone. More and more companies in India should be encouraged to adopt on the best practices and technologies, which are healthy to the environment, and ensures the safety of the miners. The future direction that should be followed is as follows: they should adopt environmentally friendly technologies, and resource conservation as well as management through minimal waste in the extraction of coal, and perhaps find substitute of the minerals that could be used to extract energy. Another angle is through effective environmental regulation as well as safety and health inspection of mines should be in place. The government could bring out some guidelines mining companies could use. Lastly, it could be through development of environmental indicators in order to assist in the assessment of the state of the environment in the areas of mining.
References
Arora, N. (2014). Environmental Impacts of Foreign Direct Investment in Mining Sector in India. Browser Download This Paper.
Chadwick, M. J., Highton, N. H., & Lindman, N. (Eds.). (2013). Environmental Impacts of Coal Mining & Utilization: A Complete Revision of Environmental Implications of Expanded Coal Utilization. Elsevier.
Kowalska, I. J. (2014). Risk management in the hard coal mining industry: Social and environmental aspects of collieries’ liquidation. Resources Policy, 41, 124-134.
Martinez-Alier, J., Temper, L., & Demaria, F. (2016). Social metabolism and environmental conflicts in India. In Nature, Economy and Society (pp. 19-49). Springer India.
Mukhopadhyay, S., Masto, R. E., Cerdà, A., & Ram, L. C. (2016). Rhizosphere soil indicators for carbon sequestration in a reclaimed coal mine spoil. Catena, 141, 100-108.
Pandey, J., Mohalik, N. K., Mishra, R. K., Khalkho, A., Kumar, D., & Singh, V. K. (2015). Investigation of the role of fire retardants in preventing spontaneous heating of coal and controlling coal mine fires. Fire Technology, 51(2), 227-245.
Riazi, M. R., & Gupta, R. (Eds.). (2015). Coal Production and Processing Technology. CRC Press.
Saini, V., Gupta, R. P., & Arora, M. K. (2016). Environmental impact studies in coalfields in India: A case study from Jharia coal-field. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53, 1222-1239.
Singh, A. K., Singh, R. V. K., Singh, M. P., Chandra, H., & Shukla, N. K. (2007). Mine fire gas indices and their application to Indian underground coal mine fires. International Journal of coal geology, 69(3), 192-204.
Vinoth, S., & Kumar, L. A. (2014). Applying real time seismic monitoring technology for slope stability assessment—An Indian opencast coal mine perspective. International Journal of Mining Science and Technology, 24(1), 75-80.
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