Discuss about the Prevalence and Nature of Medication Administration.
The following report is considered with the evaluation of the pathophysiology referring to the case study of Anne, a 10 year old girl diagnosed with appendicitis. The review of the pathophysiology of appendicitis in context of growth and development theories, family centred care and the impact of hospitalizing the child have been illustrated in the report presented below.
The pathophysiology of appendicitis suggests that appendix is a vestigial organ in the human body without any definite functions. The appendix is generally filled with food remnants as well as cecum which could create infections due to obstruction. The sole approach for treatment of appendicitis is the removal of the appendix through surgery. Appendicitis is the commonly observed form of inflammation on the lower abdomen and it is prominently observed in the 7% of the total world population (Curtis, et al., 2016). The infection rates are prominently observed in males as compared to females and teenagers as compared to adults as well as with frequent occurrence within the age of 10 and 30.
The disease is associated with prominent symptoms such as low grade fever, nauseas, vomiting and loss of appetite. As per Fegran, et al, the majority of cases include references to the rebound tenderness and local tenderness as well as the observation of appendiceal infection on the basis of specific location of the appendix which is affected. Constipation is also a prominent indicator of the disease and further implications that can be derived from the pathophysiology of appendicitis include references to the clinical manifestations (Fegran, et al., 2014). The clinical manifestations refer to the profound symptoms of the affliction including anorexia, nausea, mild fever, moderate malaise and vomiting. In addition to these factors, the observation of constipation accompanied with occasional diarrhoea and localized or generalized abdominal pain could be considered as foremost factors associated with the pathophysiology of appendicitis.
The notable aspects of the diagnostic evaluation of appendicitis in the case study also reflect on the pathophysiology. Diagnostic evaluation could be possible through physical examinations, WBC count estimation, and analysis of urine samples, ultrasound or CT scan and x-ray of the abdominal area. It is also essential to notice the essential medications which can be administered to the patients suffering from appendicitis in the pathophysiology of the disease. The process of pathophysiology is associated with description of the disorders in the physiology of an individual in the condition of disease and therefore the symptoms and visibly prominent changes in case of Anne with her initial symptoms of iliac fossa pain.
Nurses are required to administer a wide range of responsibilities in order to provide the required healthcare services to Anne in case of her identified appendicitis. The foremost responsibility is to determine the signs and symptoms on a frequent basis and monitor them which include an evaluation of the severity of the pain, fever, tachycardia, distension and rigidity. Nursing intervention reflects on the requirement of assisting the patient in achieving comfort as well as restricting Anne from activities which could aggravate pain (Hockenberry& Wilson, 2014).
According to Hockenberry, Wilson & Rodgers, the prompt preparation of patient for surgery prior to the procedure is also a notable responsibility of nurses in case of appendicitis. Nurses should also assume the tasks of responding to the cases of emergency pain and situations by communicating with healthcare service providers immediately (Hockenberry, Wilson & Rodgers, 2016). The discrete palpation of the abdomen and the examples of symptoms observed in case of complications after surgery. The objectives of nursing intervention are observed in context of supporting activities such as instructing the patients for precautions to be followed after surgery. Nursing interventions are also associated with the restriction of patients from consumption of harsh laxatives, stool softeners and increased consumption of fluids.
The prospects of growth and development theories in nursing are noticed in their relevance for determining the appropriate treatment plans and nursing schedules that can be presented for Anne’s case study. As per Keers, et al, The growth and development theories reflect on the prominent demarcation between the physical increase in size and the improvement in cognitive reasoning and skills for adaptability (Keers, et al., 2013).
Some of the prominent theories such as Freud’s psychosexual development theory and Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development theory can be considered as viable references for judging the treatment parameters administered by nurses.
Family centred care is essential in the case of Anne owing to several factors such as her background and age as well as responsiveness to surgical operations. According to Keers, et al, the family centred care model is associated with treatment of paediatric, neonatal and adolescent cases of diseases and the treatment of Anne involves references to care for adolescent wherein the prominent factors such as issues of consent, impact on siblings, role of family, cultural influences and specific influences in the case study (Keers, et al., 2013). The cultural influence can be formidably observed in the case of Anne since she belongs to an Indian family background which is generally associated with an extended family structure.
Despite the factors that Anne would receive optimal healthcare and support services, it is necessary to centre her care approaches with references to the family environment setting. The noticeable factor that can be observed as an indication of the requirement for family-centred care in case of Anne is the existence of four siblings of Anne and the preferences of Anne for living in a homely environment (Keers, et al., 2013). This factor should be addressed effectively for modifying the healthcare settings in accordance to the family environment of Anne.
The effects of hospitalization of the child could be reflected on the child as well as the family. The child is probably subject to physiological as well as considerable mental stress as a result of the treatment. The treatment should be dependent on the family centred care component that has been assumed for the case of Anne and the child’s perception of the hospital or the health care settings would be a promising influence on the psychology of the patients (Mahoney, et al., 2013). Generally adolescents have the tendency to associate with visual imagery and form perceptions of particular environments to which they are exposed. Therefore Anna has to be comforted by presence of her family during the ten days of her stay in the hospital for treatment purposes.
As per Nordén, Hult & Engström, the administration of IV antibiotics and pain management in case of Anne indicate potential impact of physical stress leading to symptoms such as pain due to intravenous administration of antibiotics. Presently her condition is characterized by the gangrene in the perforated appendix which requires her to be subject to a nasogastric tube and morphine. Therefore it can be essentially concluded that admission of Anne in the hospital would also be equally impactful on the family in terms of finances as well as the psychological effort required to deal with the situation (Nordén, Hult & Engström, 2014). The worsening of the condition of appendicitis in Anne has led to complexities in treatment which have to be addressed by alternate treatment measures.
The recommended treatment approach administered for appendicitis in the case of Anne i.e. appendectomy has to be preceded by a comprehensive period of preparation wherein antibiotics have to be used for removing the infection of gangrene in the perforated appendix. The surgery can be executed without any complications only through reduction in the gangrene infection observed in the perforated appendix (Perry, et. 2013). Therefore a clear impression of the different treatment procedures which could be administered to Anne for the treatment of her appendicitis has been apprehended as a promising description of the outcomes that can be reflected from the hospitalization outcomes of the child.
According Perry et al, the intensive nature of the relaxing agents such as morphine could be impactful on the sensory and cognitive functions of Anne leading to physiological outcomes such as impairment of senses and irritation. Lack of fatigue and considerable body weight loss is also observed as a result of intravenous antibiotic treatment (Perry et al., 2013). Family would also be impacted by the hospitalization of Anne since the involvement of five siblings and the responsibility of Anne’s parents to address the requirements of her siblings who are younger than her.
Conclusion:
The report highlighted the pathophysiology of Anne, a 10 year old girl diagnosed with appendicitis. The primary objectives of the report have been realized in the form of description of the impact of nurse intervention in the case study. The profound entities which could be observed as functional inclusions in the report refer to the significance of growth and development theories as well as family centred care on the delivery of apt healthcare services to Anne. The report also illustrated the impacts rendered by the hospitalization of Anne on her as well as her family alongside facilitating recommendations to improve the scenario.
References
Curtis, K., Foster, K., Mitchell, R., & Van, C. (2016). Models of care delivery for families of critically ill children: an integrative review of international literature. Journal of pediatric nursing, 31(3), 330-341.
Fegran, L., Hall, E. O., Uhrenfeldt, L., Aagaard, H., &Ludvigsen, M. S. (2014). Adolescents’ and young adults’ transition experiences when transferring from paediatric to adult care: a qualitative metasynthesis. International journal of nursing studies, 51(1), 123-135.
Hockenberry, M. J., & Wilson, D. (2014). Wong’s nursing care of infants and children. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Hockenberry, M. J., Wilson, D., & Rodgers, C. C. (2016). Wong’s essentials of pediatric nursing.Elsevier Health Sciences.
Keers, R. N., Williams, S. D., Cooke, J., & Ashcroft, D. M. (2013). Prevalence and nature of medication administration errors in health care settings: a systematic review of direct observational evidence. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 47(2), 237-256.
Kudchadkar, S. R., Yaster, M., & Punjabi, N. M. (2014). Sedation, sleep promotion, and delirium screening practices in the care of mechanically ventilated children: a wake-up call for the pediatric critical care community. Critical care medicine, 42(7), 1592.
Lotz, J. D., Jox, R. J., Borasio, G. D., & Führer, M. (2015).Pediatric advance care planning from the perspective of health care professionals: a qualitative interview study. Palliative medicine, 29(3), 212-222.
Mahoney, A. E. D., Hancock, L. E., Iorianni-Cimbak, A., & Curley, M. A. (2013).Using high-fidelity simulation to bridge clinical and classroom learning in undergraduate pediatric nursing. Nurse Education Today, 33(6), 648-654.
Nordén, C., Hult, K., &Engström, Å. (2014). Ambulance nurses’ experiences of nursing critically ill and injured children: a difficult aspect of ambulance nursing care. International emergency nursing, 22(2), 75-80.
Perry, S. E., Hockenberry, M. J., Lowdermilk, D. L., & Wilson, D. (2013). Maternal child nursing care.Elsevier Health Sciences.
Smith-Miller, C. A., Shaw-Kokot, J., Curro, B., & Jones, C. B. (2014). An integrative review: fatigue among nurses in acute care settings. Journal of Nursing Administration, 44(9), 487-494.
Smith, J., Swallow, V., & Coyne, I. (2015). Involving Parents in Managing Their Child’s Long-Term Condition—A Concept Synthesis of Family-Centered Care and Partnership-in-Care. Journal of pediatric nursing, 30(1), 143-159.
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