Judgment And Decision Making In Organizations: A Summary

Reading 1.5: ‘Looking up and Looking Around’

Discuss about the Judgment and Decision Making.

The assignment is about the judgment and decision making process of any organization where board of directors, managers works as a group. The team management between them makes the company successful in business. The abstract of Reading 1.5 Jackall, R. (1988) chapter 4 ‘looking up and looking around’ in Moral mazes, Oxford university press, NY,  Reading 5.2 Hogarth, R.M. (1981) ‘Beyond discrete biases: functional and dysfunctional aspects of judgmental heuristics’, Psychological, 90(2), Reading 7.1 Mcintyre, R.M. and Salas, E. (1995), Measuring and managing for team performance: emerging principles from complex environments’ in Guzzo, R.A. and Salas, E & Ass (eds), Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organizations, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco and Reading 8.1 Linstone, H. (1984), ‘Our proposed perspectives’ in Linstone, H., Multiple Perspectives for Decision Making, North Holland, NY are summarized briefly.

This is a book about investigating the world of corporate manages in the United States. The chapter 4 in the book (Looking up and looking around) the managers are come to hold the possible ways describes the social world. Decisions should be made when it is necessary. The discussion is about how the managers measure their comfortableness in rework on any solution of any problem. The comfort signifies many words like trust, possibility and prediction about how managers deal with any troubles (Tengblad, 2015).

The authors explain the reasons of ineffective process of decision-making and capability of it. A decision can change the whole situation of any work. Sometimes its affect manager’s position. Sometimes such situations arise when there is a need to take decision on an unexpected environment or problem. Jackal also explain that a hard work sometimes no work, whereas a bitter talk, own promotion political intension does. In such problems, it is important to focus on the needs that help to develop its consequences. Managers of any company always work according their profit interest, self promoting, and for the benefits of the organization. Sometimes they make such difficult and technical situation where people cannot able to present their intention. Somehow, managers know how to handle any difficulties for making any decision. They put a brilliant and disturbing both difficulties for making any corporate decision. This is how any corporate or organizations runs their business in any country.  This is the process how bureaucracy and mangers works in their corporate life (Williams, 2013).

Reading 5.2: ‘Beyond Discrete Biases: Functional and Dysfunctional Aspects of Judgmental Heuristics’

In the recent research, the consequences of judge mental heuristic are recognized as the condition in which a person can discover or learn something for himself or herself are valid or not has not been cleared. Sometime when a judgment (Vuori & Vuori, 2015) is made without any interruption individuals usually follow an attractive method to deal with the environmental issues thus, most of the obligations are made under different actions preformed. This has taken away its importance and has questioned the non-acceptance of various points being different. Heuristics are those rules, which are usually used or applied for making judgments and decisions. They basically focus on one problem and ignore the other. Mostly these rules work very well except for some cases they can be distracted from the logic (Hogarth & Soyer, 2015) or the main object of the theory. In any form of judgment, heuristics there are key parts or a process to be followed which makes the decision for future simpler. 

In our daily lives, we quite often have to take decisions and finalize them. For example, the decisions we take in our daily lives may concern decisions relating to our friends like what do we want to eat or where do we want to go for shopping. But the main object is how to decide and come to a conclusion. Thus, this can be done by making a research (Bauer, 2014 ) on the judgments concerning how an individual decides to go through the entire matter and what is more important for him and what is not.

In any organization, the most important and the most crucial role is played by its people. All the people together in a group are known as a team. They are the main components of the working structure and together they aim to fulfill the object (Maynard & Gilson, 2014) of their organization. When groups of people are working together, they are called a team. The entire team gets together to work and achieve their goals. Different teams are formed in different organizations to get better results, as each team works with different goals and different set of standards (Williams, 2015). When different people are brought in one group, they bring with them various ideas, creations and innovations. It becomes better for them to work with different minds in one particular group, which makes it possible to achieve aim and objectives.

Reading 7.1: ‘Measuring and Managing for Team Performance: Emerging Principles from Complex Environments’

            There are five main elements of team effectiveness:

• The objective of the team and its integration
• The decision making aspect of the group
• The way the meetings are managed by the groups
• Implementing the decision making of the group as a whole
• Creating an healthy environment

It is believed that the groups have to abide by these functions so that there can be harmony and effectiveness in carrying out their performances. It is believed that team work is an important element for operating in various organizations. 

The best example for such kind of effective team management will be the Military. In a Military organization, teamwork is very crucial for its successful operations (Romiszowski, 2016). The ability and the capability of team work of the military to work in a dynamic way plays an important role.  The way of working of the military organizations is the best example of effective teamwork. They work together and make decisions, which are in the best interest for them.

When making any decision, it takes careful consideration and long discussions in different areas, with respect to the pros and cons of the decision a final decision (Shay & Lafata, 2015). Different viewpoints will have different ideas and knowledge is regarding different types of levels in the organization. Multiple perspective decision making is the way decisions are made for long term, which help in shaping the structure of the organization, while keeping in mind or making notes of the various diverse views. Mostly, these kinds of decisions would affect the decisions of the group rather than the aims and objectives of the group making the multiple decisions. Sometimes it can be challenge for a group having different or multiple view points to come to a conclusion. This kind of organization where there are multiple viewpoints they have to follow a particular method or a definite principle and various tools which would help them to settle to one decision, despite of various different perspectives.

The best example for this kind of decision-making will be the Board of Directors, Board of Trustees, and the Board of Governors. They are the groups of high-level decision makers.  Such kind of multiple perspective decision making should consider the period, which should be from months to years and not from days to weeks. In multiple perspective way of decision, making there is uncertainty due the competition and not because of the long periods. Thus, the decisions are mostly not close to them or not predicted easily. While making a multiple decision various points have to be taken in mind like the followings:

• Values that are important for the people
• the beliefs are those on the basis of what the world works on and
• The expectations involve the individuals view about the future for better results.

These perspectives can be different from different viewpoints; all these viewpoints have to be taken into consideration before making the final decision.  There are few factors (Betsch & Haberstroh, 2014) that are uncertain; focus has to be made by the group on certain elements like good research in finalizing their decisions. There are various techniques, methods and principles that have to be kept in mind while making the decision. 

Reading 8.1: ‘Our Proposed Perspectives’

Conclusion

In this research paper, we can conclude by saying that in the second principle which talks about ‘looking up and looking around’ in Moral mazes,  ‘Beyond discrete biases: functional and dysfunctional aspects of judgmental heuristics’, there are set of questions that have to be answered which enables a person to either learn or discover things from themselves.  In the third principle, “Team Effectiveness and Decision Making in Organization”, we may see how a group of people come together under the same organization to achieve the aims and objectives of the organization and effectively they come to a conclusion. The fourth principle, “Multiple Perspectives for Decision Making”, under this various ideas have to be kept in mind relating to the the competitors, the final decisions have to be entered. 

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