Discuss about the Schemes and Policies by the Governmental and NGOs.
Leadership is the most important factor that occupies an integral position in any sector or rather more appropriately any business organization. In this context, the researcher would be dealing with the status of the women in various sectors of one of the prosperous states of India, Punjab. The study would investigate upon the levels of dignity paid to the aspirations and progress of the roles of the women folk of the region over that of the men.
The present scenario of the world portrays a situation where there is hardly any discrimination strongly highlighted between the sexes. In almost all the sectors or walks of life, women are demonstrating their capabilities and skills. The scope for the women in Punjab to assign themselves in the leadership roles illustrates a negative stance. The traditional notion of the women in occupying only the reproductive roles inside the house overpowers the thoughts of society of Punjab.
The states of Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir entirely lack the homogeneous structure while considering the position or standing of women in the society. The prevalence of patriarchal rule in most of these states has declined the condition of the women that extends to literacy, education, employment, participation in several political and professional aspects and many more. There remains a very high incidence of dowry deaths, torture and physical abuse upon women, across the country in the states and Union Territories of Delhi, Punjab, Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu, Chandigarh, etc. The state of Punjab records a highest rate with regard to such circumstances (Akhter, & Naheed, 2014). The dominance of the rule of the patriarchy, the menace caused to the increase in the intake of alcohol and thereby hurling atrocities upon the women increased at a very rapid rate in the State of Punjab. Even in this advanced digital age, the women residing in the remote areas of Punjab hardly can enjoy the rights that they deserve. Punjab is a fertile land and a prosperous state in terms of agricultural production that serves the entire country throughout. Thus, most of the population of the state remains concentrated in the rural areas of Punjab. This becomes one of the major reasons for the high dominance of the discrepancies among the sexes (Bachhel et al.2015). Women do not possess any kind of saying in major aspects related to the family life. The male members of the society rule over the family and the village matters. The property is passed on to the sons from their fathers, thus, the women only bear the status of daughters, sisters, wives, and mothers, not being able to contribute towards the society via any means(Balgir et al.2013). The Hindu Succession act of 1956, although provides for equal share of the daughters and sons in the property of the father, the women in the state of Punjab are deprived of the share and equal inheritance. Due to the excessive concentration of the population of the women in the rural areas of Punjab, the women or the girls do not get enough opportunity to participate in the educational and career building programs, the resources are also not provided to the women of the village areas (Devi, 2014).
The leadership and the management roles are mostly confined to the males in the state of Punjab. Although the women are allowed to join the organizations, the male members of the organizations take the major decisions. In a male dominated society like Punjab, the women members of the society are imparted education, however, in the professional field, they hardly receive the required status and roles. However, the women of Punjab when residing in other states of India are able to proceed with their talents and demonstrate them in the professional field through management and leadership roles (Bhandari, 2015). This particular scenario has changed considerably in Punjab; women are now given much better scope to participate in the educational and professional sector in Punjab. The springing up of the universities in the various regions of Punjab is creating possibilities for most of the employers to employ women in these sectors. The position of the women in the business sectors in Punjab has not evolved to that extent when compared with that of their contribution in the educational sectors of Punjab. The earlier days hardly brought into focus the North Indian States in terms of the educational institutions that served the required criteria of education. However, the current state of affairs of Northern India illustrate that educational sector is being gradually up graded in the states of Punjab, such as in the regions of Jalandhar, Phagwara, Amritsar and other areas (Baite & Kalra, 2014). The availability of the excessive space in the outskirts of Punjab makes it possible for the colleges and universities to establish themselves in a better form with all the needed facilities for the working staff and the students. This in turn is enabling the state to improvise upon its educational scope and qualities. Women are provided more employment opportunities in these educational sectors. The sex ratio of the voters in the state of Punjab has also increased since the year 2000, from 700 female voters to nearly 900 female voters. Although the women in the state of Punjab have demonstrated courage in many cases, there is a declining sex ratio in the cities of Ludhiana, Patiala, Chandigarh ad Fatehgarh Sahib and these are the worst affected cities in the entire country. Thus, such kinds of demonstrations reveal the extent women are being denied the rights to stand on their own abilities. The real life experiences show that women suffer atrocities in the families in most of the cases, specifically in the rural areas, moreover in most of the cases; the women of the families become the hindrances in the path of progress of other women. The extant traditions and customs of the families and the society that are pervading even at this point of time in the state of Punjab create obstacles for the girls in their pursuit of attaining higher education and employment opportunities. The juvenile sex ratio in the state of Punjab of 793 compared to sex ratio of 874 is making India one of the major third world states that is lagging behind in terms of women empowerment.
The society of Punjab is still imposing strong customs and traditional norms upon the women folk of the state. They are presumed as the weaker section of the population and therefore not able to undertake any kind of high designations in professional sectors. They are considered as incapable of making any significant changes and taking the responsibility of the chief positions in an office or in an educational institution. The male members of the society are of the opinion that the as the females are incapable of accomplishing any highly conscientious task, it is a waste of money and time to educate the girls and make them attain high qualifications. They are therefore confined to the household and made to learn the duties that are assigned to the women in the domestic sphere. The traditional sex based division of the family responsibilities reduces the chances of women to reach the coveted goals with respect to education or professional aspects. It becomes much more challenging for the women after their marriage to continue with their professional life.
The researcher would be focusing upon the areas that are mainly responsible for this low participation rate among the women folk. This kind of inquiry will enable the researcher as well as the readers to receive information about the previous and current status of the roles and position of the women in various sectors in Punjab. The present study would make the data available for the researcher to think and devise new means in order to secure or that can assist in securing a favorable position for the women population in the state of Punjab and in such other states of the northern region of India. This research is intended to undertake an assessment of the related literature content that will be able to render an in depth information regarding the challenges and opportunities that the Punjabi women need to confront. This particular study will be able to inform and raise awareness about the gender gap or the inequalities in the sex ratio that is prevalent in Punjab.
The major aim of this study thus aims to raise awareness about the gap that prevails in the educational leadership in the Punjab province, where the women are objectified and are not rendered enough leadership opportunities.
Punjab is one of the most prosperous states contributing highly towards the growth of the Indian economy. However, the conditions of the women in several regions of Punjab alike the other North Indian states are highly adverse even in this era of modernism. Various reports portrayed through the journals and news portrays the fact.
The researcher will focus upon the fact that patriarchal values persist in the province of Punjab. Men are always superior to that of the women, whereas, the women are placed in a subordinate position, which makes the women in Punjab hold less than 26% of the leadership positions in various professional zones.
In order to address the aim of the study, the researcher will be focusing upon a few questions:
What are the reasons existing in the state of Punjab that compel the women folk to remain subdued in the zones of leadership?
The researcher would attempt to use the methodology of the literature review by collecting materials and other related information from the secondary data sources, such as journals, newspapers, articles and various other studies that were conducted earlier. It would be possible for the researcher to underscore the study with the help of the secondary data sources.
The researcher would conduct a study of the articles, journals, books and newspapers that will provide enough information about the small percentage of participation of the women in educational organizations in Punjab in the leadership roles and different issues related to the participation of women across the world.
This particular study would help in constructing an overall view about the about the province of Punjab with respect to the over dominance of the male members of the society over the women. This information may stimulate or inspire other researchers to undertake further studies regarding this concerned topic and find out some means that can serve in reducing the difference between the positions of the two sexes in performing various roles in the educational, professional and political as well as in the family related issues. This kind of study may help both the governmental and nongovernmental organizations that are operating in the state to undertake various control measures for safeguarding the rights of the women in different cases. These organizations can help in the promotion of the gender equity amongst the men and women in Punjab by setting up various rules and laws legalized by the government. The urge to keep records at regular intervals by the municipal corporations and the health centers will be increased through such research and studies (Diamond-Smith et al. 2016). Undertaking this mode of literature review would help the entire country in reviewing the condition of the women throughout the country in different states, especially in North Indian states. This will also trigger the consciousness among the Punjabi women with regard to their status in the society and in specific fields of life.
This study will help in promoting leadership skills in all the organizations in Punjab along with triggering further research with respect to the scope for educational leadership for the women in Punjab.
The researcher may not receive sufficient information from the secondary data sources about the leadership roles of women in the society of Punjab and in the adjacent states.
The researcher has not collected the first hand information from the women residing in the remote areas of Punjab.
The usage of and dependency only upon the literature review instead of upon the personal interviews or the field survey poses a limitation. Together the primary and the secondary data sources would have supported each other and thereby assisted in accomplishing the task with all the needed information. The collection of the primary data would have aided the researcher in receiving the accurate first hand records from by interviewing the women folk of various regions in Punjab by conducting the field survey.
The researcher has been incapable of conducting the interviews with the women who are involved in various leadership roles in the province of Punjab.
Considering the scope and limitations of this academic report, the researcher has restricted himself from mentioning the stark and adverse abuse that the women face in different sectors of Punjab, be it educational or professional.
This specific study has not focused upon other issues related to the aspect of leadership of women. Moreover, other states in India are not taken into consideration while dealing with this research topic.
This particular section that attempts to describe in detail the information found by the researcher in order to give the readers an in depth knowledge about the standing of the women in various roles in the state of Punjab. This segment will discuss in detail critically about the aspects that come under the purview of the literature-based study of the topic.
Family and Its Impact:
Family that should be the major source of support or sustenance behind an individual’s progress becomes the major reason for the incapability of the women in Punjab. They are always expected to stay within the house and spend more time in taking care of the family and in the nourishment of the children. Consequently, this kind of situation makes it impossible for the women to participate actively in any of educational or career based activities. Similarly, they do not succeed in maintaining balance between their household responsibilities and that of their job. In case of the women with children, they are totally incapable as well as incapable to sacrifice their duties for the sake of education or career. Often in order to serve the families, the women are not able to attend their educational institutions or the workplace on time, and take leaves more often. Only the men are considered capable of handling the leadership tasks. They are only thought to be good for the family and not outside its confinement. Women with children are compelled to take leaves from very frequently. They are less willing to sacrifice their family for the boardroom. Often they are burdened with the domestic concerns and therefore they are unable to maintain the balance and remain less interested or willing to perform the roles at the workplace in an appropriate manner. This is what prevents the women from attaining the significant leadership positions. In today’s world, where almost all the household responsibilities are shared equally by the men and women, however, in the province of Punjab, this situation hardly exists. The mothers with children face a lot of work family conflict than that of the fathers (Akhter & Naheed, 2014). This often leads to disputes between the parents and dissatisfaction within the family life. The culture in the state of Punjab where the value of motherhood and marriage is extremely strong that causes them to pay very less attention to the educational and professional aspirations of the women (Balgir et al.2013).
In case of Punjab, the number of females those who have been married is much more than that of the unmarried girls. As soon as the girls reach the age of 18, they are considered very much able for marriage (Fields, 2013). Education gets sidelined in such a situation, and no sooner did they marry, the women are completely under their husband’s control and wishes. Family becomes the first priority. The males remain a committed professional even after their marriage and after having children, however, the females are unable to do so as the burden of the entire family along with the children remains her completely concern.
Jobs that become the source of identity for the women often cause problematic issues in their families. Especially, the states like Punjab, which consider that the identity of a woman should be dependent either upon her father, husband or her son, can hardly accept the women of their families going outside the confines of their households and creating their own identities. Most of the families in such areas or in such communities believe that at the men and women work together at the workplace where the female members of their families will go to work. This becomes a disturbing factor for the family members of the females those who are the earning members of the families they are ultimately subjected to offensive inquiries by the family members (Ghani et al. 2013). Those women remain unsuccessful in attaining support from the family and cannot achieve the required aims at their workplace. Employees are often required to stay for long even after the office hours, this becomes impossible and inconvenient for the women. Moreover, in case of travelling and relocating, women are confronted with challenging situations. This makes the female employees leave even the well reputed jobs. Almost all organizations are highly male dominated, where the female employees remain under certain restrictions, whereas the males working in an organization are free to spend informal hours among themselves. This gives the opportunity to the males to share views with each other and receive information about the scope to reach the higher positions.
Nowadays it can be seen that the women are not safe at their workplaces, they are not able to do their jobs properly. The men who assume themselves to be the heads of their families make the atmosphere of the offices unsafe or rather uncomfortable for the women (Grover, 2015). This becomes the reason for the women employees in several offices and other workplaces are not able to express their talents and prove undertake the leadership roles. Even at this age, the gender discrimination remains prevalent in many working places. Women are not regarded capable of achieving the aims of the business firms, the men consider themselves as superior in almost all the aspects (Bhilwar et al. 2015). The potentiality and the sincerity of the women are overpowered and hindered from being expressed in the society.
The development of science and technology and the gradual developments in the customs, beliefs and modes of living of the people across the world have opened new vistas for the women folk of the society (Kumar & Sangeeta, 2013). Women in almost all the countries, especially in the western countries have been receiving the lifestyle that they deserve. The Industrial revolution in the latter half of the Victorian age in the European countries as well as in North American nations had begun bringing up liftment and progress in the thoughts of the individuals and the societal structure. Though the elation of the position of women with regard to that of the men was not complete during those years, yet there was a ray of hope among the women. The aspirations of the weaker sex , as it is presumed by the societies across the countries of the world that were suppressed in the previous era started getting the scope for being expressed to the entire world. The fair sex at this digital age is indulged in undertaking and managing many toughest responsibilities and leadership position in business sectors (Kumari et al. 2016). However, this group of women who enjoy a liberated life constitutes a very small portion of the total population of women in the world residing mostly in the western countries of the world. The elementary or the fundamental requirements of the women residing in the third world country are not fulfilled even in this era of globalization. It can be seen that women in the Asian countries or more specifically when India is taken into consideration, many women are assigned to several leadership roles as the head of any educational institution or some political parties, they stand in elections and in many other sectors. Nevertheless, all these positions become very difficult to be maintained by the female members of the society, as ultimately even these roles are in some way or the other governed by the men. The women working in such sectors have to face several challenges from the men in order to sustain themselves in those designations.
Although Punjab has ranked 14th in terms of female education in the country, still it is afflicted by disadvantages due to the low rate of attendance of the girls in higher education. The higher education is hardly considered an important part and as soon as the females attain the age of 18 years, they are considered as fully eligible for marriage (Kumar & Sangeeta, 2013). Even the elderly women at home instead of supporting their daughters or granddaughters completely go against their wishes and aspirations. Traditional customs and norms of the society and culture gain more importance over the education and development of the personality of the girls in the society of Punjab. The gender fissure in the literacy level is very high for the state of Punjab as a whole. Ferozepur district of the state of Punjab shows the highest gap in the literacy levels, the percentage being approximately 18% and the minimum gender gap is recorded by the district of Ludhiana, the percentage being only 9% (Lal, D., Ojha, A., & Sabharwal, N. S. (2015). However, some other districts along with Ludhiana shows a decline in this gender space in terms of the literacy rate, namely, Hoshiarpur that shows a decline of 5.47% , Jalandhar that shows a decline of 9.44% and Kapurthala that records a decline of about 10.76%. Overall information that can be collected through various secondary data sources illustrate that though the girls over the recent years are allowed to secure educational qualifications, low rate of female participation in the education system of Punjab still is a matter of concern. Punjab along with its neighboring state Haryana and common capital Chandigarh are treated as the weaker sex incapable of performing the roles and responsibilities that are carried out by the men outside the household. Women are presumed to be responsible only for bearing and upbringing the children and to perform all the household chores. In this society, the male members of the society are revered. It is an apparent concern shown to the females by assuming as equal to Goddess. The reality is entirely a different fact that is very abusive towards the women (Madan, 2014). The organizations in Punjab bring in the unwriiten culture and embrace the norms and culture of the society that consider that leadership is a sacred aspect that can be acquired only by the males and not by the women. Thus, the women become powerless as the men start dominating the valuable positions. In the province of Punjab, 80% of the teachers are men, while only 20% percent of the teachers are women. Only very few women occupy the position of principals at the public schools although many women candidates are highly experienced in specific fields.
The society of Punjab considers that the girls or the daughters perform more household jobs as compared to that of the men. If they are sent to the schools and colleges at a higher rate, then there will be less availability of helping hands at houses (Pal & Singh, 2015). The families, especially the male heads of the families in the Punjabi society consider that it will be an useless spending that they have to incur upon their daughters by sending to the educational institutions. They feel that instead encouraging them to practice the household roles and responsibilities by staying in the houses will enhance their capabilities to bear the burden of the same after their marriage that remains the sole aim of a girl’s life right after her birth. The incidence of lower enrolment and higher rates of dropout is another major area of concern for the province of Punjab. The reasons behind the dropouts for the girls in Punjab can be attributed to several aspects. The absence of the female teachers in the schools and colleges, the incidents of embarrassment that the female students often face at these educational institutions and the increasing number of girls being married at a very early age cause a rise in the percentage of the dropouts among the girls. The percentage of the women as dropouts from the schools and colleges in Punjab increases doubly in the secondary levels, between classes I- VIII. However, this scenario has undergone commendable change since 2000 (Morley & Crossouard, 2015). The Punjabi women have been able to come up a long way in establishing their presence felt in various sectors of the society in the last 40 years. This status or records with respect to the position of the females attending the educational institutions and aspiring to reach their aims differ a lot between the rural and urban areas. The rural areas of the state show a declining trend in the admission of the girls in the schools and colleges. This gap between the urban and the rural areas is much higher almost 17% approximately with respect to the age group of 11-14 years (Fields, R. M. 2013). The number of females attending the schools and colleges in the rural areas of Punjab, ranging between the age group of 11-14, the number of males attending the schools and colleges is quite higher by almost 9% as compared to that of the females. As and when there is an increase in this age structure from 11-14 to 15-18, the records portray that the number of females attending the schools in the urban areas of the state is very much higher nearly 83% percent when compared to that of the rural areas. In case of the rural areas, there is a decline in the rate of the participation of both the females and males. In accordance with this record, the difference between the rural and the urban areas is much higher around 13-14% approximately (Fields, R. M. (2013). In almost every house of the rural areas of Punjab, the females those who have attained the age of almost 16 years do not attend the schools and are prepared for their future married lives (Patel et al. 2016).
The correlation between the sex ratio or more appropriately the health conditions and the educational status or the literacy levels of the women is hardly maintained in the districts of Punjab. Hoshiarpur is the only district in Punjab that has succeeded in securing a proper correlationship between the sex ratio and health conditions of the women. The other districts of Punjab such as Ropar, Bathinda, Mansa, Sangrur and some other districts of Punjab record a very declining rate in terms of the sex ratio.
In terms of education for the females, Punjab has made much improvisation in this respective field. However, this seems to be an apparent scenario and occupying a very low portion of the females (Pal & Singh, 2015).
This kind of disparity that is followed even at this age by the Punjabi families is the major reason that the Punjabi women are not allowed to express their talents by undertaking the leadership roles in the business sectors or educational arena. Punjabi women can be found working and successfully performing leadership responsibilities either when they are residing outside their state of origin in other states of India or if they are settling in abroad (Qureshi, 2015).
In order to accept and maintain leadership as well as management responsibilities of any institution or business organization, there remains an intense requirement of proper educational facilities and equal treatment of both the sexes. In spite of claiming the records of having attained development in the fields of education and employment, Punjab has the lowest rate of female participation as the workforce. The economic participation of the women in Punjab has recorded a decline since the year 1921 and during the 1980s; the percentage of female workers to the total population was only around 13%. The male workers as per the records constitute the major category of workers in almost all the sectors (Rao, 2015). The females are mostly engaged in the marginal category of roles and responsibilities, as they are not regarded as eligible enough to sustain the position that the male employees in any organization are entitled to. The females are not assigned the leadership and management jobs although they may have gained enough experience in the respective fields. In the rural areas the participation of the women in the category of the main workers is almost 9% and in case of the urban areas, the percentage is only 13% (Baite & Kalra 2014). This demonstrates the fact that the difference between the urban and rural areas in terms of the contribution of the female workers in the main category of responsibilities is very less. In accordance to various studies conducted by several critics at different points of time it can clearly known that the actual productive contribution of the women is much higher. If the jobs done by the women both in the household and in different organizations or institutions taken into consideration, then it will demonstrate that, the women’s participation in the economy may not directly contribute towards the economic enrichment of the society. It is often claimed that the female are not assigned to the major roles in any organization because they lack the qualifications that are required to deal with the technological issues, it is also believed that new innovative skills and techniques that are required for achieving progress in the work process, whether it is agricultural or industrial sector (Rani, 2013). Most of the secondary job roles are assigned to the women population in the regions of Punjab. This makes them always remain subdued and depended upon the male heads of the families and the society. The present society of Punjab is now concentrating more upon the participation of the women as the workforce only in order to undertake the developmental activities. Thus, since the year 2001, according to (Baite & Kalra, 2014) the female participation rate in various kinds of economic activities did increase from 4.4% to about 18% in Punjab (Mumtaz et al.2013). When it is seen in case of the individual districts, then it has been noticed that the rate of female participation is quite low in most of the districts like Kapurthala, Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Patiala, Ludhuiana, Gurdaspur, Ferozepur, Amritsar and others have reportedly achieved less than 20% of the female participation rate. Whereas, the districts of Nawanshahr, Bhathinda, Moga, Mansa, Faridkot and Muktsar in Punjab have recorded high levels of female participation as the workforce. Nawanshahr is the only district that has reported to be having the highest level of female participation in the employment sector, claiming to have achieved 33% in terms of involvement of the fair sex in the employment zone (Riaz et al. 2014).
The organizational norms and practices are constructed in such a way that the they provide privileges for the women. Often the women are not promoted to the higher designations as compared to that of the male employees.
In accordance with the health facilities available in Punjab, it can be clearly assessed that the state has considerably made improvements in this field. There has been a remarkable development in the delivery of the health services that are governed mainly by the national Health Policy of Punjab that aims to reduce the mortality rates among the infants to less than 40 per 1000 live births. The nutritional levels of the women in Punjab are far better when compared to the other states of India; however, the women have recorded low levels in being afflicted by anemia. On the other hand, the biological processes that are involved in conception, childbirth and rearing of the children pose an adverse impact upon the health of the women (Singh et al. 2015). During very natural process of the childbirths, most of the women face challenges and risks to their health. Therefore, when the frequency of childbirth increases and the women are subjected to frequent cases of pregnancy, it naturally puts the lives of the women at risk. Punjab ranks very low in case of the maternal health indicators and in respect of the number of the registered pregnant women. Most of the women are not given attention during the days of pregnancy and usually they suffer from excessive fatigue as often they have to pursue their household chores even during their time of pregnancy, anaemia, blurred vision, itching, urinary tract infection and vaginal discharge (Rajan & Nanda, 2016).
This shows that the women are highly subjected to the issues related to the married life. The adverse health experiences that the women undergo after marriage are the reasons or rather the obstacles for restricting the female members of the society to participate in some of the major roles in personal, professional and also political (Rani, 2013). The health constraints become a major reason for not allowing women to attain strong leadership positions.
The state records a high rate of marginalization of the women in the political processes or any kind of decision-making processes (Richmond, 2016). This kind of condition shows that almost half and a major portion of the population is not allowed to incorporate their talents and ideologies neither in the public or private sphere of the state. The voice of the women is always dubbed in decision-making processes related to the executive and legislative aspects of the state. The society that involves a greater participation of women indifferent fields of life can easily achieve success as both the sexes together can apply their skills in major decision-making zones. The involvement of the women in making the women participate will not only help in rendering power to the females, but establishing a social order in the state that is characterized by peace, justice n ad humane order that is equal for both females and males (Shetty & Shetty, 2014).
The entire country presumes that the women folk of Punjab are very much courageous in nature, they are deemed to be very brave compared to the women population of other states. However, the reality reveals the fact that women hardly can raise their voice in asking for their equal rights. Many organizations have taken many stances in order to ensure the space for the women in the society and in order to bring the women and their skills, knowledge and experience into focus (Coffey, 2013). When there is a gendered analysis is conducted in a proper manner by taking into consideration the present situation of the women in the society of Punjab, it becomes clear that the rate of subordination of the Indian women is immense, especially when the question concerns the Northern region of India. The participation of the women has been achieved in the political matters in various parts of the country; however, in Punjab and the allied states women are restrained to enter the political sector of the state. They remain unheard and absent, hardly able to participate in the decision-making bodies (Safdar et al. 2015).
The present status of the politics across the world has recognized the fact that a government organized by the women in the future years is necessary for transforming the nature of the government. In order to assure the establishment of an effective, reactive, genuine and equitable government that would help in achieving welfare of the population, the entry of the women is felt to be very essential a aspect. By the enactment of the 73rd and 74th amendment acts of the constitution, the government of India emphasized upon the importance of the participation of the female members of the society into the political sphere (Amin, 2014). This enabled several women in India to occupy important positions by entering the local decision-making bodies. There had been also a demand for nearly 33% and more reservation of seats for the women in at all the levels of the political system. In many remote areas or townships, women have been assigned to many significant leadership or decision-making roles at the grass root levels. At present, it is visible that women have successfully acquired and maintained several leadership and management responsibilities in the country of India. They have triumphantly performed the roles of being the President and Prime Minister of India as well as performing their duties in the best possible way the role of the chief ministers of different states of the nation. Many other countries across the world especially the United States of America and UK have given much eminence to the women by assigning to them the leadership and management roles. Most of the banking sectors and many other companies in such countries are run smoothly and adequately by the women (Ganapathy & Mayilsamy, 2013). In India, such instances are evident although very less. Even if the women acquire the positions of leaderships in different sectors, they are in some or the other way backed by the male members who actually form the heads of such concerns (Sandhu et al. 2014).
In case of Punjab, there is a stark absence of the women from the decision making posts. This scenario completely portrays the fact of marginalization that is being followed in Punjab. The sphere of politics in Punjab hardly demonstrates the presence of women. All the other states have shown that women are capable of handling the roles of decision making by promoting the women in the political segment (Naqvi & Ibrar, 2015). The lower house of the parliament or the Lok Sabha demonstrate that the fact that Punjab has very less contribution in terms of the participation of the women in the Lok Sabha, hardly female candidates from any political parties in Punjab and its allied zones are represented in the Lower house of the Indian Parliament. The number of the women contestants from any political party has always recorded entirely a very low percentage. Women are hardly allowed to enter the political zone of the state and it was only during the year 1996 that the state recorded participation of more than 15 women as contestants in the elections (Ganapathy & Mayilsamy 2013). However, although it was a good attempt on the part of the political parties to involve the women in such significant issues, it did not gain the success that was due. The citizens of the State or the districts within could not show their reliance over the capabilities of the woman who are considered by them as the most weaker sex incapable of achieving concrete. Thus, consequently, only two female candidates were able to secure success in those elections of 1996. Punjab did not succeed in electing any women contestants in the subsequent four general elections of the Lok Sabha. Studies conducted by the Centre for Women Studies and Development show that the political parties operating in Punjab have always marginalized and paid very less attention in giving election tickets to the women. The assurances that were given with regard to the allocation or reservation of seats for women were not paid any required attention by those political parties (Rajan & Nanda, 2016). The Upper House of the parliament that is the Rajya Sabha has shown complete absence of the female candidates from Punjab. This kind of disparity is between the two sexes is also being maintained in the State Legislative Assembly of Punjab. In the year 1969, there was not a single women who got contested the elections to the State Legislative Assembly of Punjab. Although, the number of the female contestants in the State Legislative Assembly is much more than that in Lok Sabha, the number recorded in case of the State Legislative assembly of Punjab is much lower than when compared with the total number of contestants elected to the State Legislative Assembly (Rudolph & Rudolph, 2012). This proves the fact the number of the male contestants elected to the State Legislative Assembly continues to overpower the number of women. The number of women elected to the State legislative Assembly in 1985, 1992 and 1995 ad been 22,25,52 respectively, however, such figures are reduced to 1,2,4,9, and so on when it is the case of elections to the Lok Sabha. Thus, it is a striking reality that in this era of advancement women has to face extreme challenges for getting their opinions heard and gain a good standing in the society of Punjab. Furthermore, it can be said that though women are involved in the political issues or decision making procedures, they are assigned mainly the positions in the social or health related matters. The important positions concerned with the industries, agriculture, finance or communication are not allotted to the women ministers (Sharma, 2014).
The aspect of allocating women in specific positions in the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly in case of Punjab is also depended upon the voting behavior of the individuals. The female members or the citizens of the state of Punjab are almost depended upon the male members of their families (Shaukat & Pell, 2015). The male heads of the families direct the women in their voting behavior. Father, husbands, brothers and the sons impose their opinions over the voting behavior of the female members of their families. The Sarpanches in case of the village areas, who are also males direct the entire population while polling, thereby imposing their own views.
The strength of the women in various representative institutions in Punjab is quite low. It is often observed that even when the women in Punjab are selected for the decision-making positions, the selection is made on the basis of their family prowess or resourceful connections of the male members of the family. The Sarpanches of the villages in Punjab, those who are females, are backed by the male heads of their families, they remain just as deceptive heads of such major decision making positions. The political education of the women in India is usually inadequate in many instances. They often depend upon the information or the knowledge of their male heads, this becomes a major obstacle in the path of the progress of the women with respect to the leadership roles and management of the political issues (Rudolph & Rudolph, 2012). Thus, the present case demonstrates the fact that the women in the country especially in the areas of Punjab and its allied regions need to be educated in political matters and other related issues. Thus, an enhancement in the education standards of the women folk in these regions of Punjab will help extending the abilities of the women to perform without being supported by the male members of the society (SINGH & KAUR, 2016).
In case of the decision-making within the household sphere, women enjoy lower percentage of rights compared to that of the men. In case of health care issues or monetary aspects, it is the male heads of the families assert themselves in taking major decisions. The records illustrate that the percentage of the women indulged in decision making in the households is almost less than 80% (Kumar & Sangeeta, 2013). The girls within the age of 15-19 years are hardly allowed to enter this private sphere. Only the women under the age category of 40-49 years of age are actively involved in the decision making procedures of the household. Women who have completed the middle school constitute the highest portion of the women who are not involved in the decision making sphere in their households. The customs and traditional beliefs are so strong in Punjab and in North Indian regions that the education often cannot bring any change in their beliefs and traditions. It often happens that the elderly women of the households pose their power over the newly married or the younger girls of the household; these are all based upon their age old societal structure that is still being followed, especially in the rural and suburban areas of the state, according to (Sood & Pahwa, 2014).
Punjab government has taken many steps for the protection of the rights of women. The Department of Social Security and Women and Child Development focus mainly upon the development and well nourishment of the baby girls as well as that of the mothers and aged women. The Punjab State Commission of for women that was established long back in the year in the year 1994 still contribute towards the welfare of the Punjabi Women. The commission deals with the cases such as the dowry deaths, mental and physical harassment afflicted upon the women, cases regarding the extra marital affairs and deprivation of the women from the property rights (Ghosh et al.2015).
The Department of Social Security and Women and Child Development, is another venture of the government that focus upon the welfare of the newborn girls and the aged women. Awareness Generation camps are also introduced by the Government of the country that works towards the generation of awareness among the women in terms of their property rights as well as education and professional issues (Juneja et al. 2016). This will also enhance the awareness in the communities.
The other programs such as Raj Rajeshwari Mahila Kalyan Yojna, Swaran Jayanti Shahiri Rozgar Yojna and such other schemes have been introduced by the government of the Punjab to provide the women with financial aid up to 75 years of age, says (Kaur, 2014). Family Counseling Centers form the important initiatives that were incorporated in the state to help in the family planning and save the women from the regular mental and physical abuse (Khan, 2014).
The Goals of the Punjab State Policy for Women, 1996 aim at mobilizing the women and ensuring gender justice. It also aims at the ensuring women’s participation in various employment and decision making activities with the help of the functioning of the gender system (Kaur, & Sodhi, 2014).
Conclusion:
Today’s digital world demands the participation of both the men and women in various sectors of life. This trend can be easily seen in the European countries that are continuously employing the women employees very eagerly in different business organizations and other units. However, the Asian countries are still lagging behind with regard to this aspect (Tamuli et al. 2013).
India still records a very high rate of women subjugation and discrimination based on gender. The women in the state of Punjab are highly afflicted by the customs and traditions of the society. They are hardly allowed to cross the limits of their households and families to create their own identities. Even though the women are allowed to participate in the leadership roles, they are backed by the support of the male heads of their families (Waghamode & Kalyan 2014). The leadership roles are hardly allotted to the women.
The lack of improvement in the health facilities of the women and lack of consideration of women themselves regarding these issues are other causes behind the inability of the women folk in Punjab and its districts to join the professional field (Yaladri & Naik, 2015). They are unable to maintain balance between their job roles and family responsibilities. In most of the cases, the men regard the women as inferior to them and incapable to accomplish any major work as compared to their skills. The atrocities hurled upon the women, violence committed against the women by the men and their families, the taboos based on the customs all together hinder the enhancement of the gender justice in the society of Punjab and its allied regions. Despite, the introduction of various schemes and policies by the governmental and NGOs, the improvisation in the conditions of women is very low as compared to the southern states of the country (Yousaf et al. 2013). These are the reasons that hinder the progress of the women in the state of Punjab and do not allow them to hold the dignified leadership positions in various sectors, be it educational or political.
Leadership matters a lot in each sector of life. Thus, it becomes important for the women to acquire such positions in order to acquire and lead a dignified life in the society. Many obstacles hinder and hamper the women at their workplaces (Bushe, 2001). The government of the Punjab province, thus, should take into account all such concerns regarding the safety of women who are working in the educational institutions or corporate sectors.
In accordance with the opinion of Forret and Doughherty, (2004) Social capital of a nation and its dignity can not only be increased through the monetary development via the expansion of the industries. It will require a state and a nation to uphold the causes in favor of the women and rectify the situation in which the women work and survive.
In consideration with the situation of the women in Punjab, the government of the state as well as the nation should undertake more and more policies in association with the NGOs in order to develop the conditions of the women in this region. The apparent improvisation in the conditions of the women has not been able to achieve the required up gradation of the position of women. The figures that illustrate the participation and contribution of the women in and towards the economic development of the state are highly disheartening (Dar, 2014).
Thus, measures should be taken in an intense manner by the small group of nongovernmental organizations in various districts of Punjab for the sake of educating and informing the entire society about the potential of the women and the jobs they are capable of. These NGOs can organize short sessions in the suburban areas in which they can project documentaries, which can enrich the knowledge of the women regarding the wonders that females across the world are accomplishing (Varughese et al. 2016). New strategies should be implemented by the organizations which can assure the employees of a family friendly policy. These strategies need to make the women employees especially feel that their priorities regarding their family life are valued. Work/family benefits should be p
Furthermore, besides these active procedures, the women especially of the remote areas should join hands together to assert their skills and talents (Chaudhary et al. 2014). They themselves should unite and form local groups that can help in educating and empowering the women in several areas. The establishment of small cottage industries can assist in increasing the making the women take up leadership and management roles. When they are united, the society can in no way impose its norms and irrelevant notions upon the women folk. The day to hardships faced by the women in their families and communities should be addressed and steps should be taken in order to reduce such hardships and difficulties faced by the women. Leadership roles that can be attained by everyone need not be confined only to men and should not include the gender discrimination policies.
Definitions For the Following Terms:
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