Lithium reacts violently with water to give off flammable hydrogen gas and corrosive dust. Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is a corrosive alkali. Hydrochloric acid is corrosive to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Acute (short-term) inhalation exposure may cause eye, nose, and respiratory tract irritation and inflammation and pulmonary oedema in humans. Acute oral exposure may cause corrosion of the mucous membranes, oesophagus, and stomach and dermal contact may produce severe burns, ulceration, and scarring in humans.
Chronic (long-term) occupational exposure to hydrochloric acid has been reported to cause gastritis, chronic bronchitis, dermatitis, and photosensitization in workers.
Prolonged exposure to low concentrations may also cause dental discoloration and erosion Evaluation: The overall accuracy of the experiment was not very high due to apparatus and methodological errors. The main source of error procedure-wise was titrating the LiOH solution and determining when the solution became clear.
Measurements of lithium metal were fairly accurate due to use of digital weighing scales, however, when using a water bath to determine amount of hydrogen released, accuracy was not superb.
Repetition of the titration allowed for more reliable results as 2 results became 0. 2cmi?? off each other. Calculation of a mean titre also helped accuracy. Hydrogen gas may have escaped whilst replacing the bung Less hydrogen than expected will affect the calculations and effectively the RAM Use Vaseline to ensure bung tightly sealed. Use syringe to inject diluted water rather than add lithium
No or little gas will escape making the experiment more accurate Number of drops of Phenolphthalein More or less than the expected 5 drops may have been added, or bigger or smaller drops Excess phenolphthalein would result in solution taking longer to titrate and vice-versa Add a specific amount of phenolphthalein, for example 10cmi?? If consistent amount of phenolphthalein is added then titration will be more reliable Shaking of solution Whilst titrating, the flask may have been shaken more or shaken less Shaking the flask, distributes molecules more equally so therefore titration is faster Use an electronic shaker.
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