Clothing Sizes in Luxury Fashion Brands

Is it too
expensive for luxury fashion brands to cater for all sizes? Who pays the price?
This essay will focus on the topics of luxury fashion brands, plus-size women in the fashion industry and the concept of beauty. It will look at the fashion industry and the barriers that currently face plus size women from accessing the marketplace. This essay will suggest that luxury fashion brands will not cater for plus-size women even if it would it would be beneficially more economical to do so, because they determine what beauty is and what beauty should be. It will do this by firstly exploring the luxury fashion industry and what is (or what it is not) on the market now for plus-size women. Then it will then look at fashion brands which market to plus-size women and what drove the recent shift towards this move. Finally, it will look at concepts of beauty and consider whether they fit in the current market for luxury fashion brands.

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What is luxury fashion?
Is luxury fashion about quality? Margaret
Howell, and Editor of the Guardian argues that “[g]ood quality rides over to everything” and “[w]e should respect what
it takes to produce something that is of a quality to last”. Therefore,
some women have the view that luxury fashion is associated with fine materials
and craftsmanship. This is also the view of designers. For example, in a recent
interview with Sarah Mower OBE and Gvasalia Jr, the lesser-known half of
Vetements, was questioned on why his brand’s hoodies cost customers almost
£500. Gvasalia Jr, explained that:
“There are a few reasons. One is that we work with amazing factories. These factories are not cheap. Another thing is the fabric. For example, the hoodies Demna likes to use molton cotton that is very heavy. It is almost 480g compared to the usual 240g. The price of creating this heavy cotton is double the price of creating a regular one”.
But, the answer may be simple: more fabric, more
money. There are a lot of steps taken in the product from the designer’s pen to
your closet, all of which get reflected in the huge price tag. First, there’s
the designer’s time, the hours spent deciding what would work best. From there,
materials; in this case high-end molton
cotton. The luxury
designer brands sell their garments to retailers at the high end of the market
and to cover the production costs and in order to still make a profit they’ll
sell them on for double what it cost to manufacture them. The stores need to
cover their own costs too and need to make a profit so you can expect the price
to at least double for the consumer. Which means consumers are essentially,
paying four times more than what the product cost to make. As each stage of the
making of the clothes and the time and expertise it takes to make a quality
garment it means more zero’s on the price. This means that the customers are
spending as much on a garment as they would on a for instance a holiday!
In addition, prestigious brands may be more
conscious about damage to their reputations and using respectable supply
chains, such as those promoting Fair Trade or those that pay the living wage
(in any given country). Further, Gvasalia Jr may be implying that the location
of factories impact on price and it follows that countries with
well-established economies and relevant laws may carry heavier fees.
However, many people only associate luxury
fashion with price and large profit margins for the top designers. Usually
luxury is first associated to price, exclusivity and selectivity but when you
think about fashion, you think about time. A short time, short product life
cycle. To me luxury is not easy to define because it has a lot to do with what
the context is, for some people having running water or a roof over their head
is luxury but having worked in luxury retail such as Burberry and Vivienne Westwood
and having to deal with clients expectations, I have noticed that luxury to
some clients is about the designer name, to some its about the quality and to
others having the best of everything the world has to offer just because they
can afford it. If you think luxury means wealthy and over priced items only,
then you have an old fashioned view of the meaning of luxury (Vogue.it 2018).
Luxury does not also necessarily mean elegance. In the world of high quality
fashion, ready-to-wear is identified by its luxury symbol, but is it its brand
placement or business point of view. Franca Sozzani vogue editor said: “I think this term has been changing its
exclusive “richness symbol” meaning in time. As a matter of fact
today we can meet people who wear any kind of luxury symbol without
“looking” luxury. They only look rich. Because today luxury involves
exclusiveness, nearly uniqueness, and not because it is addressed to few
people, because it’s special instead.” For an example there are dresses,
which will really give you the feeling of luxury because of the way they have
been made, it’s the quality of craftsmanship, but some expensive items with
intricate work are just opulent. A product is luxury when it is handmade and
its limited. Luxury meaning its exclusiveness. You could really get the feeling
that luxury still exists when you wear a tailored suit, related to
craftsmanship skills.
Further, according to Business of Fashion magazine, rather than
settle for double profit, shareholders actually expect a margin of around 65
per cent. This pricing
is what makes luxury brands exclusive and more appealing – we want what we
can’t have.  It seems to be the
norm to raise prices to
lock out the poor and make the wealthy want it. And, frankly, there’s nothing wrong with that. The
real reason why luxury fashion is so expensive is because people are willing to
pay to have it. An example is a t-shirt costing £185 must, somehow, be
better made than a t-shirt costing £40 or so people think. Even though all know,
and the evidence says it’s not. You’re buying exclusivity, you’re paying for
the apparent prestige that goes with the designer name and are spending more
than other people, or being able to own something that other people can’t. As
Gurum Gvasaila put it in a recent interview: “It is nicer when people save up. They can buy this one piece that they
cherish for a longer time, rather than spending money on clothes every week
that they throw away afterwards. The whole idea is to limit the production,
having less pieces and making sure that people who buy these pieces can cherish
it for a longer time. It’s moving away from this idea of fast fashion, to this
idea of slow fashion.” Just make sure that you know precisely what you’re
paying for.
But the question is how much does it cost to
keep up the appearance of affluence in the world of luxury. If you are wealthy
enough, you can have whatever items you desire even though you may not even
need or really want them. Whilst lower class people are not buying luxury items
en mass, lower clothing prices (fast fashion) have made it possible for people
to get the look of luxury on a budget. Mostly the conditions of labour in which
fast fashion wear is produced are unethical whereas luxury clothing is produced
more ethically. This means it makes the luxury clothing only affordable to the
rich who can afford to buy new classic ready to wear pieces each season without
sacrificing fashion.
The purchase of designer clothes has no
prerequisite whatsoever other than the price tag. That is, you only need £1,200
to buy a £1,200 dress – whether you have a £1,200 or a £2 Million pounds in
your bank. That’s it, it’s that simple. At what point does it make financial
sense to buy designer clothing frequently? The answer to this is any time that
you can afford it once your basic living expenses are covered. Since the prices
of luxury clothes vary so wildly it would be impossible to pin this down, since
there are £300 luxury designer shoes and there are also £30,000 luxury designer
shoes. If your income can sustain the regular purchase of luxury items of
clothing, which you desire, then go crazy and buy as you please. There is nothing stopping you regardless of how
rich or poor you are.
Luxury fashion brands and plus size women
In the UK it has been reported that 45% of
British women are a dress size 16 or more (Dahlgreen and Dahlgreen, 2018).
However, many luxury retailers do not offer clothing in sizes above a size 10.
Looking at brands such as McQueen, Chanel and Valentino that aesthetic is
missing for the majority of women. Plus size women have to actively search for
new brands and go out there and look for things to buy, but what if there was
an easy and simple solution to this, that is to pay extra for what you want
from the top brands?
As  Vivian
Hendriksz recently said in an online article: “population
waistlines are only getting bigger – so perhaps it is time the fashion industry
began paying more attention to their plus-size offering. Rising obesity in
young people is said to fuel the 5.08 billion pounds plus-size market in the
UK, a market which is set to continue growing, according to data from research
and consulting firm GlobalData.”
Hendriksz’s position here is logical because if
the average clothes size for a female is a size 14, it should follow that there
is a demand for larger sizes in luxury fashion brands. Gvasalia Jr, sets this
out in a recent interview stated that:
 “There’s a basic model you learn in business school. “It’s called supply meets demand. There are two curves and the point where they intersect is how much you are suppose to produce. It always feels like everyone is ignoring this very simple thing. Because if something goes on sale, it means it was overproduced. We are always trying to change the supply curve, making it just a little bit less than the demand curve, to make sure that you sell out. It is always better to sell one piece less to a store and to be sold out than to sell one piece extra and to go on sale. Because once you go on sale, there’s no going back.”
As I have detailed, luxury fashion brands are
expensive and it is likely that you pay for the label as well as the quality of
the material), although I would dispute this as a generalisation. That fact
that the luxury fashion industry does not cater for plus size women, does not
follow economically given the most popular size of a women is 14+ and there is a
demand. Is the luxury fashion industry therefore ‘sizeist’?
The idea behind the business model of luxury
fashion brands I think goes hand in hand with the idea of beauty. For example,
if you can afford to shop at Louis Vuitton, you have the figure that doesn’t
challenge the brand’s idea of skinniness as the norm. If plus size people shop
on the high street in stores such as Evans or Simply Be, then their expectation
is that something other than skinny proportions will be catered for.
However,
some people argue that the reason for this is because It is harder to create a
uniform fit because of the body variation above size 14, more so as plus size
clothing requires production and design expertise and this cuts into margins
and increases the final price in many cases. But if luxury fashion brands claim it is too expensive to produce clothing
in a plus size due to the amount of fabric required why don’t they use the same
method of pricing that is used in children’s clothing e.g. an item age 4-5
maybe £8 but the same item in age 8-9 could be £9 and age 10-11 would be £10
and so on.
Is it the cost of making the clothing in plus
size or is it the fact that the luxury end of the market doesn’t want plus size
people advertising/wearing their clothing? From my research it looks like the plus size market is not a
niche, negligible area of business. The average women’s dress size in the
UK is 14 to 16 and yet they are not catered for at the designer/luxury end
of the market.
Vivian
Hendriksz also said “as a
result, the plus size market constitutes 12.4% of all clothing sales and
is worth in excess of £5 billion while a quarter of UK women have bought
plus-size clothing in the past year”. So for luxury brands to be
squeamish about making pulse size and to venture into this highly lucrative
area of business suggests they are worried about the image it portrayed.
According
to the report “What Britain
Wears: Niche Clothing 2011. The NHS’s Health Survey for England found that
26.8% of women in the UK were either obese or morbidly obese in 2015, with
obesity among 16 to 24-year-olds increasing sharply from 12.9%  in 2014 to 15.9% in 2015”. In most recent
years the Plus size clothing sales in the UK were about 15 billion
pounds that’s about 15 % of the market. There is a disconnection here in that
there is high demand but low sales. Retailers such as River Island and H&M
are missing out, as according to the plus size people I have spoken to, these
retailers struggle to get the fit and style right. This means plus size fashion
clothing doesn’t sell well and when something doesn’t sell retailers stop
investing in it which leaves plus size people disappointed. It would seem that retailers
use the same pattern for a size 8 and size 18 just adding more material instead
of redesigning the pattern in order that it will fit a plus size person. This
leaves people having to start looking for other alternatives because the items
they are looking for don’t exist in their size.
A famous
plus size blogger/ body activist  Bethany
Rutter  said “No, it’s not even that I’ve found one that’s more than I want to spend.
It actually doesn’t exist. As a UK 20-22, there are a limited amount of places
where I can shop”. Plus size people are left hanging and the only place that caters for their
needs are stores such as Simply Be, Evans and Yours but these brands are
lacking diversity and range. This has resulted in people such as Beth Ditto (singer)
who is a size 22 to launch her own line of clothing. Bearing in mind Beth Ditto
has ZERO experience in the fashion industry. As she said herself “It’s frustrating because the market is very
apologetic; there’s still so much shame involved. This idea that you’re
bigger, but you’re not supposed to be: I want this to be positive”.  
The problem
is that when you make a statement in the plus-size world, it can attract the
wrong sort of attention, designers are missing out by allowing non designers to
corner the plus size market and claim to be designers.  
The Beth Ditto collection is now available at
the renowned luxury department store Selfridges, her collection ranges from
sizes 18 to 32. Does this makes Beth‘s collection a luxury alternative for plus
size? I personally think not. Ditto also rolled out the collection with a
presentation at New York fashion Week in 2017, saying,  “I want
it to be versatile, and to look good on every single body; it’s very fit- and
shape-focused, and I wanted everything to be durable.” Ditto wants to fill
a void in the plus size market with her economical brand which ranges in price
from £45 to £273, why so cheap, why do people assume that plus size people
spend less on clothing than the standard size woman again seems to be they only
cater for the lower end of the market. Also her collection starts from size 18,
what about the people under the size of 18? I understand that they have choices
but unless designers start catering for all sizes the result is collections made by plus size
people only for plus size people, this I feel is as bad as designers only
catering for the smaller sizes.
The world
of fashion has portrayed an image where women have been brainwashed to feel
that being above a certain size is unhealthy we only have to look on the front
cover of any women’s fashion magazines to see what some would describe as a
‘malnourished looking’ model. But the question is, where are we in the world of
models, what is the healthiest body shape? We are slowly realising that we need
more diversity in the fashion industry, it would be nice to turn on the
television or to look in Vogue magazine and see plus size models wearing for
instance a Chanel jacket.
It’s looks
like not only women above a size 14 find it hard to get the clothes they want in
luxury brands. Apparently not even Ashley Graham (model/body activist) can have
what she wants from the top designers for a cover of Vogue magazine. In December 2016, Alexandra Shulman the former editor-in-chief of
British Vogue said in her
editor’s letter for the January issue for Vogue that some of the huge fashion
brands they reached out to didn’t want to dress the famous body activist model
Ashley Graham for their January cover because she was a size 14. She said “It seems strange to me that while the rest of the world is desperate
for fashion to embrace broader definitions of physical beauty, some of our most
famous fashion brands appear to be travelling in the opposite – and, in my
opinion, unwise – direction”. It looks like when top brands have an opportunity to make more money and
sales, some brands only want to please a small number of customers because they
are not willing to celebrate the diversity.
Alexandra thanks the famous fashion brand Coach, who was the only
brand which supplied clothes for Ashley for the photo shoot, the former
editor-in-chief didn’t name any of the brands who refused to provided clothes
for the shoot. Alexandra Shulman
acknowledged that the fashion shoot was put together last minute, but that
isn’t an excuse for the fashion brands to turn down an opportunity to have
their clothes on a Vogue cover.
The words
‘plus size’ are normally used for those who are size 16 and above, which means
Ashley Graham who is a size 14, doesn’t even qualify as a plus size but she
still gets the backlash of being too fat and too skinny by others. Ashley isn’t
the only one, models get this all the time, some plus size brands refuse to use
some plus size models because they say that they are too skinny.
In February 2016 the famous high street brand
Forever 21 launched their Forever 21 Instagram page for the plus size section of their clothing, this
angered a few of their followers due to the fact that they didn’t feel that the
models they used were plus size women. Daphne Howland (blogger) said “Everyone has an opinion, and it’s such a
negative, negative environment, and it sounds sad, but they want to tear each
other apart.” Daphne Howland also goes on to say “as with all models in advertising, studies show that women actually
prefer ads featuring thin models and say they’re more likely to buy clothing
than that shown in ads with what the researchers called regular-size models.” I
personally think is it not true and Daphne has zero evidence to prove this. I
went onto Forever 21’s plus sized Instagram account to read some of the
comments from their angry followers, one follower commented  “I
don’t understand how this girl is plus,” and other follower wrote “That’s not at all plus size!! That’s
ridiculous! She is a great normal healthy size!! She is probably even smaller
than my size!!,” These Instagram users were angry that the models used were
not curvy women (plus size enough).
Juliet Carnoy, Contributor /Senior Marketing
Manager wrote in an article for Huffington Post “When plus size women see photos of other women their size looking
good in a particular brand’s clothing, they can better understand how that
brand’s clothing will fit them. While many standard size women will often buy
what’s cute, plus size women place a greater emphasis on will it look good on
me?” The authentic lens of customer
photos provides a reference point for plus size women, who typically aren’t
given the privilege to touch or try on products in a store to buy with
confidence”.
I
understand that nobody can have the perfect body shape, which is attractive to
everyone but we need to embrace different body types and be more honest and
open and discuss the issues more, not ignore and exclude certain body types
from the high-end world of fashion.

A famous
plus size model Tess Holiday (pictured left) said
“Just because we’re plus size, doesn’t mean
we have to prove that we’re healthy, just as someone who is smaller than us or
average size doesn’t have to prove they are healthy. We should be able to exist
in our bodies. I am technically healthy but my body is no more valid than
someone’s who isn’t”.
It looks
like every week there’s a new controversy surrounding plus sizes – a topic,
which attracts unwanted opinions. Last year Facebook banned an advert for
a body positivity talk featuring Tess Holiday, saying it violated their
advertising standards for promoting an “unhealthy” image. “Ads like these are not allowed since they make viewers feel bad about
themselves,” a Facebook ad team rep said. “Instead, we recommend using an
image of a relevant activity, like running or riding a bike.” I feel that
it is quotes and expressions of opinion like the one above that is actually
what makes people ‘feel bad about themselves’ and not open discussion. It is
time that people had the opportunity to voice their opinion and frustrations
and to defend themselves against high profile individuals and companies and the
discrimination they often have to endure.
Even the
plus size brands refuse to use models of a size that actually represents their
customers. Why is this the case? I feel that most of these plus size brands
assume that most plus size are in the process of losing weight and want to buy
clothes for ideal body. This might be true but for most people, the reality is
that some people may not be able to lose weight due to medical reasons or
personal issues. I have also noticed that retailers seem to discriminate by only
employing staff up to a certain size even in plus size stores. Is this because
plus size people do not apply for such roles? I cannot believe this is the
case. I am sure that a more diverse workforce would further encourage women of
any size to feel confident in shopping, seeking advice, trying on and
purchasing clothes.
Why do even
plus size brands refuse to use models of a size that actually represents their
customers? I have noticed that television and magazine adverts for plus size
brands seem to showcase their clothes on models no larger than a size 18 even
though they stock up to size 32. They, like Forever 21, do not showcase a
representation of all sizes by the models they chose to model their plus size
clothes.
Plus size models such as Ashley Graham are campaigning to change the world of fashion and women around the world are learning to love their bodies despite how the world media portrays them. In her TED Talk on YouTube Graham described her experiences within the fashion industry over the last 15 years and shared the empowering words she tells herself whilst looking in the mirror each morning. “You are bold, you are brilliant, and you are beautiful. There is no other woman like you. You are capable. Back fat? I see you popping over my bra today, but that’s alright. I’m going to choose to love you. And thick thighs? You are just so sexy you can’t stop rubbing each other. That’s alright. I’m going to keep you. And cellulite, I have not forgotten about you. I’m going to choose to love you even though you want to take over my whole bottom half. You’re a part of me and I love you.“ The model and body activist Ashley Graham also goes on to talk about self-acceptance and why the fashion industry should drop the plus size label. Ashley says that in the fashion industry, the term plus size starts at a size 12 and goes up to size 20, meaning that the majority of the audience she was addressing would be plus size. “I felt free once I realized I was never going to fit the narrow mould that society wanted me to fit in,”
 Ashley Graham goes on to say. “I was never going to be perfect enough for
an industry that defines perfection from the outside in.”
Speaking
about her difficulty growing up as a plus size, Ashley claims to have filled
her life with parties and boys and she felt embarrassed when people asked her
what was her occupation. Now, Ashley encourages her audience to practise
self-love and for them to be their own role model and to look in the mirror and
to tell their reflection; “you are
bold, you are brilliant, and you are beautiful.”
The musician Beth Ditto said“I wish that people
would stop equating fat people with laziness, and with being unhealthy,” Ditto
says. “I hope that will be reflected in fashion lines that cater to big
people.” It’ll take a major shift in terms of size discrimination (however
overt or subtle) for plus-size fashion to really evolve, according to
Ditto” She further stated “There’s still this idea that
we don’t exist, or that it’s only okay to be big if you’re pregnant or
older,” Ditto says. “That’s such an archaic idea to me! Especially as
someone who grew up as a big person — I would really like for that to go
away.” 
 Just like
Beth Ditto Ashley Graham launched a lingerie line designed for women with a
similar figure to her own (plus size). 
Graham’s collection was a success and combining the success with her
body activist campaign, Ashley Graham is now a huge power in the world of
fashion. Her body activist campaign continues to inspire a lot of people. Ashley
goes on to say “People really pour their
hearts out to me because they really feel like they are living this whole thing
out with me,“ she told British GQ last year (2016). “They’re living out this whole
body-diversity, ‘love the skin you’re in’ (movement). And I’ve been hating the
skin I’m in for so long. Finally there’s someone talking about the jiggle, the
cellulite, the rolls, and it feels like they’re like me.”
Ashley
Graham doesn’t want to be categorised as a plus size by any fashion label. “When it comes to the word
‘plus-size’, I’ve been called a plus-size model for the past sixteen years,“ she told Shape. ”I hear it, sometimes I say it – it’s a slip of the tongue. But at
the end of the day, it’s a label. You can say, ‘Yes it’s a negative thing’ or
‘maybe it’s not a negative thing’…but why would we want to be labelled
something? Why do we want to be put in a different category than all the other
types of models? No one says ‘skinny model’, so am I wrong for not wanting a
label? I don’t think so.”
As Bethany
Rutter (blogger) said “What we need,
then, is not greater distance, squeamishness and ‘sanitisation’ around clothing
above a size 18, but an honest confrontation of the stigma and deliberate
exclusion of women above a size 18. Resolving these issues will help me and my
fellow plus size women more than pretending we’re just like thin women… yet
refusing to back this up when it’s time to shop”. Her vision for the future of this segment
of the fashion industry isn’t just about the range of clothes available — it’ll
take a much more inclusive, less judgmental outlook on the plus-size
community for things to truly be more equal for that don’t wear
straight-sizes. 
Conclusion
If
supermarkets can provide women’s clothing up to a size 24 why can’t luxury
fashion brands do the same? The supermarkets charge the same price for a
garment in a size 10 as they do in a size 24. I assume this is due to the fact
that they can stand the losses they may incur for any extra cost of production
as they are a supermarket and they can reap the benefits of attracting more
shoppers who will most likely spend money in other parts of the store. The same
cannot be said for high street fashion retail outlets or indeed the luxury end
of the fashion market. It seems they can produce a ‘petite range’ but not a
‘plus size range’. If they did produce ‘plus size’ clothing this would incur
extra costs for, at the moment, unknown rewards in sales/profit. Unlike Forever
21 they do not seem to want to take the chance of trying this. Is the reason
for this the cost of producing the clothes and advertising and marketing them
or is it because they feel that in some way this may deter their current
customers from shopping in their stores.
This could
be why some high street fashion stores only sell larger sizes via their on line
websites. This is not helpful to the plus sizes who would like the same service
that is provided for women shopping in store, by seeing, touching and trying on
clothes. As for the luxury end of the market, they do not even provide this
service, it’s a case of ‘what you see is what you get’ they rarely offer any
larger sizes online and if they do they are not offered across all lines and
are usually a very limited range of items. Using the excuse of costing and it
not being economical to produce larger sizes would not seem to wash as shops
such as Evans, Simply Be and Yours manage to do this. As for the luxury end of
fashion, I simply cannot envisage them changing in the near future. Despite all
the comments and quotes above it appears they are still unwilling to even try
to expand their range to cater for anyone generally over a size 12.  In many other industries this would be
considered to be discrimination.
It would
only take one famous designer to have the foresight and confidence to produce a
range of clothing specifically in larger sizes to break this ‘lockdown’ that
exists in the designer world. This clothing range does not have to be the same
as that made for smaller sizes but could actually be exclusively for plus sizes
as it is not always the case that items produced in small sizes would suit plus
sizes by just being upscaled. I feel that they could produce a range of
clothing and initially use ‘plus size’ celebrities to advertise the clothes to
provide maximum publicity, which in turn could lead to plus size models being
more accepted in the luxury end of the industry. As for the initial question
“would women be willing to pay more for designer clothing” I think they would,
if marketed correctly, and if they had a choice previously not provided for
them. This would be a step in the right direction in providing freedom of
choice for all women.
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