1. First, I tried to locate an issue that has intersections with the topic accessibility. I accessed google scholar and only took “accessibility issue” into consideration in an attempt to find broader results, with keywords “accessibility issues in Canada”. And it appears that words like aboriginal or indigenous are results that appeared with high frequency. Hence, I chose “Administering elections in a digital age: Online voting in Ontario municipalities”. In this paper, studies of online voting have concentrated on effects on voting security and political behaviour. Analyses of effects on electoral governance and administrators remain internationally sparse and are degraded to overviews of technical reports within Canada. Drawing on local administrators’ original survey in Ontario after municipal elections in 2014, this paper describes how election administration is impacted by online voting. Strong satisfaction is suggested by findings through online voting, rationales which are citizen centered for adoption and main differences of challenges and municipal size based cost. This paper shows the accessibility issues of online voting faced in Ontario. All the challenges faced during online voting such as convenience, shortage of reliable internet and accessibility in Ontario in 2018 are described in details. This paper concludes with suggestions for election’s local governance as greater role is played by technology in processes of voting.
2. “Administering elections in a digital age: Online voting in Ontario municipalities” is a scholarly source of information. This article is selected from google scholar using keywords “accessibility issues in Canada”. Few characteristics could help people differentiate scholarly sources from papers which are not. Criteria of each category should be carefully looked up while making determination, instead of basing decision on one information piece. People should look for names of authors, credentials of authors, publishers of the paper, if the publisher a scholarly, professional or academic organization. People should also look if the sources are cited properly or not. All these characteristics determine if a paper is scholarly source of information or not.
Experts of particular field writes scholarly sources and serve in keeping interest of others in that particular field till up-to date from recent news, research and findings. Most significant information would be provided by these resources for the papers and research. When source is peer-reviewed, the source has undergone scrutiny and review of colleagues’ review board in the field of author. This source is evaluated by them as part of body of the research for particular discipline and making recommendations with respect to publication in journal, correction prior of publication and in few cases, rejecting the publication. Scholarly sources of information are “peer reviewed” usually meaning other experts of same subject have written most likely their own respective analysis on source.
This paper which is selected is a scholarly source of information as the paper is sited properly. The names of author and their credentials are also provided for this paper. The paper selected is peer reviewed which concludes that this paper is a scholarly source of information.
3. Articles in scholarly, academic, referred journals and peer-reviewed are more credible compared to articles of trade or popular journals as they have been through most rigid review process. These articles also have most citations and references. Credible source should contain references or bibliography lists and citation of sources. Credible source is written for academic audience and contains lengthy articles. The paper selected by me is also credible. This paper has most citations and references and have gone through most rigid review process. This paper also have reference list and citation of source data. The selected paper is for academic audience. These points conclude that the selected paper is a credible source.
First, I tried to locate an issue that has intersections with the topic accessibility. I accessed google scholar and only took “accessibility issue” into consideration in an attempt to find broader results, with keywords “accessibility issues in Canada”. And it appears that words like aboriginal or indigenous are results that appeared with high frequency. I checked many articles which have many citations and I chose “Administering elections in a digital age: Online voting in Ontario municipalities”.
4. Literature review refers to scholarly writings’ collection on a particular topic. This involves peer-reviewed articles, dissertations, conference papers and books. While reviewing literature, make sure in including primary works along with studies which respond to primary works. Focus needs to be about primary sources, however secondary sources are valuable also.
Primary sources are used for writing secondary sources. Research summaries which are reported in newspapers, magazines and textbooks are considered as secondary sources. Secondary sources provide result’s global description along with some details on methodology. Alternative examples for secondary sources are critical studies and biographies of work of an author.
This article could be considered as secondary source in a literature review of an academic report. As this paper is already published, using information from this paper for literature review of an academic report could be considered as secondary source of data. The information collected from this paper is from google scholar where this paper is published. Hence, collecting data from this paper would be considered as secondary data.
5. I accessed MacOdrum Library’s ODESI database online. Then I searched for survey or polling data that may be relevant to the 2018 Ontario municipal election and accessibility issues. I used “Ontario municipal election” as keyword for find data option and the date was set between 2018 and present day. Keywords which are relevant to this particular search are opinion poll, politics, social sciences, federal, municipal and provincial.
AND and OR operators were used as Boolean operators for conducting the search on this particular topic. All of <odesi> was used to search all data relevant to the 2018 Ontario municipal election and accessibility issues. Additional collections such as Statistics Canada, CORA and ICPSR were used as filters to search the papers on the particular topic.
6.
Several survey data were found on previous Canadian elections and voting. These survey data had many survey questions in it which are related to Canadian elections and voting. These survey questions could be used as research questions as primary research on this topic for other academic papers. “Forum Research Political Poll – Municipal Issues January 2014” is one such survey from which survey questions could be used as research questions as primary research on this topic for other academic papers. Questions such as “City council has decided to pursue a bid for the 2025 World Expo. Do you approve or disapprove of this decision?”, “City council has made a number of changes to parking regulations in Toronto. Please tell me if you approve or disapprove of each of the following: Fines for parking in bike lanes or rush hour lanes increase from $60 to $150”, “City council has decided that Toronto’s next taxi fleet will all be wheelchair accessible. Do you approve or disapprove of this decision?”, “Which mayoral candidate would be able to get councilors to work together as one?”, “Would you approve or disapprove of mandatory voting in municipal elections, with a fine for those who did not vote?”, “Do you agree or disagree Toronto should reinstate the plastic shopping bag ban?” could be used by other author for their papers as primary source. Studies of online voting have concentrated on effects on voting security and political behaviour. Impact of online voting on election administration is shown in these surveys. Strong satisfaction is suggested by findings through online voting, rationales which are citizen centered for adoption and main differences of challenges and municipal size based cost. These surveys show the accessibility issues of online voting faced in Ontario. All the challenges faced during online voting such as convenience, shortage of reliable internet and accessibility in Ontario are considered.
References
Arbuckle, D. W. (2018). Held to Account? An Analysis of Political Accountability in Ontario’s Municipal Sector.
Caruana, N. J., McGregor, R. M., Moore, A. A., & Stephenson, L. B. (2018). Voting “Ford” or Against: Understanding Strategic Voting in the 2014 Toronto Municipal Election. Social Science Quarterly, 99(1), 231-245.
Goodman, N., & Spicer, Z. (2019). Administering elections in a digital age: Online voting in Ontario municipalities. Canadian Public Administration, 62(3), 369-392.
Goodman, N., & Stokes, L. C. (2018). Reducing the cost of voting: an evaluation of internet voting’s effect on turnout. British Journal of Political Science, 1-13.
Goodman, N., Gabel, C., & Budd, B. (2018, October). Online Voting in Indigenous Communities: Lessons from Canada. In International Joint Conference on Electronic Voting (pp. 67-83). Springer, Cham.
Goodman, N., McGregor, M., Couture, J., & Breux, S. (2018). Another Digital Divide? Evidence That Elimination of Paper Voting Could Lead to Digital Disenfranchisement. Policy & Internet, 10(2), 164-184.
Gordon, D., Moos, M., Amborski, D., & Taylor, Z. (2018). The Future of the Suburbs: Policy Challenges and Opportunities in Canada. SPP Briefing Paper, 11.
Levac, L., & Worts, S. (2018). Invisible young women and public policy in Ontario. Canadian Public Policy, 44(1), 41-53.
Little, J. I. (2018). Courting the First Nations Vote: Ontario’s Grand River Reserve and the Electoral Franchise Act of 1885. Journal of Canadian Studies, 52(2), 538-569.
Moreno, L., Martínez, P., Muguerza, J., & Abascal, J. (2018). Support resource based on standards for accessible e-Government transactional services. Computer Standards & Interfaces, 58, 146-157.
Shields, J. (2018). Government of Ontario’s Role in Immigration and Settlement.
Wilton, P. (2018). Ontario Municipal Voters’ List Reform Project.
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