Aggression Differences In Bouncers And Gangsters: A Study In Malaysia

Background Information

This chapter contains the background information on the major factors predisposing aggression in Malaysia, statement of the problem, research objectives, research questions, study justification and scope of the study

Aggression can be defined as a feeling of anger which leads to violent or hostile behavior or readiness to attack or confront with the aim of hurting or inflicting damage or causing unpleasantness in another living being. However, behavior by an individual while defending themselves cannot be classified as aggression. There are various forms of aggression namely; verbal communication, non-verbal communication and finally aggression that is physically expressed. (Gottschalk, 2014).

Human aggression can be divided into two main categories, that is; goal oriented aggression and undesirable or uncontrolled aggression. Goal oriented aggression is where one harms another deliberately or maliciously for example a gangster intentionally shooting or stabbing their victim. On the other hand, uncontrolled aggression is whereby an individual did not have any intent to harm the other. A good example of uncontrolled aggression is in contact sports for instance football a situation where a football player who accidentally trips or runs over their opponent causing harm or when a police officer shoots down an armed criminal who has refused to surrender their weapon. (Dzigunov, 2017)

 However, the definition given on uncontrolled aggression rules out some situations like where a doctor intentionally injects a patient which is a painful ordeal but it is for the purpose of curing them or when a midwife slaps a new born infant during birth to enable them breath on their own. (Angland, Dowling, & Casey, 2014).

In psychology, violence is a term which is used to mean an act whose intentions are causing of psychical harm or injury as a result of aggression. (Pagani, 2015). This implies that violence is a subset of aggressiveness since without aggression there can be no violence. There can also be aggression without violence and a good example is the cold war of the 1980’s where no blood was shed. (Cockroft, 2013).

However, not all acts of violence are aggression as explained earlier, for example in the case of slapping a new born baby to enable it breath in its own. It can also be noted that aggression and violence are diseases of human mind and thought it may appear difficult, they are not impossible to cure.

There are two levels of intent in aggression, that is; emotional aggression and instrumental aggression. For emotional aggression, it simply means that at the time of aggression the aggressor’s immediate emotions overran them thus causing the aggression act. On the contrary, instrumental aggression can be described as a situation where the aggressor has earlier planned to commit or execute the act of aggression. (Berdoulat, Vavassori, & Sastre, 2013).

Problem Statement

 As noted earlier, aggression can be also be verbal or non-verbal communication and is thus not limited to acts of physical violence. Verbal communication involves abusing someone, yelling, screaming or saying insults to someone. Non-verbal communication involves using gestures which include facial expressions or even giving someone the silent treatment. (Aly & Tapus, 2013).

Aggression is a major problem world over and is rapidly on the rise with Malaysia not being an exemption. The setting of the study will be based in Malaysia. Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy and is located in Southeast Asia and has an estimated population of over 30 million people (Swee-Hock, 2015). In Malaysia there is a lot of organized crime and it tends to concentrate on drug trade and smuggling of immigrants. In a report published by World of Buzz in 2017, Malaysia is ranked number one in Southeast Asia for highest crime rates and 15^th in the world. (Rodgers, & Hazen, 2016).   

Due to its rich heritage, Malaysia has a very high number of tourists. (Huang, Tsaur, & Yang, 2012). The large number of tourists who visit Malaysia are a major catalyst to the increasing number of night clubs and also drug use. This has an effect on more employment opportunities for bouncers in the night clubs and an opportunity for gangsters to exploit on drug trade. Given the job environment the bouncers and gangsters work in, there is a high likely hood of aggression leading to violence which also explains the rising cases of violent crime in Malaysia. (Murthy, Mariadas & Perumal 2016).

Both the gangsters and the bouncers have varying levels of aggression. In this study, I will concentrate on the situational aggression differences in bouncers and gangsters and what may be the cause of this difference. Gangsters can be described as members of a group of violent criminals. (Anderson,  2013). On the other hand, bouncers are people who are hired by night clubs or individuals to quell troublemakers and general security purposes. Due to the rising drug trade thanks to the high influx of tourists, various gangs have cropped up in Malaysia such as the Gang 08, Gang 04, Double7, Tiga Line among others. This has led to clash among the different gangs in a bid to control territory and given the thriving illegal arms trade, their clash often turn chaotic and violent.(Muhammad Amin, Mohammad Rahim & Geshina Ayu, 2014). For the above reason, the U.S. department of state has categorized Kuala Lumpar as average risk Violence. (Hill & Lian, 2013).

Research Objectives: Broad Objectives

I will carry out the study via survey research using a detailed questionnaire. I will use qualitative analysis as the tool to measure the intensity of aggression and the differences in aggression among the subjects of the case studies. That is, aggression levels will be measured by critically analyzing the answers provided by the respondents.

To find out major factors concerned with situational differences between bouncers and gangsters in Malaysian settings.

Both the bouncers and gangsters have different ways in which they behave when angry or under pressure thus have different levels of aggression. The objective of the research will be as follows:

1. Establishing the levels of aggression between bouncers and gangsters in Malaysia with the aim of learning how each react when provoked or when angry.
2. After collecting and analyzing data from various sources, I will come up with recommendations.
3. To come up with ways of implementing the recommendations.

The research questions will be used to formulate and generate questions for the questionnaire. The research will seek to answer the following questions:

• How many times the respondents participated in a survey?
• Has the respondents ever experienced violence in Malaysia?
• Are the respondents educated?
• Can the respondent differentiate between a bouncer and a gangster in Malaysian setting?
• Are bouncers and gangsters aggressive on the same level?

Following the increased cases of violence in Malaysia which can be attributed to aggression, we shall take a look at the two main groups likely responsible, that is; gangsters and bouncers who are the most prone to aggression and leading to acts of violence.  (Arshad, Omar & Shahdan, 2015).

This research will give information on the major factors on the levels of aggression with regards to situational differences in bouncers and gangsters. The findings of this research will be of benefit to the parties involved and the government in terms of security.

1. Psychological Schools of Thought– this are sets of ideas or thoughts or intellectual way of thinking by a group or individual with regards to a certain idea and in this case the idea is in psychology.
2. Neural science– this is a branch of psychology that deals with the physiology, biochemistry, anatomy or molecular biology.
3. Hormone– these are chemical messengers fond in the body secreted by the endocrine gland that are responsible for physiological activity regulation and maintenance of homeostasis.
4. Testosterone– make sex hormone.
5. Estrogen– female sex hormone.
6. Questionnaire– document used for research consisting of a series of questions arranged in a systematic manner.
7. Violent behavior– this whereby an individual acts intentionally in a manner that hurts another person physically.
8. Randomized sampling– this is a technique of selecting a sample from a population whereby all members of the population have an equal chance of being elected.
9. Demographics– this is statistical data relating to the population with regards to a particular group that is within it.
10. Bouncers – this is a security whose services are mostly hired by night clubs, concerts, casinos etc.
11. Gangster– this is a member of and organized criminal group.
12. Independent variable– this is a phenomenon or factor that influences another and itself does not depend on any outcome.
13. Dependent variable– this is a phenomenon or factor whose outcome depends on the independent variable.
14. Mania – this is an abnormality in human beings where by the mood is elevated and is characterized by episodes of irritability accompanied by violent behavior, grandiose notions and severe insomnia.
15. Stimuli – changes in the external or internal environment that can be detected by an individual and their ability to respond to them.
16. Undesirable event – this is an unexpected situation which has a negative outcome.
17. Numerical data –  this is data that is countable and that has a finite ending.
18. Biological factors – this is anything that has effect on the functioning and behavior of a living thing.
19. Psychological factors – this is anything that drives an individual to behave in certain way.
20. Steroids –this are drugs used by body builder to make more masculine.
21. Hard drugs– this are illegal drugs which have adverse health effects on the users. In this case the drugs are hallucinogens which include cocaine and heroin.

This chapter seeks to establish what previous studies have stated on aggression and what I seek to do.

There are several perspectives that have been used to explain aggression namely:

This perspective is related to the Cognitive School of Thought which studies mental processes and neural science. (Bandura, A. (1978). The biological factors influencing aggression are as list below as follows:

This was done on twins to establish whether their levels of aggression are similar. It was found out that if one twin was aggressive, then the other was also aggressive, that is they were seeking to find the “aggressive gene”. (Pavlov, Chistiakov, & Chekhonin, 2012).

The brain can inhibit aggression via the frontal lobe. It has been established that people who have a frontal lobe that is damaged tend to have issues of controlling their aggression. (Pagani. Et al 2015).

These are foreign chemicals such as drugs, hormones and alcohol which are introduced to the human neural system and they tend to affect its ability to control aggression. For example in this case scenario, it was found that there was a high level of testosterone in prisoners who have committed violent crimes than other who have committed lesser crimes. (Stoney, 2013).

Specific Objectives

This perspective tends to incorporate the Behaviorist School of Thought which suggests that aggressive behavior is caused by environmental factors rather in internal forces (Bloom, & Bloom, 2014). It is based upon the work of John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov and B. F. Skinner. The following are the main psychological factors influencing aggression:

It was recorded that failure to reach one’s own goals or physical and emotional suffering increases our aggressiveness. Also, studies show that undesirable stimuli such as hot temperatures and long queues or even physical pain bring about aggression. (Chester, et al 2013)

Research has shown that we likely to get what we desire if we act aggressively. For example, children will tend to cry to get something they want or bullies tend to harass or even fight other individuals in order to get what they want from them forcefully. (Yeager & Dweck, 2012).

What researchers have not done before and I will do is to look at aggression levels in gangsters and bouncers. As I will seek to elaborate the aggression differences in bouncers and gangsters, I will first discuss researchers have previously tried to explain the five levels of passive aggression and they are as follows:

1. Level one: temporary compliance– this is where a person verbally agrees to a request but delays in acting on the same.
2. Level two: intentional inefficiency – this is where an individual accepts a request but implements it in a manner that is not acceptable. (Hopwood & Wright, 2012).
3. Level three: letting the problem escalate– this is where an individual fails to act so as to derive pleasure in the resulting outcome due to the inaction. For example failing to turn off the water so that the water bill is high thus hurting the person responsible for paying it.
4. Level four: hidden but conscious revenge– this is where an individual deliberates acts in a not so direct manner to hurt another. For example, a child sabotaging the tires of their parent’s car because they feel they have been wronged by them thus making them late for work.
5. Level five: self-depreciation– this is self-sabotage in a bid to seek revenge. For example a teenager going to a school interview casually dressed. Chen, et al (2012).

As the above perspectives suggest, none of the information was collected from third parties as they seemed to investigate and collect data from the aggressive individuals first hand. I will seek to collect data from third parties or people who are in contact with the bouncers or the gangster and also other members of the public who have had an encounter with the their aggression. Also, they did not seek to establish various levels of aggression between different people and what may be the cause of the variations in the aggression levels. (Berkowitz & Turner, 2017).

This is how ideas are organized to make then easy to understand, apply and remember. There are various forms to this and they include; working hypothesis, pillar or explanatory questions, descriptive categories, gauging, and formal hypothesis. My conceptual framework unlike previous work will be centered on the factors (independents variables) causing aggression (dependent variable) in a manner which is simplistic way which will be easy to understand in form of a diagram (Petter, DeLone & McLean, 2013). The diagram below shows the conceptual framework summary. (Shields & Rangarajan 2013).

Independent variables                                                            dependent variables

Research methodology refers to the scientific and systematic procedures of collecting data, analyzing it and then interpreting in a simplistic manner that is easy to comprehend and also coming up with an appropriate solution to the stated problem. (Flick, 2015). The research in this case study will use qualitative method of communication research to investigate the situational differences in levels of aggression among bouncers and gangsters. The research methodology will elaborate how sampling will be done, the instrumentation to be used in data collection, research design, information on the target population, validity of the instruments used in data collection and how the research will be administered.

Research Questions

For collection of raw data, surveys will be used and will incorporate qualitative analysis. A survey is a form of data collection tool whereby a small part of the population is examined to represent the whole population normally due to its large number. (Fowler 2013). Research methodology will be quite helpful and informative to all the concerned parties in terms of aiding them to understand the whole process of the research and how the conclusions were drawn. It will also be important to note that the respondents will not be obliged to participate but it will be voluntary. Importantly, qualitative analysis is very effective in across different situation and ideas into people’s experiences and words involving the issue at hand. (Silverman, 2016).

The research methodology overview or procedure is as follows:

The data analysis plan is the procedure road map of how you are going to organize your collected data so as to interpret it and draw meaningful conclusions. The process of the data analysis plan is outlined as follows:

1. Step I: Formulating of the research problem – this involves clearly understanding and clearly stating the problem that triggered the research. The research topic in this case is differences in levels of aggression between bouncers and gangsters. (Malhotra & Malhotra, 2012).
2. Step II: conceptualizing a research design – it is the strategy that involves the organization of the components of the research study in a meaningful and coherent manner in order to address research problem appropriately and make it easy to understand. (Creswell, & Creswell, 2017).
3. Step III: Constructing an instrument for data collection – this involves determining the most appropriate tool to be used for data collection. There are various tools which include use of questionnaires, survey, interviews among others. Data may be collected from primary or secondary sources. One then decides on what questions to include in the instrument to be used in data collection so as to come up with the most appropriate and comprehensive means to collect the required information. (Anyan, 2013).
4. Step IV: Selecting a sample – this involves the process of selecting a sample population that will represent the whole population especially in large population where it is not possible to collect data from everyone. Guo, et al. (2013).
5. Step V: Writing a research proposal – this involves drafting the aims and objectives of the research. (Juni, 2014).
6. Step VI: Collection of data – after establishing a suitable tool for collecting data and outlining the proposed aims and objectives, it is then used for collection of raw data in a way that is not biased. (Englander, 2012):
7. Step VII: Writing a research report – this is the final part where the researcher will give a conclusive report of his findings and recommendations. (Lester & Lester, 2012).

As the researcher, I will employ qualitative cross sectional study. This will generate the various answers that this research sought. The research will employ this study design because it involves face to face interviews, questioning the respondents, and also portrays accurate profile of the targeted people and allows the collection and analysis of data within a short period of time. (Vaismoradi, Turunen & Bondas, 2013).

For this particular case study, I will use surveys which will include questionnaires and interviews. Surveys can be defined as tools whereby a researcher administers a particular set of questions to a selected and randomized sample of a small population which will a representative of the whole population. Surveys will be time saving and cost efficient. (Doyle, 2014). Face?to?face surveys. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online.. For this case scenario, sampling to select the participants will be done by random stratification and thereby ensuring that there is an equal and fair representation of all variables in the study. (Acharya, et al, 2013).

Most of the questionnaires will be administered on a face to face interview. However, some of the interviews will be administered online via platform such as Skype and telephone conversations. (Deakin, & Wakefield, 2014). Interviews will be conducted within a period of two months and the respondents will be interviewed within their chosen settings so as to make them feel more comfortable. Also, since the questionnaire will be based on qualitative analysis, the nature of the questions will be open-ended and this will enable the respondents to emphasize or add anything that they feel was left from the topic or was not clear. (Krosnick, 2018). The respondents were informed that they are not obliged to answers the questions and they were also assured that the information collected from questionnaires will be private and confidential.

Significance of the Study

A sample size is the basically the number of respondents selected to participate in the survey and from whom the data will be collected from. (Charanm & Biswas, 2013). The sample will be selected from major towns and rural areas of Malaysia with most participants selected from Kuala Lumpur and other urban towns as it is where most gangsters and bouncers are concentrated. Another reason the sample size will be selected from major is that most night clubs are located here. (NOOR  & MANSOR 2017). For the above reasons it is conclusive to say that the sample size is representative of the whole population. Selection of the sample will random so as to avoid biasness. Also, the participants’ identity will be anonymous for security purposes and also to encourage transparency on their part.

The primary target population will be 3,000 respondents mainly targeting night club revelers, the police, psychiatrist, gang members and bouncers. I will use this target population to determine the major factors to establish the aggression differences in bouncers and gangsters.

For this case scenario, as discussed earlier I will use survey and the tool to be used will be questionnaires. A questionnaire is an instrument used in research which consists of a series of questions which are aimed at collecting information from the chosen respondents. (Mohamad, et al 2015). The questions in the questionnaire will be set from a Malaysian point of view since the research is based in Malaysia. Also, since the identity and details of the respondents will be kept anonymous, it will ensure that they have nothing to fear thus making the information reliable especially for those in direct contact with the bouncers and gangsters and fear victimization. Also, the fact that I will use online surveys will make the participants more comfortable in answering the questions as they are not facing the interviewer. (Goldfarb & Tucker, 2012)..

As for validity, the interviews were digitally recorded and later processed in word documents so as to ensure that easy retrieval for referral and also for analysis. (Al-Yateem, 2012). The responses will be scrutinized to establish any if there are any patterns or themes. In case of unclear areas or arising disputes encountered when the questionnaires are being analyzed, the respondents will be contacted again for further clarification. Also, since the variables in qualitative research are different than those of quantitative research, the collection of data and organization of ideas will be used to strengthen the validity of the findings.

Operational Definition of Key Terms

 Also, demographics of the participants will help in identifying the most reliable respondents and the ones which need more scrutiny before considering their answers as part of the survey. Evidence will also be tables when questioning police and hospital on cases involving violence from bouncers and gangsters. (Huff & Tingley, 2015).

This is the process of inspecting; cleansing, transforming and modeling data with the aim of coming up with information that can be useful which will then be used to come up with informed conclusions thereby backing up decision making. (Sgier, 2012).

In this study, the data analysis technique used combined both analytical and qualitative analysis. Qualitative analysis a subjective tool that seeks to establish a conclusion or judgment made from non-quantifiable information by looking at pattern similarities and seek to explain the “why” and the “how” a particular phenomenon occurs. (Ezzy, 2013).

 On the other hand, quantitative analysis is the tools used to understand behavior using statistical and mathematical representation such as graphs and pie charts. (Clemence, Doise & Lorenzi-Cioldi, 2014).

There are two approaches that are used in examining data in qualitative analysis. In this case scenario I will use the approach and what is referred to as the ‘framework analysis’ and it is whereby you scrutinize the results with a framework that is pre-determined thus reflecting the aim, interests and objectives of the study. The approach allows you some specific answers while ignoring the others. (Gale, et al 2013).

1. What is aggression?

This is what the research topic entails. The objective of this question is to establish if the respondents are well conversant with the topic of the research and thus I will be able to know which questionnaires to discard and the ones to approve. If the respondent is not conversant with this, then their questionnaires will have to be declared null and void since they will not give the information required.

1. How is aggression and violence related?

As stated earlier in the research, aggression and violence are intertwined. Thus, the question seeks to establish if the respondents are aware of this fact. This will ensure that they will be able to relate cases of violence to aggression. (Rosell & Siever, 2015).

1. What are the different types of aggression are you aware of?

Aggression can be broken down into various categories as stated earlier in the research. The objective of this question is to establish whether the respondents are aware that aggression does not only encompass violence as most people perceive it since it’s the most common form but that they are also aware that aggression can also take the form of verbal and non-verbal communication. (Mehrabian, 2017).

1. What is the difference between a bouncer and a gangster?

Review of the Literature

This question will seek to establish whether the respondents can tell or define a bouncer and a gangster and their difference. Respondents who are unable to define them will have their questionnaires disqualified.

1. What do you understand by different aggression levels among individual?

The study is based on the different aggression level among bouncers and gangsters. For this reason, we will be able to establish if the respondents can tell how bouncers and gangsters react in terms of aggression when faced with similar situations. Respondents must be able to evaluate the action taken by both parties when faced by similar situations thus establishing their levels of aggression.  (Biederman, et al 2012).

1. What is likely to cause aggression in bouncers and gangsters?

For this question, the objective is to establish that given various situations, how the subjects of the study will likely react and the intensity of their reaction. Hence, from this we will be able to establish the level of aggression of the bouncers and gangsters. Different situations trigger different reactions among the two set of individuals in discussion.  

1. How old are you?

This question seeks to establish the age of the respondents. Due to the sensitivity involved and confidentiality, the question seeks to single out minors so as have permission from parents and guardians.

1. What region do you reside in Malaysia?

The question seeks to establish if location plays a role in the levels of aggression among bouncers and gangsters’ aggression. The information obtained from this question will be assessed to establish if the subjects of study have the different levels of aggression based on region.

1. How does the law inhibit aggression or violence?

This will be based on the Malaysian Act 521. Domestic Violence Act 1994 Given that bouncers act within the confines of law while gangsters disregard the law, the question will seek to establish if this is causes a difference in their levels of aggression. (Bidin & Yusoff, 2015).

1. How many times have you participated in a research study before this one as a respondent?

The above question seeks to establish if the respondents have prior experience or exposure to as a respondent. The more experienced a respondent is, the more reliable their answers will be as they understand what is expected from them.

1. How long have you been a resident of Malaysia?

Since the research is based on a Malaysian setting, it will be crucial to establish the duration of stay the respondents have been in Malaysia. Since this is a long term problem in Malaysia, then residents who have a longer duration of stay are best suited for the questionnaire as they have a better perspective to the problem.

1. How often do you visit clubs?

This question is aimed at club revelers. Since bouncers are mostly found in night clubs, the objective of the question is to establish respondents who have ever encountered bouncers or regularly encounter them and are thus in a good position to tell about their aggression.  

1. How many cases of violence by bouncers and gangsters have been reported in your station? (For police officers only)

The research will encompass respondents from different careers so as to incorporate information from many perspectives. In this case, this question will be directed towards police officers and from the information they give with regards to the number and nature of cases reported, I will be able to establish who among bouncers and gangsters are more aggressive.

1. Given a choice, whom would you rather encounter between a gangster and a bouncer?

This question will seek to establish from the respondents that if given a choice between the two, whom would they prefer. This will tell me level of aggression between the two in that, the subject whose chosen the most will mean they will have a low level of aggression and the vice versa will also be true.

1. What is gender of most bouncers and gangsters?

Since gender is a key determinant of the level of attitude, this question will seek to establish the gender of most bouncers and gangsters in Malaysia. Males tend to be more violently aggressive while females tend to be more aggressive using verbal and non-verbal communication. By establishing the genders of the bouncers and gangsters in Malaysia, then I will be able to tell their levels of aggression. Also, women tend to be more aggressive when in their menstrual period as they are easily irritable. (Meleine & Matricon, 2014)

1. How are drugs and aggression related?

Given in Malaysia that gangsters are responsible for drug tracking, they are also accused to be users of the same drugs with hard drugs having an effects of, extreme mood swings and mania leading to violence from the abuser. Also, bouncers use steroids which have a side effect of mild mania leading to violence. This question will help me establish the level of aggression from both bouncers and gangsters with regards to the drugs they are likely to be abusing. (Adler, eta al 2015)

1. How many cases of aggression have you treated among bouncers and gangsters? (this is for psychologists only)

Though personal details will not be revealed, psychiatrists will provide answers as to the statistics based on the cases they have with regards to aggression. Depending the on the number of cases and also pasts case studies, the psychiatrists will verify the level of aggression among bouncers and gangsters.

1. What is your level of education?

This question will seek to establish if the respondents understand the technical language used in a bid to establish if they grasp the context of the interview.

1. What is the level of education among bouncers and gangsters?

The education determines the level of aggression and reaction an individual will have. People who have a low level of education will tend to be more aggressed and also prone to acts of violence since their thinking capacity is low and tend to act  based on emotions rather than reasoning. This question will seek to establish the level of education among bouncers and gangsters and I be able to establish their levels of aggression based on it. (Jones, Greenberg & Crowley,2015).

1. What is the average age among bouncers and gangsters?

Age is a major influence when it comes to aggression. For one to enter a night club in Malaysia, they must be over 21 years which means that bouncers are over 21 years. (Arshad, Omar & Shahdan, 2015). On the other hand, there has been a rising number of teenage gangsters in Malaysia. The age of both bouncers and gangsters will definitely influence the level of aggression as younger people have high levels of aggression especially among teenagers due to high hormonal levels. (Connor,  2012).

Objective	Question	Hypothesis (if any)	Source of data	Types of data	Technique of data analysis
To verify if the respondents are aware of the key word of the research.	What is aggression?	Respondents should have knowledge of aggression to participate in the research.	-general public -police -psychiatrist -gang members -bouncers	Qualitative data	Qualitative analysis
Establish if the respondent has knowledge of the intertwined relationship between violence and aggression.	How is aggression and violence related?	Violence can be used to classify the level of aggression.	–General public -Police -Psychiatrists -gang members -bouncers	Qualitative data	Qualitative analysis
Establish if client is able to tell the different types of aggression	What are the different types of aggression are you aware of?	Different types of aggressions have different motives and which determines their trigger levels.	-police -general public -psychiatrists  -gang members -bouncers	Quantitative data	Qualitative analysis
To tell of respondent can tell the different levels of aggression among individuals.	What do you understand by different aggression levels among individual?	Different individuals have different levels of aggression.	– police -general public -psychiatrists -gang members -bouncers	Qualitative data	Qualitative analysis
If the respondents are able to tell what actions triggers aggression in the subjects of study.	What is likely to cause aggression in bouncers and gangsters?	Different actions trigger different levels of aggression.	– police -general public -psychiatrists -gang members -bouncers	Qualitative data	Qualitative analysis
Establish age of respondents.	How old are you?	To interview minors, I will require permission from guardian or parents.	-General public	Quantitative data (numerical)	Qualitative analysis
To verify if the respondents are tourists, immigrants or indigenous residents.	What region do you reside in Malaysia?	Tourists and immigrants may have a different perspective as they may base it from their motherland perspective.	-general public -psychiatrists  -gang members -bouncers	Qualitative data	Qualitative analysis
If respondents can tell between the relationship between the law and aggression.	How does the law inhibit aggression or violence?	The law tends to curtail aggression and thereby affects the levels of aggression due to repercussions involved.	-police -general public -psychiatrists -gang members -bouncers	Qualitative data	Qualitative analysis.
How the Malaysia law relates or influences the to levels of aggression	How does the law inhibit aggression or violence?	Due to repercussion stipulated by the Malaysian law, levels of aggression will differ among law abiding citizens.	police -general public -psychiatrists Malaysian law -gang members -bouncers	Qualitative data	Qualitative analysis.
Establish the regularity with which respondents visit clubs.	How often do you visit clubs?	The most likely avenue to encounter a bouncer is in night clubs.	-general public.	Quantitative data	Qualitative analysis.
Relate the cases of violence from the subjects of study to their levels of aggression.	How many cases of violence by bouncers and gangsters have been reported in your station	Violence is intertwined to aggression thus the group (bouncers or gangsters) with most cases will have a higher level of aggression.	-police	Quantitative data	Qualitative analysis
Establish who the respondents think has a higher or lower level of aggression.	Given a choice, whom would you rather encounter between a gangster and a bouncer?	No one would like to encounter a person with a high level of aggression.	General public.	Quantitative data	Quantitative analysis
To evaluate the ratio of gender among bouncer and gangsters.	What is gender of most bouncers and gangsters?	Males and females have different levels of aggressions.	-gang members -bouncers	Quantitative data	Quantitative analysis
Establish the relationship between drugs and levels of aggression and what drugs the subjects of the study abuse.	How are drugs and aggression related?	Various drugs cause irritability and mania which influences the level of aggression.	-Police -General -public -Psychiatrists -gang members -bouncers	Qualitative data	Qualitative analysis
Establish who among the bouncers and gangsters have received help due to high aggression levels that requires help or are referred to psychiatrists for the same.	How many cases of aggression have you treated among bouncers and gangsters?	Only people with high levels of aggression seek treatment.	-Psychiatrists	Quantitative data	Qualitative analysis
Establish the level of education of the respondents.	What is your level of education?	There is a certain level of aggression that is required in order to comprehensively understand and answer a questionnaire.	-general public.	Qualitative data	Qualitative analysis.
Establish the level of education among the subjects of the study.	What is the level of education among bouncers and gangsters?	The level of education of an individual affects their reasoning capacity thus which will in turn influence how their level of aggression or reaction.	-The general public -club owners -gang members -bouncers	Qualitative data	Qualitative analysis
Establish the average age among bouncers and gangsters.	What is the average age among bouncers and gangsters?	Younger people have high levels of aggression especially among teenagers due to high hormonal levels.	-gang members -bouncers	Quantitative data	.qualitative analysis

Conclusion

The conclusion will encompass both the implication and limitations of the research.

Research implications can be defined as suggestion of how the findings may be crucial for policy making and subsequent or future research. Following the increased cases of violent related crime in Malaysia, the security agents can learn from the research of who may be the main culprits. From my own perspective based on the research, gangsters due to their high levels of aggression are mostly responsible for the rising number violent crimes. (Soh, 2012). Also, psychology students or basically any other researcher seeking to do the same research on aggression, they may use this article as a source of their reference. (Mukhopadhyay, & Gupta, 2014).

Also, another implication of note is that drugs are a major influence on aggression eventually leading to violence. Majority of drug users are reported to be violent. Given the rise of illegal drug trade in Malaysia, this can be seen as breakthrough in the fight against violent crime and other cases of aggression. To curb this menace, the research indicates that the government should seek to eradicate the drug trade to deal with the rising number of cases of violent crimes.

Though smooth, the research had its share of draw backs although they did not affect the final outcome of findings of the study. The limitations are listed as follows:

1. Ethical Consideration

To conduct this study, as the researcher I have to first solicit for permission to collect information some of which is confidential from various professionals like the doctors, police officers and hospital administrators from their superiors. However, the draw back was that some of their superiors were not available to meet with me or address my issues via email while others simply did not cooperate thereby losing some of my potential sources. (Gajjar, 2013).

1. Confidentiality

Some of the respondents fear victimization especially from the gangsters who have major influence and a reputation of violence which explains why the sample size was small and 150 respondents did not return their questionnaires and the rest may have been disqualified for the same reason. For the respondents who returned the questionnaires, it took a lot of convincing that their identity and information provided would not be disclosed to anyone.   

1. Authenticity of questionnaires

For the answers provided in the questionnaires, there is no way of verifying that the information provided by the respondents is genuine as they have no proof of such details. I simply have to trust that the information they provide is authentic.

Finally, regardless of the limitations, the hypothesis was on situational differences in aggression for bouncers and gangsters. As my results suggest, the do support my hypothesis. I think the research went smoothly and I had no problems, except for the fact that some of the questionnaires were declared null and void.

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