The case of Kartinyeri v Commonwealth (1998) 195 CLR 337, was regarding an Australian legal and political controversy involving the clash of religious practices and property rights of the Indigenous communities in Australia. From the very beginning, the facts of the case revolved around the construction of a bridge to Hindmarsh Island near the adjoining areas of Hindmarsh Island located near South Australia. The intention was to replace the age-old cable ferry by proposing a marina development. As a result of such proposal, the opposition of the local residents, indigenous leaders and various environmental activists were suddenly attracted. The nature of the case is such that it was associated with controversies of higher level as it involved concerns regarding the upliftment of indigenous rights and interests within the community of Australia. In this case, it was observed that, in the year of 1977, two developers of Adelaide Tom and Wendy have purchased a land measuring 74 acres on Hindmarsh Island in the estuary of river Murray. Thereafter, they received further approval for the construction of a marina, developing car parking and residential projects. After the partial completion of the marina, the developers sought for an approval for the purpose of increasing the size of the project. In such process, they became financially unstable and the project was financed by the government authorities. In this regard, the indigenous inhabitants of the islands rigorously opposed to the funding practices on the part of the government which would largely benefit the developers. In their opinion, with the development of the project, it would create unfavourable impact on the natural environment. In this regard, they applied for an order for opposition to the Federal government concerning their opposition to the development of the project.
In the case of Kartinyeri v Commonwealth (1998) 195 CLR 337, it was decided that legislation involving racial discrimination can be considered to be constitutionally valid. The important subject of legal battle was regarding the newly enumerated “Secret women’s business.” The women belonging to the Indigenous tribal group came forward for the purpose of raising their voice against such claims. In spite of all such attempts to opposition by the native community, the Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act (1997) has been passed by the Howard Government and as a result of it the construction project was carried on an was ultimately completed in the year 2001.
The reasoning on the part of both the majority and minority judges of the High Court of Australia can be stated in regard to the functioning and the requirements of the Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997 (Cth). In this regard, the opinion of the majority of the judges were regarding the fact that, from the very beginning, the provisions of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 (Cth) is not applicable to the construction of the bridge in the Hindmarsh island. In this regard, it is noteworthy to mention here that, the applicants who have previously sought protection for the concerned area under the provisions of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 (Cth) shall be considered to be invalid. In this context, mention has been made regarding the provisions of the Section 51(xxvi) of the Commonwealth Constitution that has entrusted an authority on the part of the Parliament to formulate legal framework for any people or race if it deems necessary. In regard to this, the applicants presented their arguments regarding the fact that, the provisions of Section 51(xxvi) of the Commonwealth Constitution are such that it is confined to the authorization of laws rather than emphasizing upon the benefit of the individual and any particular race. The majority of the judges did not make any decision regarding the limitation scope of the provisions of Section 51(xxvi) of the Commonwealth Constitution. In fact the Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997 (Cth) has been considered as an amendment Act of 1967 in regard to the provisions of Section 51(xxvi) of the Commonwealth Constitution. Therefore, the Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997 (Cth) was held to be valid and constitutional.
The minority of the judges however; did not consider the scope of limitations. In their perspective, there was an intention regarding authorization of laws which is likely to create discrimination against a particular race. In this regard, it is worthwhile to refer here that; the High Court of Australia in order to lay emphasis on this matter relied upon the case of Western Australia v Commonwealth (the Native Title Act Case) [1995] HCA 47; (1995) 183 CLR 373. In this case, it was held that, it is important on the part of the Parliament to determine that whether the question of necessity can be examined in the context of abuse of powers by a discretionary body. The majority of the judges opined that, there shall be no Constitutional requirement in considering the fact that, a Commonwealth law may easily distinguish the necessities and responsibilities on the part of the individuals belonging to different sectors of the society. In this regard, it is worth mentioning that, the provisions of Section 51(xxvi) of the Commonwealth Constitution is such that it did not create any limitations to the application of laws confined to a specific group of people or race. In this context, mention can be made about the views of Justice Kirby who agreed with the decision taken by the majority of the judges and was of the opinion that the provisions of Section 51(xxvi) of the Commonwealth Constitution need not necessarily be directed to all the members of a particular race for the purpose of dealing with the validity of so-called special laws. Therefore, it can be rightly commented that, the decision of the judges can be held to be appropriate due to the reason that, if the Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997 (Cth) is held to be invalid them similarly the same would apply in the case of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 (Cth). It is worthwhile to mention here that, at the end, a majority of five justices agreed to the point that the Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997 (Cth) is an amendment of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 (Cth) in regard to the limitations of the provisions of Section 51(xxvi) of the Commonwealth Constitution.
The case of Kartinyeri v Commonwealth (1998) 195 CLR 337 is such that it has been considered to be of utmost significance to development of constitutional law in Australia. In this case, it can be observed that the Judges while entrusting a power on the Parliament to determine the requirements of the law and its application to a particular race has considered certain material factors. It has been concluded by the judge that, the power on the part of the races must be appropriate in regard to a relevant difference. However, the significance of this particular decision still remains unresolved even today. However, in this case, the discrepancies experienced by the Aboriginal community have been documented in a proper way along with proper acknowledgement. The objective of the Bill is to secure the rights of the Aboriginal communities residing in the adjoining areas of Cape York in which they had ultimate control of their native title.
The validity of the legislation shall widely rely upon the power of the races which is applicable to a particular race and not to the others. The decision of the High Court of Australia regarding the validity of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) under the provisions of Section 51(xxvi) has been questioned. Therefore, the Act could not be held to be a special law for a particular race. This significance was further expanded by the High Court in the case of Commonwealth v Tasmania HCA 21, (1983) 158 CLR 1. In this case, it was held that laws need not to be special however; it must be sufficient for the discrimination of the people in regard to the operation. Similarly in the case of Western Australia v Commonwealth (the Native Title Act Case) [1995] HCA 47; (1995) 183 CLR 373, the decision was made regarding the fact that, the speciality of the law must be such that it is ascertained by the reference to distinction in operation in relation to a particular race. In this regard, it is worth noting that, when a right or benefit is conferred or an obligation is imposed on the individuals belonging to a particular race then, it shall be considered as a special law.
It is evident that, from the very beginning, the provisions of Section 109 of the Constitution, the existing laws of the Commonwealth of Australia has been prevailing over the law of the States for the purpose of avoiding inconsistency to the highest degree possible. In this context, the Wild Rivers Act 2005 (Qld) came into view that has been empowering the appropriate Minister to take relevant steps for the purpose of making a declaration preserving the natural serenity of that particular area. As a result of such declaration, the future constitutional development would emphasize much upon certain conditions before receiving actual authorization. The Bill has provided utmost significance in relation to the provisions of Section 5 by stating that, the areas adjoining a wild river are subjected to certain restrictions attaining a native title of its own which cannot be regulated without prior approval of the traditional Aboriginal communities. Therefore, it is worth mentioning that, if such Bill is enacted then it would comply with the provisions of the Wild Rivers Act 2005 (Qld). In the case of Clyde Engineering Co Ltd v Cowburn (1926) 37 CLR 466, it was held by the High Court of Australia that, the provisions of Section 109 can be applied the law of one state confers a right on something while the other one eradicates or diminishes the same. It is evident that the Wild Rivers Act 2005 (Qld) have diminished the decision making power on the part of the Aboriginal native title holders in regard to the land. However, attempts were made for the enactment of the Wild Rivers (Environmental Management) Bill 2010 [No 2] which would address the inconsistency of the Wild Rivers Act 2005 (Qld). The adjoining areas of the wild rivers cannot be efficiently regulated by the Queensland Government without obtaining prior agreement and approval from the Aboriginal communities living in that particular area. The case has been significant to the development of constitutional law as it paved the way for the development of the rights of the Aboriginal traditional land owners.
In this case, it was decided that a racially discriminating legislation is constitutional. In the context of social significance of the existing relations between the Aboriginals and the non-Aboriginal communities; it clearly marked the importance of the legal expression of racism. This aspect has been beneficial in raising a political significance in regard to a theoretical approach. In the case of Kartinyeri v Commonwealth (1998) 195 CLR 337, the plaintiffs sought for a declaration from the High Court of Australia and the Commonwealth Parliament in relation to the Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997. Such a declaration was considered to be unconstitutional. This can be explained in regard to both social and political significance. This is due to the reason that the act from the time of its enactment has excluded certain places including the Hindmarsh Island and the adjoining bank of the river within the purview of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984. The operational provisions has withdrawn the powers for the purpose of protecting socially and politically significant Aboriginal sites from being destroyed as authorized by the Commonwealth in relation to the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 (Cth). The considerable effects were to withdraw certain community procedural rights from the plaintiffs for the protection of their heritage sites.
References:
Clyde Engineering Co Ltd v Cowburn (1926) 37 CLR 466.
Commonwealth v Tasmania HCA 21, (1983) 158 CLR 1.
Kartinyeri v Commonwealth (1998) 195 CLR 337.
Western Australia v Commonwealth (the Native Title Act Case) [1995] HCA 47; (1995) 183 CLR 373
The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1984 (Cth).
The Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997.
Wild Rivers Act 2005 (Qld)
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