The main aim of this report is the analysis and evaluation of the financial statements of an Australian company with the aim to discover the presence of accounting issues in them. For the purpose of this report, CSR Limited is taken into consideration. CSR Limited is an Australian company having business operations in the building industry of the country (csr.com.au 2018). For the achievement of the main aim of the study, this report analyses different components of the financial statements of the company. In this context, it needs to be mentioned that this particular report provides scope for the application of accounting as well as financial knowledge for the analysis of different parts of the financial statements in the latest annual report. Apart from this, another scope of this report is that it will help in increase the understanding of the accounting issues of the readers.
As per the above discussion, this report aims at the analysis of four accounting issue from the financial statements of the company; and the discussion about these issues can be seen in below:
Provision for the product liability is considered as a significant aspect in the financial reporting of CSR Limited. It is required to mention that CSR Limited makes the provision for product liability for all known asbestos claims along with reasonably predictable future claims; and reports for the same are provide by the independent experts. The management of CSR Limited has to make certain key assumptions for the making of these provision and this process includes uncertainties (Shepherd 2013).
The presence of certain issues can be seen in the financial statements of CSR Limited related to product liability provision. In 31st March 2018, CSR Limited recognize a product liability provision of $289 million; and this provision has been developed in respect to all known and predictable future asbestos claims. The company has determined this amount of provision after taking into consideration the provided advises by the external experts of Australia and United States of America (USA) as these are the countries that are responsible for the development of these liabilities (csr.com.au 2018).
There are certain reasons for considering this provision for liability as an accounting issue in the financial statements of CSR Limited. Significant judgments are needed to make for the determination of this provision due to the presence of expected settlement amount along with the likelihood of the future claims. At the same time, the management of CSR Limited needs to make the assumptions by taking into account the movements of foreign currency exchange rates and discount rates as these aspects have significant impact on the process to estimate the provision. In case of CSR Limited, it can be observed that the management of the firm has used certain big sized and complex assumptions for the determination of provision (Moore and Viscusi 2014).
CSR Limited has used certain discount rates for the determination of provision for liability. As per the anticipation of the directors, the prudential margin will continue to fluctuate within the range of approximately 10 per cent and 30 per cent based on the prevailing circumstances at each of the balance date. For this reason, there can be fault in the assumptions used by the management. These aspects can lead to the issue in the provision for the product liability (Allee, Mayer and Patryk 2018).
In the process of financial reporting of CSR Limited, the valuation of assets is considered as another major aspect as the wrong valuation of assets can lead to the material misstatements in the financial statements of the company. In addition, the recognition of goodwill as well as its impairment is also considered as major aspect in the financial reporting. In CSR Limited, goodwill is considered as the excess of cost of acquisition over the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities. Goodwill is not amortised, but it is subject of impairment whenever there is indicator of impairment (Amiraslani, Iatridis and Pope 2013).
At 31st March 2018, the inclusion of goodwill worth $98.1 million, other intangible assets worth $45.8 million and property, plant and equipment worth $834 million can be seen in the consolidated statements of financial position that comprised of various cash generating units (CGU) (csr.com.au 2018). For the assessment of the impairment of goodwill, other intangible assets and property, plant and equipment, the management of CSR Limited has to use certain accounting judgments related to key assumptions like inflation, growth rate, discount rates, change of forecast in the building cycle and the forecasted cash flows. For this reason, the management of CSR Limited uses an impairment trigger analysis for identifying which CGU need to be considered for further impairment. In this part, the company identified the Viridian CGU as the CGU required impairment due to the low return in employed funds (Rennekamp, Rupar and Seybert 2014).
Thus, it can be seen from the above discussion that the management of CSR Limited has to use different assumptions for the determination of asset impairment. The main reason for the presence of accounting issue in the impairment testing process is the adoption of impairment trigger analysis by the management of CSR Limited. Apart from this, there can be presence of miscalculation by the management of CSR Limited in the aspects like discount rate, terminal growth rate, inflation rate, change in forecast and forecasted cash flow and the reason can be not to consider the required aspects that need to be taken into consideration. Thus, in the presence of all these aspects, it can be considered as an accounting issue (Laskaridou and Vazakidis 2013).
It can be seen from the 2018 Annual Report of CSR Limited that the company is following the standards of AASB 117 for the accounting treatment of their business leases. Under this lease standard, CSR Limited is needed to segregate their whole leases between operating leases and finance leases. As per the 2018 Annual Report of CSR Limited. Operating lease expenses of the company are $70.3 million and $67.3 million in 2018 and 2017 respectively. At the same time, the finance leases are $231.9 million and $240.4 million in 2018 and 2017 respectively (csr.com.au 2018). According to the newly introduced lease standard that is AASB 16 Leases, the current discrimination between operating and finance lease will be removed; and the companies will be required to recognize right to use assets along with financial liability for the payment of rentals of the lease contracts. Thus, the companies will be needed to report the lease amounts in the balance sheet that will lead to more transparency in the process of financial reporting (Joubert, Garvie and Parle 2017).
Under the current lease standard, CSR Limited is not liable to record lease in the statements of financial position and this aspect provides the company with the scope to manipulate the lease amounts. As per the 2018 Annual Report, CSR Limited has shown their lease amounts in the notes to the financial statements (Wong and Joshi 2015). Due to this, they did not have to record large lease expenses in the balance sheet that could hamper the financial position of the company. Thus, it can be said that there is issue in the company related to leases.
Correct recognition as well as measurement of the financial derivatives is considered as a major aspect for the investment decision-making of the investors. As per the 2018 Annual Report of CSR Limited, the company uses fair value method for the calculation of the value of derivative instruments (csr.com.au 2018). For this reason, the company uses quoted market price for the derivative valuation; and they use discounted cash flow analysis in case market prices are not available. At the same time, they are also measured with the use of quoted exchange rates and yield curves derived from quoted rate of interest (Bingham and Kiesel 2013). Thus, it can be seen that the company has to consider many aspects with the aim to ascertain the approximate carrying value of the financial derivate. Hence, in the absence of exact value of the financial derivatives, the shareholders of CSR Limited can face major difficulties in the process to make effective investment decisions (Hammoudeh and McAleer 2013). For this reason, it can be considered as issue in the financial statements of CSR Limited.
Conclusion
It can be seen from the above discussion that CSR Limited has certain accounting issues in their business. As per the first issue, uncertain assumptions in the aspects like inflation rate, discount rate and others has led to the improper calculation of the provision of liability worth $289 million in 2018. The second issue can be seen in the impairment testing of goodwill, other intangible assets and property, plant and equipment in the presence of major uncertainties in the assumptions used by the company. As per the third issue, there is a scope of manipulation in the lease amounts of CSR Limited due to the adherence to the standard of AASB 117 Leases. As per the last issue, the company is facing uncertainty in the exact valuation of financial derivatives that can lead to accounting issue.
References
Allee, J.S., Mayer, T.V. and Patryk, R.W., 2018. Product liability. Law Journal Press.
Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F., 2013. Accounting for asset impairment: a test for IFRS compliance across Europe. Centre for Financial Analysis and Reporting Research (CeFARR).
Bingham, N.H. and Kiesel, R., 2013. Risk-neutral valuation: Pricing and hedging of financial derivatives. Springer Science & Business Media.
Corporate. (2018). About Us | CSR . [online] Available at: https://www.csr.com.au/about-us [Accessed 20 Dec. 2018].
Corporate. (2018). Annual Meetings and Reports. [online] Available at: https://www.csr.com.au/investor-relations-and-news/annual-meetings-and-reports [Accessed 20 Dec. 2018].
Hammoudeh, S. and McAleer, M., 2013. Risk management and financial derivatives: An overview. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 25, pp.109-115.
Joubert, M., Garvie, L. and Parle, G., 2017. Implications of the New Accounting Standard for Leases AASB 16 (IFRS 16) with the Inclusion of Operating Leases in the Balance Sheet. Journal of New Business Ideas & Trends, 15(2).
Laskaridou, E.C. and Vazakidis, A., 2013. Detecting asset impairment management: Some evidence from food and beverage listed companies. Procedia Technology, 8, pp.493-497.
Moore, M.J. and Viscusi, W.K., 2014. Compensation mechanisms for job risks: wages, Workers’ Compensation, and product liability (Vol. 1060). Princeton University Press.
Rennekamp, K., Rupar, K.K. and Seybert, N., 2014. Impaired judgment: The effects of asset impairment reversibility and cognitive dissonance on future investment. The Accounting Review, 90(2), pp.739-759.
Shepherd, J.M., 2013. Products liability and economic activity: an empirical analysis of tort reform’s impact on businesses, employment, and production. Vand. L. Rev., 66, p.255.
Wong, K. and Joshi, M., 2015. The impact of lease capitalisation on financial statements and key ratios: Evidence from Australia. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 9(3), pp.27-44.
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