Data link layer offer various functions as it provides service interface for moving data from physical link layer to other. It is the third layer of the OSI model. OSI model has 7 layers that s physical, data link, network, transport, application, session and presentation layer. Theses layer offer the idealized network communication protocols.
The information is encoded and decoded on the data link layer before transmitting it over the network. It also determines ways in which devices can be recovered from the corrosion of sending the frames at the same time. The data link layer has two sub layers one is logical link layer and other is media access control layer. The role of logical layer is to have a control of flow of data s that errors could be acknowledged.
The main functions of data link layers are that it ensures flow of data by sending and receiving devices easily. It also helps in handling the problems that occur at time of transmission of information. It also transmits information by easily routing the data packets and addressing it.
Once the connection is set up it is the responsibility of data link layer to divide the packets into data frames so that it can be handled by acknowledging it. The incoming data is analysed by checking specific bits. If there is a bug in the data link layer it notifies at the high level protocol. The data link layer manages the flow of information by enabling devices so that congestion can be controlled. It is one of the most complicated layers in the complete OSI model. It hides the detail about the data frames so that chances of collision reduce (Ma, Huang, Wen, Green & Ho?Baillie, 2016)
It is responsible for converting data stream of signal so that it could be sent over underlying hardware. Data link layers convers the information into a format so that it can be transmitted to upper layer. The data is stored in electric form it is converted to maintaining secure connection over the host.
The major functions of data link layer are discussed below:
The first is data framing that takes packet from network layer and encapsulates into the fame and then sends over the network bit by bit. Later at the receiver end, the signals are assembled into frames (Zhao, Sexton, Park, Baure, Nino & So, 2015). The other function is addressing that make sure that hardware is addressed by unique function. The data frames are then sent on the network and it is synchronized between the sender and receiver. The other function is maintaining flow control between the networks that have different speed and capacity. It also offers multi access so that capabilities can be accessed easily by multiple systems.
The main task of the data link layer is to transfer raw material by adding checksum so that errors could be detected. The data are broken into frames and it is sent sequentially is that reliable connection takes place (Olivieri, et. al, 2016). The receiver sends back the acknowledgment frame to inform that information is received correctly.
There are various design issues faced by data link layer, one is keeping the transmission fast over the network as the speed of receiver slows down speed of transmission of data. Thus a traffic regulation mechanism is needed so that transmission is buffered and error is handled carefully. The other issues are broadcasting as it requires control over the shared channel. Data link layer deals with such issue.
It sends the data in concept of framing by establishing a point to point connection between computers by sending data into stream of bits (Xu, Li, Li, Zhang & Muntean, 2015)
Data link layer supports the communication between devices over the same network or different. It assures that every piece of information is secure and it is not leaked to any unauthorised user. It offers reliable communication as data is encoded and access is offered only by authorised user. The main function is physical addressing and access control that makes sure that safe transfer takes place. The gap between transmission of data packet is checked and it is assured that synchronization is maintained. It keeps the bit buffered so that smooth transaction takes place (Xu, Li, Li, Zhang & Muntean, 2015)
Data link layer adds physical addresses of both source and destination machines.
Various issues are framed at time of framing one is detecting the station of frame so that alerts can be created. It also becomes detecting the end frame this for this an ending bit is created (Lopacinski, Nolte, Buechner, Brzozowski & Kraemer, 2015). The starting bit also needs to be identified so that a sequential patter can be maintained while delivering the information.
It is the lowest layer of the OSI model that transmits the bit over the network. It sends the complete information about the data that is size of the packet, its address, and the destination address. It offers error handling capacity by detecting the bugs so that security is maintained. It provides the transfer across physical link layer. It offers local delivery of frames from one node to another. Some of the design issues of data link layers are sservices provided to the Network Layer, framing, error Control and flow Control. The major function of data link layers is dealing with transmission errors, regulating data flow and slow receivers not swamped by fast senders. It also offers a well-defined service edge on the network by taking care of all the transmission errors. This responsibility of data link layer is packing the data by encapsulating it into the frames. It also assures that synchronization of data is maintained at time of data transfer. It ensures flow control by exchanging the information at high speed.
As based upon open system interconnection (OSI), the transport layer is responsible for end-to-end communication over an interconnected network. On different hosts, there is a logical communication between application processes within a set of protocols including various components over the network.
It also helps the management in rectification of errors and thus delivers reliability and quality to the end user. With the help of the transport layer, one can receive or send error corrected data with the help of a host and also enable network components to allow multiplexing. In Open System Interconnection Model, transport layer is considered to be fourth layer of this network structure (Agyapong et al, 2014).
Transport layer also helps management by differentiating the applications function on the same machine or computer device. The effective goal of transport layer is to help end user by delivering cost effective and reliable services. It works transparently within the layers above to deliver and receive data without errors. The application messages break into segments and transfer them to the network layer and this is done on the send side. Furthermore, on the receiving side, segments are reassembled into messages and these are passes to application layer. One of the major advantages of TCP is that it uses a positive acknowledgement with retransmission methodology where the receiving device needs to respond back to the sender that it certainly accept the data it was sent (Rathnayaka & Potdar, 2013). If this acknowledgment message not received by the sender, an assumption is being made that receiving device did not receive a part or all of transmission. It also offers major services like-
The two key protocol that is used by transport layer includes a transmission control protocol, user diagram protocol that offers a consistent communication among hosts. There is end-to-end communication in a transport layer that helps in delivering of data without any error (Gringeri, Bitar & Xia, 2013).
Transport layer in networking is based on a layered architecture model that provides host to host communication services for applications. A logical communication is managed through this layer which ensures not issue in protocols. Between source machine and destination machine, transport layer provides connection less and connection oriented transmission (Sun et al, 2011).
With help of Advantage Database Server using either datagram or streaming paradigms, the advantage client can communicate. In datagram communication, UDP/IP are known to be as protocols, however, they do not guarantee reliable data delivery. This makes writing of sophisticated communication algorithms which are enhanced for use with Advantage. This proprietary datagram transport layer also ensures that packet data are to be delivered successfully as well as maintained a sort of sequencing of that packet data among Advantage Database Server and Advantage client. Instead of sending packets at one time, sending bursts of data packets is also possible with advantage datagram transport layer. The limitation is of around 512 bytes of data as per single IPX packet whereas it is approx. around 1450 bytes of data considering single IP packet. Moreover, in single burst, Advantage can deliver up to 16 packets at once. Hence, 8k bytes of data can be stored by IPX packets whereas 23k bytes of data can be stored in a burst of UDP/IP packets.
10 table records are considered to be the most common chunk of data sent among Advantage Database Server and Advantage Client. In transferring of data, a single burst of datagram packets is generally sufficient, however, with help of streaming communication, the record transfer will adopt many round trips as of 2900 bytes of data must need to be acknowledged. In most situations, a better performance can be expected in Advantage datagram communication in comparison with streaming communication protocol as it significantly reduces the number of acknowledgment packets required.
There are some major differences between the transport and lower layers. The transport layer should be oriented more towards user service than simply reflect what the underlying layers happen to provide. In addition, transport layer may have to overcome service deficiencies of the lower layers. Transport level protocols go through three phases – establishing, using and terminating a connection. At the transport layer, end-to-end retransmission is needed which wastes resources by delivering the same packet over the same links multiple times. When the network becomes congested, transport layer reduce rate at which they insert packets into subnet as there is no way to prevent itself from becoming overloaded.
Considering reliable communication, the packet data is sequenced and merger by Advantage database communication layer and if packets within the burst are never received due to a network failure or the like, the missing packets are simply resent. While using streaming communication, the TCP/IP protocol delivers this functionality for Advantage.
The transport layer is the first layer that always resides, in the end, DTE’s. The network layer services are used by transport layer and shields the upper layer from the details of network connections and sorts of network used (Zhang & Zhang, 2008).
Cloud computing technology has become popular in the past few decades with the popularity of smartphones and the internet which allow users and developers to use this technology for their advantage. Cloud computing is referred to a type of computing that relies on a pool of shared computing resources rather than having local servers or personal devices dedicated to handling different applications (Xu, 2012). This technology has a huge demand in both industries as well as educational level. It is a paradigm of information technology which allows corporations and individuals to ubiquitously access their data and applications through shred pools of configurable resources. It is important the parties have access to the internet in order to use this technology. In this technology, a group of network elements are destined to provide different types of services. Parties who are using cloud computing technology can store their relevant information on “the cloud” which they can later access remotely through their computer system (Hashem et al., 2015). This technology allows users to store files and application on remote servers and they can access their data via the internet. Cloud computing is not a single piece of technology, and it has a number of elements through which it operates effectively.
There are three types of clouds which include public, private and community cloud. The public cloud is open for access to everyone rather than just the owner or the customer. In this platform, parties demand money from their customers to gain access and use the public cloud. The private cloud is owned by a single party which is implemented and used in a secure environment (Dinh, Lee, Niyato & Wang, 2013). It is also called an internal cloud which can only be accessed by parties who have authorised permission. The community cloud is accessible to a limited group or community of individuals. This cloud is not necessarily owned by a particular community, and it can be accessed by third-party developers for performing different operations. Furthermore, cloud computing technology is categorised into three groups which parties can choose in order to fulfil their business or personal requirements (Xu, 2012). Primarily, this technology is categorised into three groups which include software as a service (SaaS), infrastructure as a service (IaaS) and platform as a service (PaaS).
SaaS focuses on licensing the software application of cloud computing to the customers, and they can pay for accessing these services. This is a rapidly growing market with key players leading the way such as Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, IBM Cloud, Google Cloud Platform, Adobe and others. IaaS is referred to an infrastructure which involves a method for delivering everything from operating systems to storage through IP based connectivity which is available on-demand (Garrison, Kim & Wakefield, 2012). Generally, clients who wanted to use this technology have the option to outsourced or access this service on-demand rather than investing in the servers. PaaS is referred to three layers of cloud-based computing which are the most complex. Although there are many similarities in the PaaS and SaaS; however, this service is not delivered online, and it can be accessed by parties through a platform (Hashizume, Rosado, Fernandez-Medina & Fernandez, 2013). The industry for this service is expected to grow by 2020. Customers can choose between these three services to choose the one which suits their demand and which allow them to improve their performance.
There has been a substantial rise in the use of cloud-based software which is offered by companies in all sectors, and there are many benefits and challenges relating to the use of cloud computing technology. One of the key advantages of using this technology in companies is cost saving. This technology did not require corporations to invest in on-premise infrastructure which resulted in reducing their operational costs (Aleem & Ryan Sprott, 2012). Moreover, customers only pay for those services which are used by them which did not put pressure on their budget. Organisations can easily use services of Amazon Web Services or Microsoft Azure which are substantially cheaper than compared to establishing on-premise infrastructure based on which the use of cloud computing provides cost advantage to companies. This technology is extremely affordable for smaller businesses. Another benefit of using this technology is reliability since the public clouds are handled by large corporations who have resources to manage under significant traffic and protect the data of users from cyber-attacks.
The Service Legal Agreement (SLA) which is constructed between the customers and cloud service providers (CSPs) provides that the customers will be able to access their data 24/7 and it also guarantees 99.99 percent availability (Avram, 2014). Manageability is another key advantage of cloud computing technology which makes the process efficient for corporations. The companies which use cloud computing technology from CSPs did not have to invest in the resources for managing the cloud which makes it easier for them to manage their data. They did not have to hire IT experts or invest in security software to ensure that their data is protected from unauthorised access. The use of cloud computing also provides a strategic edge to companies which allow them to sustain even in adverse market conditions (Garrison, Kim & Wakefield, 2012). However, there are many challenges of using cloud computing technology as well. Downtime is a major issue which affects all CSPs and creates challenges for clients.
The CSPs can be overwhelmed with a large number of clients due to which they face technical outage, and their operations are temporarily suspended. Another issue with storing the confidential data on the cloud is that it makes it vulnerable towards cyber-attacks due to which the private data of companies can be accessed by cyber criminals (Tiwari & Mishra, 2012). Vendor lock-in is another issue with cloud computing; although the chargers of CSPs are relatively low in the beginning they can raise their prices in the future, and it becomes difficult for corporations to transfer their data to another CSP due to they face the challenge of vendor lock-in. Lastly, the use of cloud computing limits the control of corporations on their data and operations unless they are using private cloud which requires substantial investment in the technology (Rao & Selvamani, 2015). Therefore, corporations should carefully use the cloud computing technology in order to gain a competitive advantage; however, they should assess the risks to avoid facing any challenges which will result in sustaining their future growth.
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