a) The significance of this report needs to analysed in the given context where in Australia, there is increased international traffic. Further, another interesting development is that there is a rising market share of international airlines with regards to international travel originating or ending in Australia. The market share growth rate comparison for domestic and international players tends to provide testimony to the above statement. A contributing factor to the higher growth rate of international carriers may be attributed to capacity cutting by Qantas as an efficiency measure for improving occupancy (AnnaAero, 2018). For capturing this increasing market, it is imperative that the Australian airports need to understand the preferences and needs of the consumers and make suitable adjustments.
With regards to shape, one of the most crucial parameters is the skew which is positive and quite high in value. This implies that while majority of data points would be represented at the lower end but there would exist some data points which are eexceptionally large and would lead to a lengthy tail on the right of the mean. This conclusion is supported from the fact that the mean is 24.56, the maximum value is 162 which clearly imply that outliers may be present in the data on the higher side. However, this high range is on expected lines owing to traffic demand varying significantly on different sectors because of which the number of flights operating on the sector would also vary. Hence, the underlying shape of the distribution of “All Flight” would be asymmetric owing to presence of a large skew.
THe “All Flights” variable data can be summarised using a histogram as represented below.
It is apparent from above that more than 50% of the flights have monthly frequency now exceeding 25. Additionally about 360 flights have a monthly frequency not exceeding 50. The net result is that 85% of the sample international flights have monthly frequency that fails to cross 50. However, there are certain international flights which are high in demand owing to which the monthly frequency is very high and also exceeds 150. This has led to an asymmetric shape of distribution with a long rightward tail thereby highlighting the non-normal distribution of the given variable.
The significance level determines the results precision for the hypothesis test and this has been taken as 5% in the given case.
The appropriate test statistic needs to be defined so that relevant testing can be performed. Considering the situation at hand, this test statistic would be t since the population standard deviation has not been provided. Also, the alternate hypothesis indicates that the relevant test is a single tail (left tail) test (Koch, 2016). The execution of the hypothesis test has been carried out in Excel and the obtained output is illustrated below.
The critical output data that is relevant to decide on the rejection of null hypothesis is the p value. This has been derived as 0.000. The underlying decision rule states that null hypothesis would be rejected only when the significance level is not lower than the p value. Also, when the null hypothesis is rejected, it would imply that the alternate hypothesis is accepted (Lehman and Romano, 2016).
In the given hypothesis test, the p value is lower than significance level and hence null hypothesis is rejected and alternate hypothesis is accepted. As a result, the conclusion is that international flights coming and leaving Australia in a month do not exceed on average 30 for the relevant time period.
The above numerical summary can also be depicted graphically as highlighted below.
In terms of airport, the summary measures above outline that maximum flights from the selected airlines tend to use Melbourne since more than 40% sample flights either originate from Melbourne or end at Melbourne. After Melbourne, the next highest traffic from the three outlined airlines is accounted for by Sydney which has 25 flights as compared to 36 flights for Melbourne. Last is Brisbane with only 18 flights. Additionally, it can be seen that variation in the usage of different airports can be seen by the three outlined airlines. For instance, in context of Singapore Airlines, maximum flights are received at Melbourne and minimum at Sydney. But this is not the same for Cathay Pacific where Melbourne has the maximum flights but minimum flights are with Sydney and not Brisbane. Additionally, it can be seen that there is a significant difference in the number of flights from the three different airlines included in the sample. A significant chunk belongs to Air New Zealand which should not raise an eye brow as New Zealand and Australia are geographically quite close owing to which the amount of traffic is also significantly higher between the two countries as compared to the flights from other far flung nations.
The significance level determines the results precision for the hypothesis test and this has been taken as 5% in the given case.
A key observation for the variables at hand is that these are categorical and non-numerical. This implies that the test of choice for these would be Chi-square test of independence (Koch, 2016). This hypothesis test has been performed with the aid of Excel and relevant output pasted as follows.
The critical output data that is relevant to decide on the rejection of null hypothesis is the p value. This has been derived as 0.000. The underlying decision rule states that null hypothesis would be rejected only when the significance level is not lower than the p value. Also, when the null hypothesis is rejected, it would imply that the alternate hypothesis is accepted (Harmon, 2013).
The computed p value from the output above is 0.3170 which exceeds the significance level for the hypothesis test. This would imply availability of insufficient evidence to warrant null hypothesis rejection. Hence, alternate hypothesis cannot be accepted. Therefore, it is appropriate to conclude that level of association between selected Australian airports and the selected airlines is not found to be statistically significant.
The graphical representation of the responses derived from 35 students enrolled in KOI is summarised as follows.
The above survey summary highlights that maximum number of international flights tend to be linked to Melbourne (16) which is closely followed by Sydney (15) while Brisbane languishes at the third position with only 8 flights. The difference between performance of Melbourne and Sydney is only slight and not as significant as was reflected by Dataset 1. A significant difference between the summary of Dataset 1 and Dataset 2 is that the former focused only on three selected airlines which is not the case for Dataset 2. A potential disadvantage of Dataset 2 and the results highlighted above is that they may lack in reliability as the sample was not selected through random sampling. Also, it may be possible that preferences of KOI students may differ from the other set of users that formed the basis of Dataset 1.
Based on the analysis of the flight variable, it has come to light that the distribution is asymmetric as a high amount of positive skew is present in the sample data. This may be attributed to differing demand of passengers on different routes and hence different frequencies of flights on different routes. For the time period under consideration, it has been concluded that average monthly flight from or to Australia does not exceed 30. Considering the selected airports in Australia and selected airlines, the hypothesis test do not highlight any significant association which implies there is no preference on the part of the airlines for any particular airport city. The airport performance hence has been judged based on the sample data as per which Melbourne hosts the maximum traffic in the sample data from the selected airlines while Brisbane has the least. The reasons for these differences need to be analysed so that prudent recommendations on improving services can be offered. With regards to Dataset 2, a similar pattern in terms of traffic has been seen as in Dataset 1 with the difference being that dataset 1 was limited to just three airlines which is not the case with dataset 2.
In regards to research going forward, it makes sense that the researcher ought to study specific groups so as to understand the precise parameters that tend to drive their choices of airport that they choose as their source and destination. This would be vital in airports providing better services to customers and also in understanding if the preferences of specific group differ from one another.
References
AnnaAero (2018) International airlines now carry 25% of Australian traffic; Sunshine Coast is flying in terms of passenger growth; preparing for non-stop UK, [online] Available at https://www.anna.aero/2018/02/27/international-airlines-now-carry-25-australian-traffic/[Assessed January 11, 2019]
Fehr, F. H. and Grossman, G. (2013). An introduction to sets, probability and hypothesis testing. 3rd ed. Ohio: Heath pp. 154-159.
Harmon, M. (2016) Hypothesis Testing in Excel – The Excel Statistical Master. 7th ed. Florida: Mark Harmon pp 245-248.
Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. and Friedman, J. (2014) The Elements of Statistical Learning. 4th ed. New York: Springer Publications pp. 169-172.
Koch, K.R. (2013) Parameter Estimation and Hypothesis Testing in Linear Models. 2nd ed. London: Springer Science & Business Media pp. 368-373.
Lehman, L. E. and Romano, P. J. (2016) Testing Statistical Hypotheses. 3rd ed. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media pp. 325-327.
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download