The conception of leadership and governance involve strategic direction, plans and policies, motivation, knowledge management, entrepreneurial creativity and innovation that integrates various building blocks to achieve significant results (Bamford-Wade & Moss, 2010). This all aspects are vital for organizations to survive in a complex and rapidly changing environment.
In this academic report, an explicit analysis will be made on Fonterra organization in light with various management and organizational theories, concept and approaches. In addition, Fonterra leadership, culture, entrepreneurial thinking, creativity, innovation and knowledge management will also be drawn in align with these concepts.
The first section of this report will clearly define the background of the selected organization – “Fonterra”. Section two to four will contrast various finding and discussion in relation to certain aspects of theories and approaches in align with the organization. The final section will present recommendations in support with the overall discussion.
Fonterra Group is based in New Zealand and was incorporated in October 2001. The organization comes in manufacturing and retail industry and accounts for 30% of the world dairy exports (Gray & Le Heron, 2010). The number of employees working in Fonterra is around 21,400. Their revenue in the year 2016-17 is approximately NZ$ 19.232 billion (Scully, 2018). The company is selling their products in more than 140 countries and with one billion people every day.
Outside New Zealand, Australia is their largest milk pool and home to some of the country favourite dairy brands. The group is having various opportunities to expand into the European markets with the help of J.V and also they have substantial intellectual property in the manufacturing of whey protein isolates – growth to capitalize on such innovations. In addition, there are some challenges also like the dairy giant biggest challenge is to change the law which forces it to accept milk from any farmers and sell it to competitors at a subsidised price.
However, Fonterra is focused on launching innovation through partnership opportunities with the objective to expand into more numbers of markets and achieve economies of scale. The group is looking to join various forces with others so as to accelerate growth and ultimately return more value to the Fonterra farmers.
Observable artifacts impact the value and culture of the organization because they influence a behaviour within the business enterprise. Leadership and culture theorists have made significant efforts in defining elements of the relationship between culture, leadership and effectiveness (Northhouse, 2010). As organization grow and evolve, so do their cultures. Leadership skills of managers and supervisors are critical factors in the formation and reinforcement of cultural norms. In addition, cultural norms seem to positively impact organizational effectiveness. Below, there are mentioned several principles in relation to leadership and align with Fonterra.
The transformational leadership theory cause change in individuals and social systems. Such leaders are inspiring, visionary, risk takers and also thing out of the box (Groves & LaRocca, 2011). There are four aspects connected with this type of leadership – inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, idealized influence and individualized consideration. In Fonterra, Mr John Wilson was one of the transformational leaders and under his leadership; the company gains various ambitions effectively. He was elected to the Fonterra board in 2003 and became chairman in 2012 (Fox, 2012). John Wilson showed good leadership through a number of crises the co-operative had faced such as the 2012 botulism scare, the 1080 contamination threat in 2014 and a dairy price slump that also occurred around the same time. He helped the company by enhancing its internal systems to be more resilient so that it can stand by the farmers during the tough time of the organization.
In leadership, an individual will have expert power who have more knowledge and experience than the other person of the team. For instance, an executive having an experience of 20 years in their field will have an expert power. This power helps to construct a higher-profile role and can also help an individual to develop his own personal brand (King, 2009). It will not only increase the influence on the organization floor but also reputation at work. Mr Wilson also has a long-term experience i.e. more than 14 years with Fonterra and thus he also gains expert power in the organization. Before 2013, he was a part of the board member and later on, he became the chairperson.
To gain optimum level of performance, from the perspective of personality theory, team members need to work to their strengths. However, as per the leadership theory, the team should be flexible and adapt their behaviour to whatever is right for the situation (Northhouse, 2010). The view of John Wilson after becoming a chairman is stated as – Company Governance Development Programme is designed to assist those farmers wanting to develop leadership roles within the rural sector and seeking involvement in the future governance of the Co-operative. Alumni of the programme will be well fitted for future governance roles, given their exposure to manage complex farming business in relation with several vagaries of global volatility, weather and also management of wide range of stakeholders including employees, suppliers and regulatory authority.
In leadership, there are various areas and application that is needed to be addressed for the effective achievement of specific goals. Idealised influence is a part of transformational leaders, which can be expressed in building of trust with the followers and the followers, in turn, develop confidence in the leader. John inspirational leadership skills help both dairy sector and Fonterra from many years. During Wilson at Fonterra, he has served to motivate his followers inside and outside the organization including customers, media and the stakeholders with a strong vision for putting the preference of the end-user first (ruralnewsgroup, 2018). John Wilson has led in a bold way that served to motivate his followers through his perception of personality. His passion and dedication to the sector, however, goes much further than Fonterra. Many of his followers and supporters have played a significant role in this procedure by maintaining a long-term relationship and turn round the performance.
A strong culture is a set of habits, norms, expectations and techniques that have a greater influence on the behaviour of its members. On the other side, a weak culture is characterised by mostly individual norms, symbols and traditions having a little impact on behaviour (Schein, 2004). A strong culture is framed under ethics, morality and capability of the team and leader (Groves & LaRocca, 2011). Its founding ethos was power to the farmers with the help of excessive support and innovative ideas and is committed to superior products in the dairy sector. Moreover, the culture of the organization has integrity at its core. John Wilson always wants people to live and work by a code of business conduct and follow agenda of rights things to do. The culture at Fonterra accepts business practices and cultural norms that behave as per ethical and regulatory requirements.
There are some key lessons that help all successful leaders eventually learn about conflict resolution. Wilson displayed charisma when there was a social crisis at the company and this having a significant impact on the company vision and culture. One of this occurred in 2013 with the Fonterra botulism (Kirk & Kloeten, 2014). Wilson used review of the manufacturing process and systems with much of a management operational review. A drastic change was seen soon when it was announced that botulism incident has reinforced and planned to move into the highly sensitive and closely scrutinised infant formula market. Wilson demonstrated charismatic leadership approach through his performance at events such as Malaysia 2018 during unveiling of key food trends. Wilson is known for the amazing job he does at bringing of new concepts with the help of media outlets along with product diversification and farmers benefit. Wilson demonstrated a radical vision that delivers a solution to the crisis the organisation was experiencing. Wilson always attracted followers who believe in his vision. Wilson also showed over time that his followers that his vision appears attainable. He has developed the blueprint for product introduction that has created the “core team” of individuals and later on all these become the blueprint for the dairy industry.
The vision statement of Fonterra i.e. – “We are committed with providing pure, natural products with unlimited potential including other goals in relation with reducing carbon emissions and by 2020 and thus promote value opportunities for New Zealand milks”. John Wilson has several strategies, which are aimed to build more initiatives and attract numbers of people into dairy industry careers (Baskaran, Cullen & Colombo, 2009). He also wants that all farms follow best employment practices by 2025.
Finding the right business opportunity that is right for them is always a challenge for the entrepreneur. There are several questions rise up with these challenges such as should the new venture need to focus on introducing a product or services that can fulfil unmet needs of the customer? Should the start-up select existing product from the market and offer the same to the other market? (Zahra & Nambisan, 2012)
In this global world, there is a constant change in the economy where it is shifting from knowledge-based activities to innovation, creativity, imagination and entrepreneurship (King, 2009). Moreover, there is also a rise in several types of opportunities due to increasing globalization and technology effects, however, the marketplace is becoming more competitive and crowded and create a challenge for all in terms of survival. Entrepreneurial thinking and innovation enable the entrepreneur to act on these opportunities in the ways as this can creates a competitive advantage for the business enterprises. This evolves as ideas internally or externally located, which helps entrepreneur to identify potential solutions shaped in part by internal competencies.
Innovation is the key ingredient to the New Zealand dairy industry success specifically in the changing economic landscape. This era or period is of unprecedented technological innovation which creates disruption in both business and society and increases the capabilities in order to ahead with the emerging trends.
In Fonterra, there are many visible checkpoints, which shows that entrepreneurial thinking helps the company to identify various opportunities and trends. In 2017, Fonterra launched an open platform i.e. the Fonterra Ventures Co-Lab, to spur the development of new initiatives and technologies (Mack, 2017). This Co-Lab is a form of website where everyone from any corner of the world is allowed to submit an idea to Fonterra which will later be review by the venture team. They know that this is an era of customers and trends is changing more in customer preferences. Therefore, with this websites, they can gather more information and data about the exact needs and requirement of the customers so that accordingly the further business plan can be activated.
Similarly, Fonterra also launched an internal programme to enable innovation across all areas of its business. The name of the programme is Disrupt, encourage and promotes the ideas to come from within, and involves a 12-week accelerator programme for employees to participate in. The management believes that if the idea gets successful, it could lead to the staff member switching jobs to focus on the new concepts full-time.
Cultivation an internal culture of entrepreneurship with programmes like Disrupt and Co-lab can harness the creativity and talent of the employees to bring new business models, moreover, the company is also seeking for partnership outside their organization.
“Factors like rise in population, rising middle class and a growing demand of an authentic nutrition from a trusted source will bring a huge set of opportunities for the company. Entrepreneurship has three central underlying dimensions: innovation, risk-taking and reactiveness (Schein, 2009). Fonterra can also face some of the challenges in the future as if current trend continues, by 2050, the demand of the food will rise by 50 per cent and this will confine the emerging use of the resources.
To meet those challenges, the innovation is reinforced by Fonterra on the farm. Farms are being augmented with more ever-sophisticated technology and this is a part of their strategy related to “embracing tomorrow innovation today” (Penn, 2017). Moreover, the company also made their farmers to lead the respective way by using solutions from Internet of Things and thus raise productivity. With the rising trends, the company is adopting latest technology to develop more intimate connection between existing and potential employees, farmers and customers.
Moreover, if the internal culture will be translated into product innovation, the benefits can easily be observed on a global level (Schein, 2004). Fonterra already serves more than 1 billion consumers internationally in over 140 countries and as per their ambition, they want to make a difference in the lives of two billion people by 2025.
It is ascertained that creativity is potentially more useful from overcoming barriers in acquiring the resources and also deriving alternative and lower cost solution for the purpose of solving problems. Understanding entrepreneurship and creativity by the Fonterra leverage them with lower cost as well as necessary solutions that are important to future economic success. However, future research needs to be embraced with more innovative and creative opportunities so that the organization can be effectively fit into the rising trends and opportunities and gain competitive edge in the dairy industry all over the countries.
Organization success, attraction and the place in the market depend very much on its chosen strategy and implementation, which are inseparable from the process of information data system and knowledge expansion (Teece, 2010). This 21st Century and the globalised economy requires strategies framed with the concepts of knowledge management under the various conditions of competitiveness and innovation. Managing knowledge is an important leadership role because very few organizations make systematic use of the collective wisdom of employees (King, 2009).
As per Fonterra, delivering safe, sustainable nutrition is one of the significant global issues and to solve this issue, Daily nutrition is very important. With their extensive research and development, they are able to make superior dairy nutrition accessible to vast locations and more numbers of people, helping to improve health at key life stages.
Fonterra Research and Development Centre is situated in Palmerston, New Zealand. This has employed various world-leading experts around the globe in dairy research and development. They are innovating with developing several specialised ingredients that can help in reducing the risk of allergies a boosted immunity. They are also harnessing new technologies and collaborating by forming trusted partnership, as they believe innovation fuels is their growth. In addition, they are constantly finding new ways of working to benefit the farmers, consumers and customers.
To remain at the leading edge in the dairy innovation, Fonterra works closely with world-leading health professionals to developed particular products and sustainable dairy production processes. They also innovate grass to grass in every product portfolio like milk products or extra stretch mozzarella cheese. They try to make superior dairy nutrition accessible to all at every stage of their life.
Moreover, working with their farmers, they share their innovation and knowledge to enhance on-farm sustainability and build smarter and more sustainable grass-based farming practices. They even make partnership with the world leading foodservice providers and organizations, delivering them with specialised dairy ingredients and solutions to assist them produce healthy and delicious meals and products (Rosin, 2008).
Some of the knowledge management tools used by the company are data warehouses, company intranet and expert system (advisory panel). In the data warehouses, there is a validated, reformatted, summarised and supplemented with the data from other sources. Their company network uses Internet Protocol technology to share information, operational systems and various services within the organization. Their expert system is combined with various advisory panels’ members where several groups of people come together with disparate interest and from different backgrounds. From these panel members, surprising, creative and innovative ideas have been evolved. This will give resolution at the highest level and that makes such a difference.
This shows that how Fonterra has successfully implemented knowledge management system and also doing innovation so as to improve organization effectiveness and gain competitive position in the market.
Conclusion
Fonterra is a famous and popular company due to their products, market share and global presence. They also learn to innovate with the help of various crisis, failures and accumulated experiences. The Research and Development department of Fonterra helps the company from a long period of time in the development of various ingredients in the products that can be useful in reducing allergies boost the immunity of any particular individual.
However, there are certain competitors that can be a bottleneck for Fonterra such as Arla, Saputo and Amul. This makes Fonterra develop entrepreneurial and innovative thinking so as to achieve a competitive edge in the market. Their farmers also play an important role and it is the responsibility of the management to motivate these farmers into the company’s vision.
Fonterra group is one of the largest dairy exporters in the world and hold 30% of world dairy exports. The company is doing well in all areas and fields, however, some necessary recommendation needs to be suggested which will prove to be an add-on to their vision, corporate culture and innovative thinking.
Fonterra needs to expand their market in various developing or emerging countries as his will help them to save lot of costs as well as help in achieving economy of scale. They also need to focus on keeping themselves far from crises, media statements and losses. For instance, they have faced a huge loss in the markets of China in some of the previous years. Moreover, they also need to encourage more farmers to come into dairy industries, which will be beneficial for both i.e. farmers and the organization. In this way, this will help them in raising their productivity and profitability on a global scale.
References
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