The main purpose of the book, This Changes Everything by Naomi Klein is to show the way climate change is affecting the world and how different laws have been unable to tackle the issue effectively. The main goal of the author in this book is to show that efforts are needed to tackle climate change and reduce the negative effects which are being experienced. In addition, Klein looks at the climate change problem from the negative effects which are being experienced. The author notes different situations which different countries have failed to tackle the climate change and the root of the chaos in them. On the hand, in the chapter 7 and conclusion of the book Toxic loopholes by Craig Collins shows the way the world has been unable to deal with climate change. The author writes to show the key loopholes which are available and making it hard to tackle the climate change. The author analyzes the different strategies used to deal with climate change and the perspective from different stakeholders. They highlight how the different stakeholders and countries are able to take the advantage of the systems to benefit themselves. Both authors in the books are able to agree that climate change is real and serious. Klein notes that 97 percent of scientists do agree that climate change is currently happening. In this, they are able to agree that different actions need to be taken against climate change. In their argument, they are able to show that failure to control the effect will lead to levels where the world will have no control.
Moreover, Craig notes that there are different environmental agreements which are virtually futile (Eli 10). This means that the governments cannot be relied to enforce these agreements and achieve the great results in them. Craig notes that there are four theories which can be used to explain the prospect of environmental cooperation (Collins 190). This shows that the author agrees that it has been difficult to deal with the prevailing problem. The author notes that the superpowers such as US cannot take care of environment. It notes that even with negotiation agreements, the solution will not be achieved from the superpowers. On the other hand, Klein notes that the available emission systems are able to make it hard to solve the issues of climate change. Additionally, he notes that the legal framework has failed to curb the existing manage of environmental pollution. The book notes that the available laws and enforcing agencies have failed and therefore unable to meet the different targets concerning climate change mitigation. It notes how weak the laws are and the available loopholes together with regulations ignorance is rampant in the system.
Klein sees that the available laws are key roadblocks in achieving the targets to mitigate the climate change. Moreover, the book brings out the comparison of capitalism and climate change laws. According to Richard Rothschild, the set policies on global warming are only there to attack the middle class American capitalism (Joel 9). Nevertheless, on the same point, there are those who are against the global warming being caused by human beings. Marc Morano, and Chris Horner are some of key vocals who argue that human beings are not responsible to the global warming effect and therefore there is no need to have international bodies regulating the same. Moreover, Bob Carter even goes ahead to question whether there is global warming happening. This side of denial has been able to come up with different views on what is causing climate change. Craig uses the theories to show that different perspectives are key roadblocks in dealing with climate change. Some of the theories used include the Neorealism theory and neoliberism theory. Neorealism is widely used for the international relations and considers dubious ventures and hazardous ones. The theory states that every nation is entrenched in an anarchic international system which lacks global peacekeeping authority. The nation has to have power in order to defend its interests and its existence and help them to achieve what they want (Wendell 59). Craig holds that such power is relative since it can be meaningfully measured and employed to potential threat, obstacles and adversaries. In addition, Craig notes that we are in a dog-eat-dog world of politics and the neorealists discourage the prolonged cooperation among nations. The book notes that the nations do engage on temporary security agreements which prove to be advantageous in gaining power and help to overcome mutual rivals (Collins 234). Craig notes that cooperation to protect environment is not a gain-gain situation. She notes that it requires sacrifice, limitation of countries sovereignty and maneuverability loss. She adds that key sacrifices such as pollution taxes and regulations are never popular to economic elites and therefore cannot be rely to attain the results against climate change.
Craig uses these theories to show how difficult it has been to deal with climate change. Disagreements on the policies to be adopted are common in different nations. These disagreements are able to put on hold different implementations of the climate change policies. For instance, such disagreements are seen on the curbing of ozone depletion and therefore placing uncertainty on the end result. GHGs highlight that the earth will continues to be warmer for an indefinite period as long as the emissions continue at the current rates (Marc 8). Moreover, the chapter highlights that increase in emissions will accelerate the increase in warming. Nevertheless, the chapter also notes that reducing the emissions will likely have zero effect on warming (Collins 219). According to lag time, if emissions stop today, the effects will be felt 40 years from today. In addition, there is perspective that runway greenhouse effects are likely to be seen. This is a situation whereby the potential for global warming is out of control.
In order to deal with the threat, the authors use the same analysis. They are able to formulate the problem and then come up with the key issues leading to the problem. The authors then analyses the available roadblocks when dealing with the problem. Lastly, the authors come with the strategies which can be used to solve the problems. Lastly, the authors formulate the way forward when dealing the climate change. They analyze that the world has the potential to deal with the climate change.
The authors highlight that the world has enough resources to deal with climate change. Craig notes that the use of convergence and contraction measures is enough to achieve goals of climate change. These measures are able to commit countries to negotiated but flexible programs which are used to equalizing per-capita GHG emissions (Dunec 89). In addition, these measures allow the countries with emissions below the set GHG emissions budgets to sell their extra emissions to big fossil users whose GHG emissions are over budget. Some policymakers fell that this strategy can be used to solve the climate change issue. Nevertheless, there are those who fell that ‘Emission trading’ and ‘carbon offset’ schemes have tremendous potential abuse, cheating and corruption (Anderson 179). The major difficulties which are experienced with these mechanisms are difficulties in regulations and cost oversight and regulations would be excessive. The book looks at the potential benefits which are achieved from the contraction and convergence mechanisms. Further the section looks on potential long term negative effects of using these mechanisms to curb GHG emissions. Klein notes that change of perspective is important to help deal with climate change. In the book, he looks at the effects which some key climate activists have taken to try to sway away the deniers from their points. They activists argue that delay on action on climate change will only lead to extreme ends on the climate change effects. For instance, according to Joe Romm a climate change blogger, “if you hate government intrusion into people’s lives, you would better stop catastrophic global warming, because nothing drives a country more towards activist government than scarcity and deprivation.…” (Craig 7). According to him, government interventions even when interfering with people’s lives to solve climate change are important. This is against what the deniers argues since they feel that the government intrudes too much to disturb people’s lives in the name of curbing climate change.
In the strengths, the Klein is able to base the arguments on what other researchers are saying and have done towards climate change. This helps to come with the proofs on the way different countries have dealt with climate change. In addition, Klein on his book notes that warnings had been issued but the emission still went up. Since 1950s, the climate change and global warming effects were key topics with different organizations providing reports on planet warming due to the sources of energy being used then. This historical perspective is a key strength in this analysis. Nevertheless, the author looks more on the way to deal with the problem rather than the underlying problem. It presents the perspective of others and their views than what is real. Craig uses the research and action which different organizations have taken concerning climate change to form the basis of his analysis. This forms the major strength of the analysis since he has researched and confirmed information of the problem. In addition, the analysis has a great way to formulate the way forward to help solve the problem.
Moreover, the book in the conclusion notes the way the communities are struggling to deal with these weaknesses without success. The book gives an overview of the way our current systems pertaining environmental pollution and protection offer a false sense of success to the public. It highlights the way powerful environmental polluters are able to use channels such as environmental activism and legal barricades as well as bureaucratic barriers to shield themselves against the available laws on the expense of their victims (Dunec 54). Klein notes that the formulation of the climate change laws was digging its own graves. The divisions on NAFTA countries were a clear sign that the rules had great objections. In addition, the book notes the different levels of unfinished efforts to curb the climate change. The social movements are seen to have a great level of un-fulfillment when it comes to the visions of curbing climate change. Powerful liberations movements are seen to have been working hard but still they have a long way to go (Jean 12).
In addition, the books notes that political, economical and interests on environment plays critical roles in formulating the problems. According to Klein, trade and climate have been hand in hand topics and methods of enhancing trade have been seen to be influential in curbing climate change (Bryan 29). Climate negotiations are based on trade and different activities of trade as seen in the UNFCCC document. Kyoto protocol and WTO are some of key summits which have been organized in connection with trade and climate change. In addition, the book notes that free trade and offshore production was a great step which led to the multiplication of the emissions. Moreover, the book brings out the comparison of capitalism and climate change laws. According to Richard Rothschild, the set policies on global warming are only there to attack the middle class American capitalism (Joel 9). Powerful liberations movements are seen to have been working hard but still they have a long way to go (Jean 12). The political class is seen to be the main reason for the inability to handle climate change. The political class is unable to seize the tools and implementation plans to achieve the required results (Steven and Steven 3). Craig in addition notes that economic and political forces play key roles when dealing with the climate change problems. He notes these forces undermine environmental laws and therefore making the enforcement hard.
According to the authors, the economic and political situations need a lot of focus and change to ensure that they provide the key solutions on climate change. Klein has suggestion of key political and economic areas for a possibility of building international cooperatives agreements to stop the increasing ecological peril which is facing the whole planet. In order to achieve the best of the climate change, I would carry out important changes on political and economic focus.
References
Anderson, P. “Toxic Loopholes: Failures and Future Prospects for Environmental Law.”Environmental Politics. 21.1 (2012): 176-178. Print.
Bryan Walsh, “Global Warming: Why Branson Wants to Step In,”Time, December 31, 2009.
Chibber, Williams. “How Green Is Richard Branson?”; Branson email communication, May 6, 2014.
Collins, Craig. Toxic Loopholes: Failures and Future Prospects for Environmental Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.
Craig, Joseph “Virgin Earth Challenge Announces Leading Organisations”; “Virgin Coming to Global Clean Energy Congress in Calgary,” Calgary Economic Development, press release, September 9, 2011.
Dunec, JoAnne L. “Book Review: Toxic Loopholes: Failures and Future Prospects for Environmental Law.”Natural Resources & Environment. 25.1 (2010): 61. Print.
Eli Kintisch, Hack the Planet: Science’s Best Hope—or Worst Nightmare—forAverting Climate Catastrophe (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), 8
James Peterson “Toxic Loopholes: Failures and Future Prospects for Environmental Law.”Choice Reviews Online. 48.2 (2010): 48-1141. Print.
Jean Chemnick, “Climate: Branson Calls Carbon Tax ‘Completely Fair’ but Dodges Question on E.U. Airline Levy,” E&E News, April 26, 2012.
Joel Kirkland, “Branson’s ‘Carbon War Room’ Puts Industry on Front Line of U.S. Climate Debate,” ClimateWire, New York Times, April 22, 2010;
Marc Gunther, “Direct Air Carbon Capture: Oil’s Answer to Fracking?”GreenBiz.com, March 12, 2012.
Marc Gunther, “Nations Stalled on Climate Action Could ‘Suck It Up,’ ” Bloomberg, June 18, 2012; Marc Gunther, “The Business of Cooling the Planet,” Fortune, October 7, 2011.
Rowena Mason, “Sir Richard Branson: The Airline Owner on His New War,” Telegraph, December 28, 2009.
Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner, SuperFreakonomics (New York: HarperCollins, 2009), 194.
Wendell Berry, The Way of Ignorance: And Other Essays (Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker & Hoard, 2005), 54.
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