Analyzing Product Market And Economic Concepts: Real World Scenarios

Australia’s Changing Production Pattern in the Electricity Sector

Discuss About The Simultaneous Planning Of Production Systems.

Product market can be referred as an economic process through which producers sell their final products to buyers. This market structure can be described with the help of real world scenario. Each company has supplied their products in market based on market demand. On the other side, consumers demand those products from which they can get utilities. Thus, each business activities can be described with the help of some basic microeconomics concepts, which are, production possibility frontier, demand, supply, market equilibrium and utility. Thus, this report has focused some newspaper and magazine articles that have discussed about the real market of products.

In Australia, decreasing costs of renewable energy and batteries have threatened various new coal power stations of this country.  According to the Sydney Morning Herald, prices of wind and solar generators have become cheaper compare to the powered stations of gas-fired and coal (Latimer, 2018). As a result, one of the energy economists has stated that the country is changing its production pattern in electricity sector. Hence, building of new gas and coal stations are becoming economically insignificant.

The opportunity cost implies a value, which a producer can receive by choosing the second best alternatives through allocating scarce resources. On the other side, production possibility frontier (PPF) shows the maximum combinations of two outputs that a country can receive by using its all resources (Ruijs et al., 2017). With same technology, labour and capital, Australia can produce either thermal energy or renewable energy. The possible trade-off can be shown with the help of a suitable diagram.

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Renewable energy

O

A

B

C

D

Has represented a production possibility frontier of Australia for producing energies with limited resources. According to this figure, the country needs to scarify AB amount of thermal energy to produce CD amount of renewable energy. Hence, the opportunity cost, which the country has sacrificed, is AB.

The coffee market in the UAE has increased significantly due to the increasing demand for customers. In Dubai, major coffee chains have set up their outlets. The city, being one of the largest business hubs, has huge number of coffee buyers. In 2016, the number of coffee outlets in the U.A.E has remained around 1151. Moreover, per capita expenditure of consumers on coffee and tea has become to $90.6 in the same year (Meetu Bhasin, 2018). Hence, Dubai is expecting to become a large coffee trade destination for coming years.  Dubai has possessed various economical activities, as it is the capital of U.A.E. Moreover, this city has earned huge significance for shopping. Those factors have positively influenced the demand for coffee to increase further.

Dubai’s Coffee Market and Its Potential as a Coffee Trade Destination

This increasing demand for coffee can be analysed with the help of a demand curve. Demand for a particular product chiefly depends on its price. However, other factors can also influence this demand to shift further (Foster, Haltiwanger & Syverson, 2016). In this context, demand for coffee has increased because of the economical environment of Dubai, while price has remained at its initial position.

Price of coffee

Quantity demanded for coffee

O

P

Q1

Q2

D1

D2

The initial demand curve of coffee is represented by D1 line. At, price level P, the equilibrium amount of coffee has remained at Q1. However, after increase in demand due to some external factors, this curve has shifted to the right. Hence, at same price level, the demand for coffee in Dubai has increased by Q1Q2 amount.

Housing affordability in Australia has become one of the chief issues among the policy makers of the government. According to this newspaper article, demand for houses has depended mostly on the income of consumers. Rich people are demanding more houses compare to others and this in turn has increased the housing prices in this country. Consequently, median house prices in Sydney has remained 5.8 time more compare to the median household income of this city in 2001. However, this gap has increased significantly and in 2018, median house price has become 8.3 times more compare to the city’s median household income (Jericho, 2018).  

Market demand curve and market supply curve help to determine the market equilibrium of any product. The equilibrium price occurs when these two curves equate with each other. Moreover, the equilibrium amount of output can also be determined from here (Tham & Luo, 2015). In Sydney, housing supply has remained at a stable position. However, the market demand for this product has increased significantly due to some external factors, over the years. Consequently, this has led the market price of houses to increase further.

Housing prices

O

P1

P0

Q0

Q1

D0

D1

S

Amount of houses

According to , the initial demand curve of houses is D0 while the stable supply curve is S. At this situation, the housing price in Sydney has remained at P1 and the corresponding quantity demanded has remained at Q0. After increase in demand for houses, the new demand curve has become D1 while supply has remained at its initial level. At this situation, the market price of houses has increased by P0P1 unit for extra Q0Q1 amount of houses.

In Egypt, tax revenues on fiscal year 2018/19 have targeted to increase by EGP 166.38 bn and have registered at EGP 770.28 bn. One of the chief sources of tax revenue is the income tax.  In addition to this, the country has also aimed to increase its revenues from taxes on tobacco including VAT worth 7.072 bn (dailynewsegypt.com, 2018).

Tobacco is considered as inelastic product due to its nature of demand in market. By the term inelastic, it can be said that, the demand for tobacco cannot decrease significantly after increasing the price of this product (Gray et al., 2017). The government may impose higher amount of taxes on this product. This in turn increases the price of tobacco. However, market demand may remain same and consequently, the government can earn higher amount of revenue from this source.

Price of tobacco

Quantity demanded for tobacco

O

P1

Q1

Q0

D

P0

Sydney’s Housing Affordability Issue

The above figure has represented an inelastic demand curve for tobacco by the line D. Due to this nature; the slope of this curve is comparatively steeper than normal demand curves of other products. After imposition of tax, price of tobacco has increased by P0P1 unit and consequently, quantity demanded has increased by Q1Q0 unit. However, the amount of price change is higher compare to the amount quantity change. From this, it can be said that the government may earn higher revenue by imposing higher amount of taxes on tobacco.

The greenhouse gas emissions in Australia have increased significantly in 2017. However, the country has decreased its production of thermal power and has started to generate renewable energy. In this year, the country’s total greenhouse gas emissions have become to 556.11m tonnes while in 2016 the amount has remained at 7.21 m tonnes. Emissions have come from various sectors, like electricity, transport, agriculture and so on. While energy sector has decreased the amount of greenhouse gas emissions, transport sector along with fugitive emissions have generated huge amount of green house gases.

When people get benefits by consuming any product, that it can be said that this particular product has utility. However, by increasing the consumption of this product by large number, this level of utility can be decreased (Zulkafli & Kopanos, 2017). Hence, from the above discussion, it can be stated that the utility level of Australia has decreased significantly through using more transports. With the help of transport, people can move easily and consequently have received higher utility from it. However, excess use of transports can increase the greenhouse gases and this in turn can decrease the amount of total utility of those people.

Total utility

O

Number of cars

Has represented a total utility curve of Australian people, based on the number of transport consumption. According to this figure, people get higher benefits from using transports and this lead the total utility curve to increase further. However, excess use of transport may cause emissions of greenhouse gases. For this, total utility may start to decline if the utility received from gas emissions can offset the service received from transportation.

Conclusion:

 Hence, this report has analysed various real world scenario, based on product markets, with the help of some fundamental concepts of microeconomics. For doing so, this report has analysed energy sector of Australia for production possibility frontier, coffee market in Dubai for demand and supply concepts, housing market in Sydney for market equilibrium,, tax on tobacco in Egypt for inelastic demand and impact of transports of Australia for discussing utility.

According to this project, it can be said that economic concepts have close relations with real market scenario. Each activity of product industry can be described with the help of micro-economical concepts.

References:

Egypt targets EGP 166.38bn increase in total tax revenues in FY 2018/19 – Daily News Egypt. (2018). Daily News Egypt. Retrieved 24 April 2018, from https://dailynewsegypt.com/2018/04/16/egypt-targets-egp-166-38bn-increase-total-tax-revenues-fy-2018-19/

Foster, L., Haltiwanger, J., & Syverson, C. (2016). The slow growth of new plants: Learning about demand?. Economica, 83(329), 91-129.

Gray, J. C., Amlung, M. T., Owens, M., Acker, J., Brown, C. L., Brody, G. H., … & MacKillop, J. (2017). The neuroeconomics of tobacco demand: an initial investigation of the neural correlates of cigarette cost-benefit decision making in male smokers. Scientific Reports, 7, 41930.

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/mar/29/australias-emissions-rise-again-in-2017-putting-paris-targets-in-doubt

Jericho, G. (2018). Australian housing stuck between a rock and a hard place | Greg Jericho. the Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/business/grogonomics/2018/mar/06/australian-housing-stuck-between-a-rock-and-a-hard-place

Latimer, C. (2018). Falling renewable costs ‘chilling’ for fossil fuels. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 April 2018, from https://www.smh.com.au/business/the-economy/falling-renewable-costs-chilling-for-fossil-fuels-20180329-p4z6vb.html

Meetu Bhasin, C. (2018). U.A.E.’s Coffee Market Is Brewing Thanks To Robust Consumer Demand – Forbes Middle East. Forbes Middle East. Retrieved 24 April 2018, from https://www.forbesmiddleeast.com/en/u-a-e-s-coffee-market-is-brewing-thanks-to-robust-consumer-demand/

Ruijs, A., Kortelainen, M., Wossink, A., Schulp, C. J. E., & Alkemade, R. (2017). Opportunity cost estimation of ecosystem services. Environmental and Resource Economics, 66(4), 717-747.

Slezak, M. (2018). Australia’s emissions rise again in 2017, putting Paris targets in doubt. the Guardian. Retrieved 24 April 2018, from

Tham, C. K., & Luo, T. (2015). Quality of contributed service and market equilibrium for participatory sensing. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 14(4), 829-842.

Zulkafli, N. I., & Kopanos, G. M. (2017, May). Simultaneous planning of production and utility systems under performance degradation. In Advanced Control of Industrial Processes (AdCONIP), 2017 6th International Symposium on (pp. 113-118). IEEE.