A. Definition/comparison
|
Differences |
Chromosome |
Gene |
|
Chromosomes can be seen under microscope |
Not visible under microscope |
|
|
Composed of DNA, RNA, and histones |
Composed of either RNA or DNA |
|
|
Similarities |
||
|
Two sets of chromosomes are in each diploid cell |
Two copies of a gene in each diploid cell |
|
|
During meiosis chromosome duplicates |
Gene duplication also occurred during meiosis (Finegold, 2018) |
2.Chiasmata
During synopsis, the non-sister chromatids break and recombine with the homologous chromosome. The chromatids remain attached at the single point of exchange which is called chromatin
Nondisjunction
It is the Failure of chromosomes to divide at meiosis stage in karyokinesis, which results in chromosome having only one daughter cell.
Divergences
Nondisjunction is characterized as an abnormal distribution of the chromosomes to the cell poles during mitotic division.
Chiasmata are the point at which two chromosomes remain in contact with one another during the first metaphase of the meiosis.
3.Bar Bodies and sex chromosome
A female shut off one of their x chromosomes during the development of the embryo. This inactivation of X chromosome is called Barr body.
Sex chromosomes X and Y are chromosomes that play an important role to determine whether the person is male or female.
Relationship
Barr bodies are actually inactivated X chromosomes
4.Topoisomerase
Topoisomerase is a class of enzymes that changes the supercoiling of dsDNA. Example: DNA topoisomerase1, 2, 3, 4
DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes DNA, molecule by assembling nucleotides. Example DNA polymerase 1, 2, 3, and 4
Differences
5.Leading strand
Leading strand is the one replicated strand of DNA double-strand that grows continuously without gaps
Okazaki fragments are the small fragments of newly synthesized DNA formed on lagging strand
Differences
6.RNA Interference
It is a set of pathways that takes part in regulation of gene expression
miRNA
These are small endogenous RNA takes part in degradation and translation repression of a specific mRNA.
Differences
7.Inducible operon and suppressor
An inducible operon is a type of operon in which a key metabolic element induces the transcription process of the structural genes. Example: lac operon
Suppression
It is an operon that transcribes the structural genes in the absence of repressor. Example: trp operon
Similarities
Both inducible operon and suppressor have structural genes with the same function are operated by a single promoter https://www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=114172
8.Gene therapy and DNA fingerprinting
Differences
9.Transduction and conjugation
Differences
10.Cytoplasmic inheritance and genomic imprinting
Differences
B. Short answers
1.
2.Similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA Synthesis
Differences
3.Restriction enzymes are the DNA cutting enzymes. They cut the DNA at one or more sites of sequence
Example – restriction endonucleases, ligase
The restriction endonuclease enzyme is used in recombination with the help of plasmid. Restriction enzyme recognizes a specific site at DNA sequence and cleaves it. DNA ligase works to join the strands.
4.Gene regulation
Steps involved in gene regulation
Transcription is the most important level of the gene regulation where the protein binds to a particular DNA sequence and promotes or stops transcription (Khan Academy, 2018).
5.Negative and positive regulation of lac operon in E. coli
A negative regulation takes place when repressor protein that binds to the nucleotide sequence present within the lac-operator site. After binding of lac repressor, transcription of LacZ, LAcY, and LacA by RNA polymerase is prevented. In the absence of lactose, the repressor binds to O site and block RNA polymerase from binding to the p site and stops transcription
Lac operon is positively regulated when lactose is bind to the repressor site to allow RNA polymerase to transcript a gene of interest.
6.Types of RNA
.mRNA: it carries the genetic information from the nucleus of a cell to the cytoplasm
.rRNA: It triggers regulate the translation of messenger RNA into protein
.tRNA: they bring to transfer the amino acid to a ribosome in order to make polypeptide (Albert, 2017)
7.DNA proofreading
DNA proofreading is a mechanism for correcting errors such as unpaired bases in the nucleic acid or protein synthesis (Seeberg, 2012).
8.DNA Template
mRNA sequence
5’ – AUGGCCGUGCUAAUC– 3’
Anticodon
UAC, CGG, CAC, GAU, UAG
Final sequence
AUG GCC GUG CUA AUC
Methionine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine
C. Multiple choices
1.d
introns; eukaryotic
2.e
It is based on the widely different amount of cytoplasm that male and female parents provide when gametes are formed.
3.d
an uncommon condition in humans.
4.a
undergo more cell divisions than normal.
5.a
haploid cells
6.d
missense
7.b
turn off transcription in the presence of an inducer.
8.b
They affect more females than males.
9.b
transcriptional
10.
During mitosis on cell is divided in to two daughter cells at Telophase stage
References:
Albert, B. (2017). Molecular biology of the cell. (6th ed.). San Francisco: Garland Science.
DAT Bootcamp (2018). Chromosome and chromatid numbers during mitosis and meiosis. Retrieved from: https://datbootcamp.com/biology-strategy/chromosome-and-chromatid-numbers-during-mitosis-and-meiosis/
Finegold, D. N. (2018). Genes and chromosome. Retrieved from: https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/fundamentals/genetics/genes-and-chromosomes
Hasunuma, K. (2009). Genetics and molecular biology. Oxford, UK: EOLSS publications.
Helmenstine, A. M. (2018). What are the three types of RNA? What are their functions?. Retrieved from: https://www.thoughtco.com/types-of-rna-and-their-functions-606386
Khan Academy (2018). Overview of Gene Regulation. Retrieved from: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-eukaryotes/a/overview-of-eukaryotic-gene-regulation
Seeberg, E. (2012). Chromosome damage and repair. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.
Taylor, S. (2018). Compare and contrasting DNA replication in prokaryotes & eukaryotes. Retrieved from: https://sciencing.com/comparing-contrasting-DNA-replication-prokaryotes-eukaryotes-13739.html
Essay Writing Service Features
Our Experience
No matter how complex your assignment is, we can find the right professional for your specific task. Contact Essay is an essay writing company that hires only the smartest minds to help you with your projects. Our expertise allows us to provide students with high-quality academic writing, editing & proofreading services.
Free Features
Free revision policy
$10Free bibliography & reference
$8Free title page
$8Free formatting
$8How Our Essay Writing Service Works
First, you will need to complete an order form. It's not difficult but, in case there is anything you find not to be clear, you may always call us so that we can guide you through it. On the order form, you will need to include some basic information concerning your order: subject, topic, number of pages, etc. We also encourage our clients to upload any relevant information or sources that will help.
Complete the order form
Once we have all the information and instructions that we need, we select the most suitable writer for your assignment. While everything seems to be clear, the writer, who has complete knowledge of the subject, may need clarification from you. It is at that point that you would receive a call or email from us.
Writer’s assignment
As soon as the writer has finished, it will be delivered both to the website and to your email address so that you will not miss it. If your deadline is close at hand, we will place a call to you to make sure that you receive the paper on time.
Completing the order and download