Part A: Interpretation of financial Information
Solution 1(A): The price of share of ABC as on 30th June 2018 will be calculated through using the following formula:
Share price (MPS) = Price Earnings ratio * EPS (Brigham and Michael, 2013)
= $7.66 * 0.020 = $ 0.1532
The market price per share of ABC Retail Company will be $ 0.1532 on date 30th June 2018
Solution 1(B): In order to find out the market capitalization of ABC Retail Company it is essential to find out the number of equity shares traded on stock exchange.
Market Capitalization = Number of equity shares * Market price per share
Number of Equity Shares = Profit after tax / EPS
Profit after tax = Profit before interest and tax – interest expenses – tax expenses (Baker and Nofsinger, 2010)
PBT of ABC = $1305 – $1247 – $17 = $41
Number of Equity Shares of ABC = $41/ $0.020
= 2050 Shares
Market capitalization of ABC as on 30th June 2018 = 2050 * $0.1532
= $ 314.06
Solution 1(C): In order to ABC’s recent P/E ratio with the industry average there is need to find out P/E ratio of retail industry of Australia for year 2018. To compute the industry average of P/E ratio for retail industry of Australia it has been decided to take average of two retail companies in Australia. The two companies selected for this purpose are Wesfarmers and Woolworth. Both the selected companies belong of retail industry of Australia.
P/E Ratio of Wesfarmers= 48.66 Times (Yahoo Finance: Wesfarmers, 2018)
P/E Ratio of Woolworth= 21.40 Times (Yahoo Finance: Woolworth, 2018)
P/E Ratio Industry Average (Most recent) = (48.66+21.40)/2 = 35.03 Times
P/E Ratio of ABC Retail Company = 7.66 Times
As per information on P/E Ratio of ABC Company and industry average it can be evaluated that share price value of ABC may be undervalued but there is still good margin for growth in the market value of the company.
Solution 2:
The formula to calculate the current ratio and quick ratio is given below:
To compute the quick assets there is need to subtract value of inventory from the current assets.
|
Particulars |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
|
Current Assets |
11171 |
12432 |
13533 |
|
Current Liabilities |
6238 |
4167 |
4047 |
|
Quick Assets |
4688 |
5236 |
5520 |
|
Current Ratio |
1.79 |
2.98 |
3.34 |
|
Quick Ratio |
0.75 |
1.26 |
1.36 |
Solution 3:
Working capital management refers to monitoring of the cash flow, current liabilities and current assets through use of ratio analysis. The key ratios used to determine the efficiency of working capital are working capital ratio, collection ratio and inventory turnover ratio.
|
Particulars |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
|
|
Current Assets |
$ 11,171.00 |
$ 12,432.00 |
$ 13,533.00 |
|
|
Current Liabilities |
$ 6,238.00 |
$ 4,167.00 |
$ 4,047.00 |
|
|
Net Sales |
$ 38,222.00 |
$ 39,258.00 |
$ 40,592.00 |
|
|
Inventory |
$ 6,483.00 |
$ 7,196.00 |
$ 8,013.00 |
|
|
Account Receivables |
$ 4,346.00 |
$ 4,892.00 |
$ 5,239.00 |
|
|
Ratios |
Formula |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
|
Working Capital Ratio |
Current Assets/Current Liabilities |
1.79 |
2.98 |
3.34 |
|
Inventory Turnover Ratio |
Net Sales /Inventory |
5.90 |
5.46 |
5.07 |
|
Collection Ratio |
(Accounts Receivables/Sales)*365 |
41.50 |
45.48 |
47.11 |
(Baker and Nofsinger, 2010)
As the collection ratio shows an increasing trend that indicates the efficiency of management has been decreasing year by year in collecting the accounts receivables from their customers. Inventory turnover ratio has decreased from year 5.90 times to 5.07 times in three year span that clearly indicates that ABC has made more purchases as required to be made. Working capital ratio was between 1.79 times to 3.34 times that shows ABC has enough current assets to pay the current liabilities. So overall working capital position of ABC Company was satisfactory and it is recommended to managers to improve the collection policies so that collection ratio can be improved.
Solution 4:
Trends in the profitability position of the ABC Retail Company
|
Particulars |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
|
|
Operating Income (EBIT) |
$ 1,208.00 |
$ 1,281.00 |
$ 1,305.00 |
|
|
Net Profit (EAT) |
$ 92.00 |
$ 46.00 |
$ 41.00 |
|
|
Net Sales |
$ 38,222.00 |
$ 39,258.00 |
$ 40,592.00 |
|
|
EPS |
$ 0.046 |
$ 0.023 |
$ 0.020 |
|
|
Ratios |
Formula |
2016 |
2017 |
2018 |
|
Operating Profit Ratio |
Operating profit/Net Sales |
3.16% |
3.26% |
3.21% |
|
Net Profit Ratio |
Net profit/ Net Sales |
0.24% |
0.12% |
0.10% |
|
EPS |
Net profit/Number of Equity Shares |
0.046 |
0.023 |
0.020 |
(Baker and Nofsinger, 2010)
Analysis of profitability position of ABC during the last three years
On the basis of trend analysis of profitability performance of ABC during the last three years it can be said that there has been decreasing trend in net profit ratio and also in EPS. The decreasing trend indicates poor profitability performance of ABC Company.
Solution 5:
The best solvency ratio that will help bank to evaluate the solvency position of the ABC Company is Debt Equity Ratio. The debt equity compares the total debt to total equity capital of the company. Higher debt equity ratio Shows Company has used more debt capital (Bank Loan) to finance the assets of the company as compare to the equity capital (Brigham and Michael, 2013).
Formula of Debt Equity Capital: Debt /Equity
= $10750/$4998 = 2.150
The debt equity ratio of 2.150 indicates that ABC Company has used 2.150 times the debt capital as compare to equity capital. Looking at the debt equity ratio of ABC Company, bank should lend the fund to the company as it will increase the debt equity ratio which can affect the liquidity and profitability performance of the company.
Part B: Business Report
Introduction
The present report is developed for providing an understanding of the role of ethics in corporate governance. This has been carried out by demonstrating an application of the real-world example from an Australian financial corporation. The selected financial corporation is AMP, a financial services company based in Australia and New Zealand involved in providing superannuation and investment products. The report has carried out an analysis of the recent news regarding AMP and its relation with corporate regulator.
Analysis of Recent News Regarding AMP for Depicting the Role of Ethics in Corporate Governance
Corporate governance can be defined as the framework of rules, practices and processes by which a firm is directed and controlled. The establishment of relevant rules and regulations is necessary for promoting transparency, accountability and honesty in business operations as it provides a framework to both employer and employees to carry out their job responsibilities. The role of ethics in development of corporate governance polices is very essential for protecting the interests of the stakeholders by enhancing integrity and responsibility in business practices. The business organizations are required to implement ethical policies and practices at the time of developing the corporate governance policies. This is because the absence of relevant ethical standards within the workplace can lead to bad corporate governance framework that can lead to the occurrence of unethical issues (Bergstein, 2014).
The importance of adopting ethical corporate governance policies by a business corporation can be explained by demonstrating the example of a financial corporation of Australia, that is, AMP. AMP is known to be a financial services company of Australia that is mainly involved in providing of superannuation and investment products, insurance, financial advices and other types of banking products. The financial services sector of Australia is under scrutiny after the banking Royal Commission has reported various scandals relating to culture and governance issues. AMP has admitted to the financial services royal commission over use of unethical practices for deceiving the corporate regulator ASIC (Australian Securities Investment Corporation). The company has admitted that it has deceived large number of customers by charging them the fees for its financial services but has not provided the required services in exchange of the fees charged. It has been claimed that about 30,000 customers have not received an annual financial check-up for which they have provided the fees. It has been admitted by the company executive’s that they had deliberately retained fees for its clients even though they had not received any service from AMP (Williams, 2018).
The occurrence of such corporate governance issues has placed emphasis on the presence of ethical corporate governance policies within the business corporations. This is essential so that senior members of the company abide by the ethical policies and regulations for protecting the interests of the stakeholders. The same has been stated by the financial theories of agency and stakeholder theory. The agency theory has stated the relation between business manager and the shareholders with the use of agent-principal relation. As per the theory, agent is the business managers while principal are the shareholders and thus agents should act in the direction of maximizing the interest of the principal. The business managers own the responsibility towards the stakeholders for acting in their interest and maximize the wealth created for them (Bergstein, 2014). However, AMP business managers have acted against the agency theory perspectives as the business managers have not met their responsibility towards the shareholders. They have deceived the stakeholder’s interest by acting unethically towards the customers and hiding the information from the corporate regulatory. As such, the unethical practices of the company were hided from the investors and other stakeholders and thus deceiving them as well (Janda, 2018).
The stakeholder theory has been derived from the normative accounting theory and this theory tells that it is the primary duty of managers to maximise the stakeholder’s interest but in the way it is permitted by the law and social values. The Stakeholder’s theory is defined as the conceptual framework of ethics and management that is used to address the moral and ethical values of stakeholders. As per this theory, the duty of managers is not limits to the interests of shareholders but they have to work for the interest of all stakeholders. The management of any business organization is completely responsible to provide all the material information to the stakeholders so that they can be aware of the actual performance of the company.
It has been found in AMC case that management has deliberately over charged fees from their clients and has not provided the services for which fees has been charged for. It clearly signifies that management at AMC has violated the stakeholder theory as managers of AMC have played with the interest of their clients which is very serious concern on the part of company accountability. The stakeholder theory clearly mentions that managers must inform the stakeholders about any major change in the policies of the company but managers at AMC have failed to perform their duty.
The scandalous behavior of the AMP has caused the ASX Corporate Governance council to re-draft some of core principles of corporate governance for improving the corporate culture. The recommended changes are directed for resolving the governance issues recently reported in the financial service sector of Australia by royal commission. The recommended change has urged the companies to adopt and continually reinforce a culture of acting lawfully, ethically and in a socially responsible manner (ASX proposes tougher governance guidelines, 2018).
Conclusion
Thus, it can be stated from the real-world example of the financial service company of AMP who has breached the corporate governance framework of ASX that it is required to integrate the principle of ethics and social responsibility in such a framework. This is essential to protect the interest of the stakeholders and promoting transparency in the business corporations.
References
ASX proposes tougher governance guidelines. 2018. [Online]. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-05-02/asx-toughens-governance-standards/9719284 [Accessed on: 8 September 2018].
Baker, H.K. and Nofsinger, J.R. 2010. Behavioral Finance: Investors, Corporations, and Markets. John Wiley & Sons.
Bergstein, S. 2014. Financial Management and the Agency Theory: Shareholder Wealth Maximization as an organizational goal for private firms. GRIN Verlag.
Brigham, F., and Michael C. 2013. Financial management: Theory & practice. Cengage Learning.
Janda, M. 2018. Banking royal commission: AMP says it misled ASIC over fee-for-no-service financial advice. [Online]. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-16/banking-royal-commission-financial-planners/9662166 Accessed on: 8 September 2018].
Williams, R. 2018. Call for shareholder action to prevent more banking ‘horror stories’. [Online]. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/banking-and-finance/call-for-shareholder-action-to-prevent-more-banking-horror-stories-20180626-p4znux.html [Accessed on: 8 September 2018].
Yahoo Finance: Wesfarmers. 2018. Wesfarmers Limited (WES.AX). [Online]. Available at: https://au.finance.yahoo.com/quote/wes.ax/ [Accessed on: 7 September, 2018].
Yahoo Finance: Woolworth. 2018. Woolworths Group Limited (WOW.AX). [Online]. Available at: https://au.finance.yahoo.com/quote/wow.ax?ltr=1 [Accessed on: 7 September, 2018].
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