Assessment Of Antimicrobial Utilization And MRSA Infection In Australia

Antimicrobial utilization and resistance

In the current world, there are many strains of bacteria that are increasing daily with a change of lifestyle that people usually assume all through. With these infections increasing day by day, the scientists are very keen on establishing what could be the root cause and how to overcome this dreaded condition of all the time (Murray, 2013). There appears to be a mutation of the different species of the bacteria by the constant usage of some particular drugs to attack the infections. As a result of their persistent and arrival of new strains over and over, antimicrobial packages have been introduced to try to curb this mess that has been accumulating with the passage of time. Each and every person is liable and vulnerable to get away with these infections the young and old alike.  The frequent misplacement of the right doses by human beings has opened a floodgate to innumerable classes of bacterial infection to some worrying statistics. This condition has shown that even the continual use of these antibacterial diseases has brought a situation that these bacteria have resisted the effect of the drugs among the patients (Sirmans, 2014). Out of this discovery, it has come to be noticed that unfortunate state can be minimized by educating the members of the public to ensure that they keep tidy environments, use of the natural remedies instead of the conventional medicines always and also through little consumption of even prescribed doses( Channel). By assuming these strategies there is a great glimmer of hope in the pathway of reducing the impacts of the infections now so rampant.

This research is majorly capturing Australia where there are so many members of the public consuming the drug to treat their condition. Australia than any other country has been recently reported to be very infested with this reality of the bacterial infection and the resistance they are offering to the prescribed antibiotics at all levels (Tirupathi, 2011). So this paper is geared to underscore the relationship that has always occurred between these two contrasting factors and offer a critical review also of the studies conducted in search of the solution.

One of the most horrifying issues in the medical world recently is the great opposition against antimicrobial drugs is facing from some strains of bacteria.  It is really heart rendering when drug after drug is administered with any reasonable change being achieved at the end of each toiling exercise (Enright, Robinson,  Randle,  Feil, Grundmann,  & Spratt 2002)… This state of things is very frustrating even for the scientists.  The worst of these trials in the past many years in the clinical field has even proved to nourish some more strange types of infections hence making the condition harder with time. The current statistics that have been left in the record showing the distribution of the pathogens and the related microorganisms affecting the human family have been a wonder to many researchers. With their hard resistance on the applied remedies without any avail whatsoever. It is sad news that the more the use of the counter drugs the more serious the challenge has been posted to the patients.

MRSA infection in Australia

 The victims of the microorganism have been down to a great degree with their desperate efforts to help their poor bodies.  An extrapolation and correlation were done to specifically understand the manner in which the antibacterial use has been with the microbial organism existence in the very framework of the society.  For this matter, a study was carried out in Australia to identify one very critical infection that has manifested marvellous resistance the available hospitals drugs. Through a thorough evaluation of some articles and sufficient examination of the available information, this strain will act an s a precursor to help in how to deal with other infections that have proved untouchable. In this study, it was revealed that the administration of various antibacterial dosages had to some extent some considerable effect on the obstruction of the bacterial, though not consistent. Once in while a great variance in terms of change was noted and the more the use of the drugs the great the burden of the diseases among the people

As a matter of fact, in Australia, this infection most has emanated from the cyclic use of the drugs majorly supplied from the health centres. This strain has been proving very adamant in both past and recent times alike ( Swierzewski, 2008)… This infection is so world spread that there are very many people who now inhabit this earth are now languishing under its baleful effect on their mortal bodies. Across the continents, it has been declared to be one of the most serious calamity to molest the health of human beings. What makes the issue more painful is that MRSA infection is so obdurate in obstructing the healing power of Antibacterial doses. It prostrates many down to earth with its subtle yet cunning hideousness. Changing from one form to another with an introduction of any new remedy to work on it. There is a high mortality rate of over twenty thousand victims annually across the world and this is very startling in hearing.  This is a very large proportion of the citizens who are brought down by this strain of the microorganism. It is clear to note that this breed of bacteria has infested very many people, in that in each every clinic and health centre a great number of the present patients are laying under the great weight of this embarrassment. Therefore it is very important to look into it keenly exhaust all the available avenues that it gets, the already used drugs and what could be remaining to help curb it as a national crisis.

Therapeutic treatment options

There are so many mysteries that exist within the scientific world of discovery of how these pathogens are transmitted from one medium to another. It is generally noted that most of them are shared between the animal king and the human family. They coexist between these two mediums and when they find a favorable condition they thrive and clone themselves for survival in various attempts to clear them off.

In the choice of the articles to be used in this research, several criterion were used in selection. The basic cohort, RTC and case control were employed in this exercise. In the library selection the key word that was used in order to get the result was MRSA as the main word. In view of this very many articles were received which would be used in the research. Out of over1500 articles received, only five were very relevant to the topic under investigation.

Various studies were conducted on this general microorganism issue by various researchers to establish the relationship that occurs between the antibiotics and the resistance of the microorganisms in the network.  At least for comparative results to be established at least five studies were evaluated to manifest the thoughts. Through cohort and grade scaling they were evaluated and various findings were the result.

According to Johnston, Norrish, grammar, Walton, hearty, and Coleman (2005), in trying to establish the spreading of MRSA in various hospitals found very wonderful attainments in their discourse.

Component	A Very strong	B Strong	C fair	D Weak
Evidence base		Strong
Consistency		Strong
Clinical impact		Strong
Generalizability	Very strong
Applicability	Very strong

Evidence base

As they were in the process of extrapolating how the drugs are employed in the minimization of the infection in various hospitals and clinical centers. The evidence was prospective as it involved only a little sample which was reliable.

Consistency

 In their quest to understand how this crisis can be checked in, they established that the unhygienic conditions that prevailed in very many sectors of the health centers served as the reason why many patients could contract the infection amongst one another.

Clinical impact

 And that by being able to maintain a clean environment will ensure that the condition stays away from the people. One of the main crisis this study revealed was the abundance of filthy areas that promoted the growth and spread of the infection.

 Generalization

This study in itself was very standard and it is viable to be used for any test health location. Despite the use of the medications if people can keep clean vicinities, use detergents where possible they can help in the control of this infection as noted by these scientists.

Epidemiological concepts

Applicability

This is because MRSA spreads quickly and in a more possible way in the face of dirty interactions.

In another study conducted illustrates that this infection if controlled well can be prevented. It is so widespread in a very short span of time and this prevalence is very key. A research was conducted in various hospitals and also specifically in the intensive care units where only a few patients are admitted over a given period of time (Kouroun, 2016).

Component	A Very strong	B Strong	C fair	D weak
Evidence base		Strong
Consistency		Strong
Clinical impact	Very strong
Generalizability	Very strong
Applicability		Strong

Extrapolation of the Table

Evidence Base

 This study was repeated over and over for a considerable period of time and all the constants were taken into account. It was realized that there was a maintenance of the patients that had the infection.

Consistency 

 It is not spread anyway as in other instances wherein the wards and open places, more members could be infected and affected after all. 

Clinical impact

This study can be readily relied on as one of the most effective ways to keep MRSA away from the people alongside the use of the medication.

Generalization

The outcome of the study serves as a great key in opening forums to educate the physicians and the communities on how to take care of the conditions (Huang, Yokoe, Hinrichsen,  Spurchise,  Datta, Miroshnik 2006). 

Applicability

The uniformity of the study manifests the reliability level that can be assumed in the long run to help in controlling the condition in various hospitals in Australia and other counterparts of the world in particular and in general.

In another isolated research that was conducted to estimate the impact of a certain antibacterial drug referred to as vancomycin on the patient infected by Arussa bacteria and what would be the after effects, the drug would have in the system (Hidayat,  & Hsu, 2006).

Component	A Very strong	B Strong	C fair	D weak
Evidence base		Strong
Consistency		Strong
Clinical impact				weak
Generalizability			Fair
Applicability		Strong

Evidence base

The researchers used a sample of some patients in order to establish the relationship that existed between the two ends in practice. Through the use of this antibiotic, they noted it had a mixed reaction in the patients. When it was used moderately they noticed that it had positive impacts but on the other side, its effects were disastrous.

Consistency

This means when it was administered in high doses it severely affected the patient and it never had any positive effect on the infection. This study foreshadowed the many drugs that are deemed to be a cure. This illustrates that the more the antibiotics are consumed without regulation the more they create more room for variation of the infection to other dangerous species.

Research designs and levels of evidence

Clinical impact

Contamination that results from various interactions between the activities that happen with people is also considered to some extent related to the infections. Through interactions that happen in the cowsheds, in the farms and administration of animals through ranches, these pathogens especially the outright MRSA resides within these defiled occasions. In Australia, it is so rampant especially when people interact with the animals (Costa, Loureiro, & Matos, 2013).

Generalization

Due to this discovery, it is now clear that filthiness is a factor in the spread of this fatal element in threat of human existence (Hunter, Dawson, French, Goossens, Hawkey, Kuijper, & Wilcox, 2009).

Applicability

So that this is overcome and controlled, there must be disinfection in all interaction with even the animals in and general cleanness to stay away from this harmful bacteria in Australia and in other parts of this world.

Component	A Very strong	B Strong	C fair	D Weak
Evidence base		Strong
Consistency		Strong
Clinical impact				Weak
Generalizability			Fair
Applicability	Very strong

Extrapolation of the Table  

Evidence base

Finally, another study was conducted to show the mortality level resulting from the infectious MRSA from an agricultural point of view. It was a cohort based in that some patients were involved directly in the research.

Consistency

 Through this, it was discovered that when the antimicrobial drugs could bring down the pathogen, they grew bolder to greater strains that are more complex in their forms (Ramesh, 2008).

Clinical impact

When they interact with human beings they would have very detrimental impacts that in most cases seemed to kill so many without getting help.

Generalization

In this, it was observed that instead of using the artificial regulators, the traditional or rather natural remedies could be employed to tackle the problem once for all.

Applicability

This concern is seen to be touching very many aspects of people’s life and it is critical.

In summary, a few matters were established through these studies which are foundational. The author has pursued a very critical way to show the ways the infection is spread and the various ways to control. The manner of MRSA being able to thrive in a dirty environment, killing more people than many other calamities, the ineffectiveness of antibiotics to govern its fatality. And out of these the recommendations involved, maintaining hygienic environments, use of natural treatment methods more and also sensitization of members to be aware. Through utilization of various assorted samples of information, it was realized that the use of antitoxin components against the microbial bacteria. In fact, there were very considerable results that were noted when all was carefully examined in the light of the study that was conducted in all those various points of the concern. Various other studies and examinations that followed after manifested very interesting changes in terms of the positive implications that were witnessed by the researchers. It was in a great and candid demonstration that this condition had affected very many parts of the world and most of them were not in a position to avert the crisis.  Worth noting was that the countries in Southern Europe proved to be well groomed in dealing with the effects of the disease as compared to all other places elsewhere in the world? This indication calls for more intervention in other areas where the bacteria still prevail against the people’s wit. Much more assistance and support both scientifically and financially must be channeled to help curb the unfortunate state of things. The employment of antitoxins against the mycobacteria must not have a positive index in mitigating the challenge, the individuals under siege of this challenge may fail to be handled hence making the matter more conspicuous and outright and the dire need to overcome without one moment’s delay. Study one and two illustrates a strong generalizability and evidence basement compared to others. Other three studies were not very explicit in delivering explicit guidance on the condition.

Conclusion

More than expected it illustrates how to spread the condition is in many other sectors of the society and the urgency it needs to handle within a short span of time. Several sample tests were conducted to find out the correlation that takes place between the environment and development of bacteria in various occasions.  These studies revealed that there exist very many and different species of the antimicrobial bacteria. These studies confirm clearly what very many institutions some funded by the government, medical forums have established in the past history and what is currently found today also. The utilization of the antimicrobial may not when always used supply the need or when they are ceased also impact the condition negatively as the studies reveal. Through this.

References

Channel, B. H. (n.d). Antibiotic resistant bacteria. Retrieved from https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/antibiotic-resistant- bacteria

Da Costa, P. M., Loureiro, L., & Matos, A. J. (2013). Transfer of multidrug-resistant bacteria between intermingled ecological niches: the interface between humans, animals and the environment. International journal of environmental research and public health, 10(1), 278-294.

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