This section of the paper looks to disclose an overview of the topic that has been selected for the research paper and the intention behind the choice of the specific topic. Additionally, the aim of the research is even explained in this part along with constructing the research questions. This part of the paper even aids in presenting the objective of the research so that it becomes easy for the readers to have an understanding of the specific research. This research paper has the goal of developing the quantitative data like the curves, the information that is available on the consumption of energy that is undertaken by the commercial buildings. This research will be helpful in assessing the stock of the building and the amount of energy that is consumed like fuel and its end use (Allouhi et al., 2015). The information that will be regarded for the project is the greenhouse gas emissions that have taken place from the year 1999 to 2020.
In the current modern and innovative world where there has been introduction of various technologies, there is a rise in the level of demand for the amount of energy in order to satisfy the demands of the individuals. The rise in the level of demand for energy kindles the economic development and conversely the utilisation of the energy even leads to the greenhouse gas emissions (Sun, 2016). There have been studies that have been undertaken in the past that have concentrated on the relationship between the environmental pollutants and the energy consumption and the economic development. In the current economic scenario, global warming is a developing issue and several steps have been undertaken by numerous nations. Therefore, this specific research has been selected in order to ascertain that if there is any kind of association among the consumption of energy and the greenhouse gas emissions (Ivanova et al., 2016). This paper will therefore look to become a valuable source of information for minimising the greenhouse gas emissions specifically in regards to the hotels that are operational in Australia.
The goal of the paper is to recognise the likelihood of the connection and the association between energy consumption and the greenhouse gases emission in regards to the hotels that are functional in Australia. It is due to this factor that is paper aids in ascertaining utilisation of energy and the relayed greenhouse gas emissions by looking into the quantitative data that is available in accordance to the commercial hotels and buildings in Australia.
It is crucial to recognise the construct certain objectives that are in regards to the research aim so that the selected topic can be assessed and explored extensively. The construction of the objectives for this research aids in segmenting a vast topic into ideal forms in order to ensure the success of the research. The objectives that have been ascertained for completing the paper in an effective manner have been explained as follows:
The research questions acts as the foundation for having a knowledge about the research topic in a detailed and explicit manner. The research questions focuses on the area that has been selected for the purpose of assessment in order to gain precise as well as suitable data with respect to the selected topic for the undertaking of the research. The research questions that have been constructed for this research paper have been given as follows:
This specific segment focuses on improving the academic understanding in order to ascertain the association among the emission of greenhouse gases and energy consumption (Paramati et al., 2017). The researcher and the readers will be capable of accomplishing an effective understanding with respect to the research topic by taking assistance of this knowledge. The explanations are undertaken in this segment in order to understand the topic in a more explained way.
The generation of the rise in demand for energy in order to undertake the human operations have specifically led to the transformations in the climate due to the effect of the emission of carbon dioxide and other hazardous pollutants (Huang et al., 2015). The carbon dioxide emissions in the environment have led to the rise in the global temperature and thereby rise in the greenhouse gases. In accordance to Bertone et al., (2018), there has been sustainable development in the extent of carbon dioxide to 390 ppm and this level is higher than the level established for pre-industrial factors. Therefore, this paper will assist in generating an understanding about the relation among consumption of energy and greenhouse gas emissions in accordance to the hotels that operates in Australia.
In accordance to Meng et al., (2016), there has been a report that 35% to 49% of the overall energy is consumed by the buildings and the real estate that are seen in the developing nations and this consists of the 50% to 63% of the consumption of the electrical energy in order to have a normal lifestyle for human beings. The demand for energy is looked upon to be rising constantly in the buildings and homes for enhancing the living standards and the quality of life for the human beings (Chau et al., 2015). The hotels have been making use of the energy for preserving their offered services to their consumers and maintaining the standard of their service quality. Additionally, the hotels even offer delicacies and variety of foods to their consumers because of which there is an increased consumption of energy for instance utilisation of electrical energy and even fuel gas. Robaina-Alves et al., (2016) has debated that 100% of the energy that is created onsite in the hotels make use of the sources with zero or low levels of carbon can be exploited for lowering the energy consumption annually.
The discharge of carbon dioxide because of the utilisation of energy in accordance to the buildings can be segmented into two kinds and they are direct discharges which refers to the burning of the gas fuels for the purpose of cooking and heating and the discharges because of the exploitation of the electrical energy for cooling, heating and discharging power to the entire building (Eras et al., 2016). The discharges in the hotels comprises of both of these categories and thereby raising the percentage of the emissions of the greenhouse gases. Electricity in addition to the direct usage of natural gas and petroleum is exploited for the purpose of heating and cooking in hotels and these are the two most general energy sources (Lin et al., 2018). In an approximation 78% of the overall energy that is being is used by the buildings is from electricity and this has led to the vital discharges of the greenhouse gases. As cited by Chen, & Chen (2015), outflow of the greenhouse gas power have increased by a margin of 18% during the 90s as the demand for power has begun to rise and the derivatives that are based on petroleum has sustained to be the predominant aspect for time. The extent of vitality exploited has supplemented from the year 1940, while the size of the population has multiplied. There were over 140 million accommodations sectors in the year 2012 and this has expanded over 250% after the year 1940.
The hotel sector is making use of a vital level of energy and therefore has been contributing towards the discharge of the greenhouse gases. In the coming years, there is a belief that the percentage will increase because of the fast transformations in the human being lifestyle and even innovations in the technologies in the economy. Therefore, there is a requirement to alleviate the problem for mitigating the effect on the global climate.
The part of the research methodology acts as a chapter that explains the process and the approach that is specifically ideal and needs to be incorporated for the gathering of the effective data and outcome of this research paper. Wang et al., (2017) concentrates in the several researches and theories and the concepts that can be incorporated for gaining critical understanding and knowledge in order to have an effective understanding of the research topic that has been addressed in this research. The use of the effective research methodology will be helpful in understanding the appropriate process for ascertaining the association among the discharge of the greenhouse gases and consumption of energy. Additionally, Zhang, & Gao (2016) has highlighted that the general errors may take place while incorporating the explained procedure for undertaking the research which generally generates limitations within the research procedure.
The examination on the specific research topic can be conducted by taking assistance of the two methods and the two processes are inductive and deductive process (Nässén & Larsson 2015). The approach of inductive aids in conducting the research even in circumstances when there is unavailability of data on the topic that has been chosen. The phase of initiation for this approach is known as observation which aids in the collecting precise information. Conversely, in accordance to Zhang et al., (2017), the deductive approach can be exploited for explaining the logical implication of the models and the theories in order to accomplish the idea and the concepts for the evaluation of the data. Therefore, it is essential that the approach needs to be chosen by relying on the research topic and the characteristics of the paper so that effective evaluation can be undertaken on the chosen topic. The research has therefore looked to make use of the deductive approach as this approach would be helpful in gathering secondary data with the help of which results in accordance to the topic can be gathered (Lin et al., 2015).
In case of any sort of research, the data is the key aspect for gathering facts as well as information that would be helpful to assess the research topic. Tang, (2015) has explained that data collection is a key factor for gaining the most precise outcome in accordance to the research paper. In accordance to this research paper, secondary data has been chosen as relevant data can be collected from several sources that can be offline and online as well. These data includes online websites, prevailing researches, annual report of the government and sources that has been received from the hotels (Keisewetter et al., 2016). The data that will be used for the purpose of assessment for this specific research paper will be from the time period of year 1999 to 2020 in accordance to the Australian hotels. The information is utilised for this research is found in the website of the Australian websites that is associated with the department of innovation, industry and science. The secondary data is used for the purpose of gaining the answers that is desired in this research paper.
This paper would look to incorporate quantitative data as it assists in collecting the statistical data for undertaking this distinct research. This kind of methodology will be advantageous as it assists in gaining precise outcome depending on the objectives that have been constructed for this research (Sun, & Liu 2016). The paper would undertake quantitative data analysis with the help of which the relationship among the consumption of energy and the emission of the greenhouse gases from the hotels in Australia can be understood.
This part of the paper has looked to answer the relationship that is existent within the energy consumption and the discharge of the greenhouse gases. The data that has been gathered would undergo various stages in order to uncover the actual results of the paper. The data includes the motels and the hotels that have a minimum of 5 rooms but they do not include the serviced apartments. It even includes the hotels that have casinos within them but in which the energy of the hotel could not be segregated from total energy of the building of the casino (Meng et al., 2017). The analysis has been undertaken by making a comparison with the electricity consumption and greenhouse gas emissions and a comparison with natural gas consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The three variables that has been taken into consideration for the evaluation of the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and consumption of energy in hotels in Australia are greenhouse gas emission that has been taken as the dependent variable and electricity consumption and natural gas as the independent variables. These two pollutants have been used for the purpose of evaluation as the hotels mainly exploit these two kinds of energy sources for their operational activities. The data is relation to the topic has been given as follows:
It is seen that in the year 1999 power and petroleum gas represented 65% and 35% overall energy, with these proportions staying consistent for all years till the year 2020. There has been an observation that power and gas are the main fuels utilized as a part of the hotel industry, this is not entirely right (Cadarso et al., 2016). There are number of hotels, especially in remote and regional locations, that utilize LPG and diesel oil. Nonetheless, by looking at the data related to the energy accessible to this research, their utilization as a share of overall use of energy for all hotel stock is negligible. Likewise, there was no key data on the degree of utilization of Green Power and onsite renewable energy.
|
Year |
Electricity |
GHG Emissions |
|
1999 |
7.4 |
2.4 |
|
2000 |
7.8 |
2.5 |
|
2001 |
8.1 |
2.5 |
|
2002 |
8.1 |
2.6 |
|
2003 |
8.6 |
2.8 |
|
2004 |
8.8 |
2.9 |
|
2005 |
9 |
2.9 |
|
2006 |
9.1 |
2.9 |
|
2007 |
9.3 |
2.9 |
|
2008 |
9.5 |
3 |
|
2009 |
9.7 |
3 |
|
2010 |
9.9 |
3.1 |
|
2011 |
10 |
3.1 |
|
2012 |
10.3 |
3.2 |
|
2013 |
10.6 |
3.3 |
|
2014 |
11 |
3.4 |
|
2015 |
11.3 |
3.5 |
|
2016 |
11.7 |
3.6 |
|
2017 |
12 |
3.7 |
|
2018 |
12.4 |
3.9 |
|
2019 |
12.7 |
4 |
|
2020 |
13.1 |
4.1 |
|
Electricity |
GHG Emissions |
|
|
Electricity |
1 |
|
|
GHG Emissions |
0.995132051 |
1 |
The correlation among the consumption of energy and greenhouse gas explains that they have a correlation value of 0.995132051. The value indicates that electricity and the emission of greenhouse gases are positively and very closely related to each other. The values indicate that changes in the consumption of electricity would directly have an impact on the emissions in the greenhouse gases.
|
Year |
Natural Gas Use |
GHG Emissions |
|
1999 |
4.1 |
2.4 |
|
2000 |
4.3 |
2.5 |
|
2001 |
4.5 |
2.5 |
|
2002 |
4.5 |
2.6 |
|
2003 |
4.8 |
2.8 |
|
2004 |
4.9 |
2.9 |
|
2005 |
5 |
2.9 |
|
2006 |
5.1 |
2.9 |
|
2007 |
5.2 |
2.9 |
|
2008 |
5.3 |
3 |
|
2009 |
5.4 |
3 |
|
2010 |
5.5 |
3.1 |
|
2011 |
5.6 |
3.1 |
|
2012 |
5.7 |
3.2 |
|
2013 |
5.9 |
3.3 |
|
2014 |
6.1 |
3.4 |
|
2015 |
6.3 |
3.5 |
|
2016 |
6.5 |
3.6 |
|
2017 |
6.7 |
3.7 |
|
2018 |
6.9 |
3.9 |
|
2019 |
7.1 |
4 |
|
2020 |
7.3 |
4.1 |
|
Natural Gas Use |
GHG Emissions |
|
|
Natural Gas Use |
1 |
|
|
GHG Emissions |
0.995204651 |
1 |
The correlation among the use of the natural gas and the emission of the greenhouse gases have a value of 0.995204651 and this value signifies that these two variables are positively and very closely related to each other. The value is approximately close to 1 and thus explains that consumption of the natural gas has significant amount of impact on the emission of the greenhouse gases in the hotel sector in Australia.
|
Year |
Natural Gas Use |
Electricity |
GHG Emissions |
|
1999 |
4.1 |
7.4 |
2.4 |
|
2000 |
4.3 |
7.8 |
2.5 |
|
2001 |
4.5 |
8.1 |
2.5 |
|
2002 |
4.5 |
8.1 |
2.6 |
|
2003 |
4.8 |
8.6 |
2.8 |
|
2004 |
4.9 |
8.8 |
2.9 |
|
2005 |
5 |
9 |
2.9 |
|
2006 |
5.1 |
9.1 |
2.9 |
|
2007 |
5.2 |
9.3 |
2.9 |
|
2008 |
5.3 |
9.5 |
3 |
|
2009 |
5.4 |
9.7 |
3 |
|
2010 |
5.5 |
9.9 |
3.1 |
|
2011 |
5.6 |
10 |
3.1 |
|
2012 |
5.7 |
10.3 |
3.2 |
|
2013 |
5.9 |
10.6 |
3.3 |
|
2014 |
6.1 |
11 |
3.4 |
|
2015 |
6.3 |
11.3 |
3.5 |
|
2016 |
6.5 |
11.7 |
3.6 |
|
2017 |
6.7 |
12 |
3.7 |
|
2018 |
6.9 |
12.4 |
3.9 |
|
2019 |
7.1 |
12.7 |
4 |
|
2020 |
7.3 |
13.1 |
4.1 |
|
Natural Gas Use |
Electricity |
GHG Emissions |
|
|
Natural Gas Use |
1 |
||
|
Electricity |
0.999773653 |
1 |
|
|
GHG Emissions |
0.995204651 |
0.99513 |
1 |
The values that have been determined for the three variables indicate that natural gas and electricity have a value of 0.999773653 explaining that they are very close to each other and natural gas with greenhouse gas emissions have a value of 0.995204651. On the other hand, electricity and greenhouse gas emissions have a value of 0.99513. The figures address that all the three variables are closely related to each other.
The figure explains that electricity is used mostly for HVAC purposes as the percentage comes to 52%, while 20% of it is used for the purpose of lighting. 11% is used for the usage in the equipment while small percentage is used in domestic heating and pool heating purposes.
The utilisation of the share of the natural gas in hotel sector indicates that 26% has been used for the purpose of space heating while 23% have been used for the intention of domestic use of the hot water. 13% each has been used for the purpose of kitchen and laundry in the hotel while 6% has been used for the heating of the pool. The rest of 21% have been used for the other gas.
The mean square deviation even known as mean square error of a projection computes the average of the squares of the deviations and the errors which is the difference among the estimator and the value which is to be estimated. This is even known for their risk function that corresponds to the anticipated value of the loss of the squared error. The difference takes place due to the randomness or due to the fact that the estimator does not look for the data that could lead to a more precise estimate.
The mean square deviation for electricity and greenhouse gas emissions is 0.554378527 and the value for natural gas and greenhouse gas emission has a value of 0.215569723. The figure in relation to natural gas and electricity has a value of 0.393236807. These figures explain that all the variables have significant impact on the emissions from the hotel sector and therefore measures have to be taken in order to mitigate these issues.
The results that have been gathered from the data indicates that relationship among the consumption of electricity, consumption of natural gas and emission of the greenhouse gases have significant level of impact on the changes in the climate as the figures that have been attained from the analysis of the data indicates that all the three variables are associated to each other and they are all directly associated with each other. The correlation table that has been constructed highlights that the independent variables are directly related to the dependent variables and therefore consumption of energy directly has an impact on the emission of the greenhouse gases in the global climate from the aspect of the hotel industry. The results that have been contained addresses that it is in line with the literature review that has been constructed earlier and thereby the results that have been collected is found to be authentic and true.
Conclusion
The final segment of the research paper in which analysis and findings part is assessed in a critical manner. The discoveries and all the sections that have been explained above the conclusion sections are a summation to provide the entire theme of the research project.
This segment addresses the majority of the research questions which are cited for the research and the objectives of the research. Here, the primary objectives and aims of the research are completed based on the segment of the analysis and findings section. In this manner the paper has been address the issues that were persistent to the topic.
The completion of the paper leads to the construction of certain recommendations that would be helpful in improving the usage of energy and lowering of the emission of the greenhouse gases. The hotels and even the government should undertake measures with the help of which usage of the energy which is through the non-renewable sources can be reduced. The hotels should implement solar panels and other sources of renewable sources with the help of which emission of the greenhouse gases can be reduced. The government even should construct policies and regulations with the help of which the hotels and the other sectors can reduce the usage of such energies as well.
The limitation of the research involves the usage of the secondary data as there are probabilities that these kinds of data can contain false data that may have an impact on the authenticity of the research. The other restriction is the cost factor that has limited the researcher to make use of expensive and innovative techniques.
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